Nonverbal communication in leadership is a phenomenon which is interesting to get a greater understanding of. Animals only communicate nonverbally and have strong leadership behaviours. Therefore, this study aim is to find out in what way nonverbal communication in leaders is still connected to animal roots and what the implications for modern life are. This study tries to give an overview of the phenomenon with a theoretical approach. Different point of views of nonverbal communication and animal behaviour in leaders have been discussed. A theoretical approach was suitable because of the abundance of literature in the main fields of focus. Connecting the different studies with each other gave valuable insights into the phenomenon. Power, status, submission, territory, space, and mating behaviours are the most used categories associated with leadership behaviours in animal species. Human leadership behaviour consists of the same categories but furthermore, emotional intelligence is an integral part as well. Different postures, gestures, facial expressions as well as distances to each other gave a comprehensive overview of how leaders are naturally behaving. Deciphering the complex nonverbal communication and looking at them with aspects of communication in animals helped with showing the roots and the natural ability to lead. Further research, however, should be conducted to see how nonverbal communication influences complex group dynamics and the effect thereof. Implications for the natural instincts to lead are helpful with how leaders can further their communication skills and become more conscious of their nonverbal communication.

Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-17T21:25:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Michelle Carlesso Mariano.pdf: 38930490 bytes, checksum: 23d249cd4e0f59eee964dea56a6da097 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-08-21T14:11:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Michelle Carlesso Mariano.pdf: 38930490 bytes, checksum: 23d249cd4e0f59eee964dea56a6da097 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-21T14:11:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Michelle Carlesso Mariano.pdf: 38930490 bytes, checksum: 23d249cd4e0f59eee964dea56a6da097 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-24 / Este trabalho resulta de um estudo do grupo Mẽbêngôkre Mẽtyktire (Kayapó) realizado na aldeia Piaraçú, Terra Indígena Capoto/Jarina, norte do Estado de Mato Grosso, centro-oeste do Brasil. O foco de análise é o cotidiano vivido naquela comunidade indígena, levando em conta a dinâmica de suas relações interpessoais regulares e constantes com as comunidades e culturas indígenas e não-indígenas de seu entorno próximo e distante e a socialidade subjacente no "estar-junto". As interações sociais são contextualizadas em uma perspectiva pós-moderna a partir da noção proposta por Maffesoli de “socialidade” e “tribalismo”, de teatralidade da vida social por Erving Goffman e de “proxêmica” por Edward Hall, assim como a de intercâmbio e misturas culturais por Canclini, Lupo e Gruzinski. Os dados empíricos desta pesquisa de caráter etnográfico foram coletados através de observações sistemáticas e assistemáticas, realizadas no período entre maio e dezembro de 2013, onde as fotografias e falas obtidas em entrevistas compõem uma “mostração” dos fenômenos sociais como são. O grupo em questão apresenta-se em sua complexidade e singularidade, onde sua concepção sociocosmológica orienta as relações com o outro, ao mesmo tempo em que absorve e reconverte uma série de práticas sociais e materiais. / This work results from a study of the group Mẽbêngôkre Mẽtyktire (Kayapó) in the village Piaraçú, on Indian Land Capoto / Jarina, north of Mato Grosso, central-western Brazil. The focus of analysis is the quotidian lived in that indigenous community, taking into account the dynamics of their regular and constant interpersonal relationships with communities and indigenous and non-indigenous cultures of their surroundings near and far and the underlying sociality in the "being-together". The social interactions are contextualized in a postmodern perspective from the notion proposed by Maffesoli of "sociality" and "tribalism", the theatricality of social life by Erving Goffman and "proxemics" by Edward Hall, as well as cultural exchanges and mixtures by Canclini, Lupo and Gruzinski. The empirical data for this research were collected through ethnographic systematic and unsystematic observations, conducted between May and December 2013, where photos and speeches obtained in individual interviews make up a "show" of the social phenomena as they are. The group in question is presented in its complexity and uniqueness, where your socio cosmological conception guiding the relations with the other while absorbing and reconverts several social and material practices.

While previous studies have examined the educational system in Ghana, there seemed to be very little or no studies that had explored participation and engagement through teacher-child interactions in early childhood education in Ghanaian classrooms (Twum-Danso, 2013). The purpose of this video-based multiple case studies qualitative study of three Kindergarten classrooms in Cape Coast in the Central Region of Ghana was to identify verbal and nonverbal prompts that related to children’s participation in Ghanaian Kindergarten classroom settings. The data for the study were secondary, having been collected by a team of researchers for the New Civics Grant Program in an initial study to find apprenticeship and civic themes in Ghanaian Kindergarten classrooms. The design for the study was a qualitative video analysis of three early childhood centers in Cape Coast in the Central Region of Ghana using video cameras to capture classroom interactions to be able to answer the questions: What is the nature of Ghanaian Kindergarten teachers’ verbal and non-verbal prompts that relate to children’s participation during the instructional process? In what ways do children in Ghanaian Kindergartens participate during the instructional process? I applied the sociocultural perspective of Rogoff’s (1990, 1993, 2003) three foci of analysis that provided a useful conceptual tool for analyzing research with young children (Robbin, 2007). It highlights how children’s thinking is integrated with and constituted by contexts, collaboration, and signs and cultural tools (p. 48). The findings indicated that Ghanaian Kindergarten teachers’ verbal and nonverbal prompts that related to children’s participation during the instructional process were the use of questions, appreciation, gestures etc. The findings also showed that the ways in which Ghanaian Kindergarten children participated during the instructional process were verbal/oral responses, doing exercises and activities, and also using gestures. It was also found that pedagogical attitudes such as pedagogical sensitivity and understanding, discussion and conversation, and rules and management related to children’s participation during the instructional process. Ghanaian specific culturally relevant ways and practices of interactions between teachers and children were observed in the participant schools. Teachers used silence to convey messages of disapproval to the children, used eyeing to send messages of disapproval, and also used punishments and rewards to either encourage good behavior or stop bad behavior. Singing and dancing, building classroom community, and value on interpersonal connections were also found to be Ghanaian specific culturally relevant ways of interactions that teachers applied to the classroom interactions. All the teachers in the participant schools showed various forms of appreciation to the children as a way of reinforcing their behaviors and also for praise and redirection of attention. From the findings of the study, the following recommendations are made: 1. Pre service teacher preparation, and teacher education in general should be reorganized so that the contexts in which the teachers operate will then be guided by contextually relevant pedagogy (Young, 2010). Ghana needs a type of pedagogy that will empower teachers intellectually, socially, emotionally, and politically by using cultural referents to impart knowledge, skills, and attitudes (p. 248). 2. The provision of adequate teaching and learning materials would enable teachers engage children more on exercises and activities during the instructional process. The materials would help teachers to provide enough activities to engage the children’s attention during the instructional process. 3. Ghanaian specific culturally relevant ways of interactions between teachers and children must be taught as a course at the University of Cape Coast to help in the preparation of pre-service teachers.

Virtual reality (VR) is being used in a large variety of areas nowadays. To take advantage of VR systems and use them as the substitutions of the physical world in social research, it is necessary to verify that results from experiments in virtual environments are coherent with those expected in the real world. In this study, proxemics was selected to establish consistency between virtual environments (VE) and real environments (RE). Proxemics is a branch of study about personal space and its effects on human behavior. This study mainly focused on the following aspects in proxemics: personal space theory, gender effect on interpersonal distance perception, equilibrium theory, and conversation status effect on mutual gaze. 34 participants (19M:15F) were recruited for the experiment. During the experiment, participants were asked to play the Twenty Questions game in groups of two in both VE and RE. Meanwhile, eye gaze data and interpersonal distance perception ratings were collected. The results were as followed. 1) As in personal space theory, participants associated the same interpersonal relationships with specific interpersonal distances, 2) gender did not have significant effect on personal space, 3) as in equilibrium theory, distance had significant effect on mutual gaze duration, but only when comparing mutual gaze duration under the intimate distance and other distances, 4) and there were more mutual gaze occurring when the dyad was in conversation as concluded from other studies. Causes and limitations in this study were discussed later to address the inconsistency between this study and the corresponding theories. / Virtual reality (VR) används på många olika områden. För att utnyttja VR-system och använda dem som fysiska världen i social forskning är det nödvändigt att verifiera att resultaten från experiment i virtuella miljöer är sammanhängande med de i den riktiga världen. I denna studie valdes proxemics för att skapa konsekvens mellan virtuella miljöer (VE) och riktiga miljöer (RE). Proxemics är en gren av studier om personligt utrymme och dess effekter på mänskligt beteende. Denna studie fokuserade på följande aspekter i proxemics: personlig rymdteori, könseffekt på interpersonell avståndsuppfattning, jämviktsteori och konversationsstatuseffekt på ömsesidig blick. 34 deltagare (19M: 15F) rekryterades för experimentet. Under experimentet spelade deltagarna Twenty Questions-spelet i grupper om två i både VE och RE. Samtidigt samlades ögonblåsningsdata och interpersonella distansuppfattningsvärden. Resultaten var som följer. 1) Liksom i den personlig rymdteori hade deltagarna samma interpersonella relationer med specifika interpersonella avstånd, 2) kön hade ingen signifikant effekt på personligt utrymme, 3) liksom i jämviktsteori hade avstånd signifikant effekt på ömsesidig blicklängd men endast när jämföra ömsesidig blicklängd under det intima avståndet och andra avstånd, 4) och det fanns mer ömsesidig blick när dyaden var i konversation som slutsats från andra studier. Orsaker och begränsningar i denna studie diskuterades senare för att förklara inkonsekvensen mellan denna studie och motsvarande teorier.

No description available.

Despite a strong commercial trend towards wearable technology, this thesis considers the distal devices that have played an important role in our lives for over twenty years. Suggesting that the distance we have had between our bodies and our devices has given us the space to form meaningful relationships; the research explores how these relationships change when our devices migrate onto and into our bodies in the form of wearable technologies. The methodology of performative scenarios is developed to examine examples of relationships between people and their devices. Using examples of technologies that live with us now to inform the design of future technological developments reflects a post-phenomenological perspective calling for a materially oriented design approach. This thesis will explore this approach through focusing on the question; what would we lose if our distal devices became wearable devices? Ideations aiming to prevent any loss caused by the transition of devices from distal to wearable will provide examples of post-phenomenological wearable technology that not only maintains our relationships with our devices, but also helps our relationships to grow.

No description available.

[pt] Este trabalho tem como objetivo inicial aproximar o conteúdo bibliográfico da disciplina proxemia às aulas do curso de design de produtos da PUC-Rio, relacionando os principais autores que trataram do tema até o momento. Através dessa pesquisa, associar e resgatar a utilização de um procedimento de escrita literária do autor Raymond Roussel à disciplina. Por meio das similitudes dos temas, foi realizado um exercício empírico com embasamento teórico no ganho de conhecimento através do campo prático durante as aulas para os alunos. O objetivo final é a análise da recuperação de pequenos relatos de objetos cotidianos na vivência dos alunos em sua cidade através do ensino da disciplina proxemia. / [en] This work has as its first goal to develop an approach to the bibliographic content of proxemics subject to the classes of product design at PUC-Rio, relating the main authors that dealed with the issue until nowadays. Through this research, seek to associate and rescue Raymond Roussel s writings procedures to the subject. Exploiting the similarities of the topics, an empirical exercise was conducted with theoretical support to achieve a deeper knowledge through the practical field during classes for students. The final goal is the analysis of the recovery of small reports of daily objects in student s everyday experience in their city through proxemics discipline.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:43:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1635919 bytes, checksum: de5111e4ceda11447df5cbe255b74d57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research regards an observational, qualitative study, which involves 08 (eight) hearing children and 03 (three) deaf children, aged between 7;7 and 11;10, in spontaneous daily interactions within a 3rd year Elementary School classroom in an inclusive private school, in Arapiraca, Alagoas. Our main goal is to identify the strategies adopted by hearing children for effective communication between them and the deaf. The corpus consists basically of 08 (eight) video recordings, each including 08 (eight) 30 minute sessions, from which we selected 09 (nine) episodes for analysis. We based our research on Kinesics, Proxemics and Tacesics, as well as on some studies on gesture in the acquisition and development of oral language and in the acquisition of sign language, based on Interactional Linguistics. Our thesis is that children have the ability to adapt linguistically to their interlocutors and our main hypothesis is that when interacting with deaf children, hearing children produce gestural speech that allow them to confirm, deny, ask, describe, narrate, explain, etc. and they are developing a communicative competence in a second language Brazilian Sign Language - to the point of being able to switch between the oral and sign language in an attempt to adapt their speech to the deaf children. Our analyses confirm our thesis that the children observed have the ability to adapt linguistically to their interlocutors, and show that sign language development occurs on a gesture-to-sign continuum, where the gestures socially learned and shared by both hearing and deaf children, enable the construction of meaning and, therefore, the achievement of communication between them. / Esta pesquisa é de natureza observacional, qualitativa, e envolve 08 (oito) crianças ouvintes e 03 (três) surdas, com idades entre 7;7 e 11;10, em situações de interação rotineiras na sala de aula do 3º Ano do Ensino Fundamental, de uma escola inclusiva da rede particular, na cidade de Arapiraca, AL, buscando identificar as estratégias adotadas pelas crianças ouvintes para efetivação da comunicação entre elas e as crianças surdas. O corpus consiste, basicamente, de gravações em vídeo, totalizando 08 (oito) sessões de 30 (trinta) minutos cada, dentre as quais selecionamos 09 (nove) episódios para análise. Fundamentamos nossa investigação nos estudos sobre a cinésica, a proxêmica e a tacêsica, e em teorias, cuja abordagem linguística é interacionista, além de alguns estudos sobre o gesto na aquisição e desenvolvimento da linguagem oral e sobre a aquisição de língua de sinais. Defendemos a tese de que crianças têm a capacidade de se adaptarem linguisticamente aos seus interlocutores. Partimos da hipótese de que, na interação com crianças surdas, as crianças ouvintes produzem movimentos gestuais que lhes permitem, além de afirmar e negar, pedir, perguntar, descrever, narrar, explicar etc., desenvolver seus discursos gestuais através de retomadas, ao mesmo tempo em que estão desenvolvendo uma habilidade comunicativa em uma segunda língua a língua de sinais ao ponto de serem capazes de alternar entre a modalidade oral e a gestual, na tentativa de adaptar suas falas as das crianças surdas. Nossas análises confirmam nossa tese de que as crianças observadas têm a capacidade de se adaptarem linguisticamente aos seus interlocutores, e evidenciam que o percurso do gesto ao sinal se dá em um continuum, onde os gestos, socialmente apreendidos e compartilhados pelas crianças ouvintes e pelas crianças surdas, possibilitam a construção do sentido e, consequentemente, a concretização das interações entre elas.

Dans un contexte de saturation des réseaux de circulation liée à l'accélération de l'urbanisation, le but de cette recherche est d’alimenter le débat scienti8ique sur les réponses à apporter à cet enjeu social par l’étude des comportements de régulation des distances physiques entre les piétons dans les lieux publics. La composante urbaine de la théorie de la proxémie d'Edward T. Hall est prise comme inspiration liminaire. Celle-ci soutient qu'il existe une corrélation entre l'organisation de l'espace macro de la Société et celui micro des comportements individuels. Elle conduit Hall à une distinction entre « cultures du contact » et du « non – contact », les premières préférant une plus grande proximité physique entre les corps. Toutefois, la différenciation des aires culturelles de Hall (par exemple : « monde arabe »= « culture du contact ») n'apparaît plus pertinente à l'ère de la mondialisation urbaine.Une nouvelle théorie « micromacro », fondée sur 4 macro-orientations susceptibles d'avoir une influence sur les comportements, est alors proposée : égalité entre citadins, individualisation, urbanité relative et régulation de l'urbanisme. Deux autres appréciations de l’existence d’une corrélation scalaire entre des niveaux de description des relations spatiales sont également testées. L'une, appelée « micromeso », s’inspire de la théorie des « sites comportementaux » de Roger Barker. Elle considère que les comportements proxémiques sont corrélés avec des unités intermédiaires définies par un lieu et une heure spécifiques telles que «le métro à l'heure de pointe». L'autre théorie,appelée « micro », affirme que toute forme de corrélation scalaire est une erreur écologique.Delhi, Los Angeles, Paris et Tokyo, qui répondent différemment aux macro-orientations de la théorie micromacro sont prises comme terrains d’étude. Les comportements à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur du métro de chacune de ces aires métropolitaines sont observés (théorie micromeso). Dans ces deux conditions, des niveaux similaires d’enjeu spatial sont étudiés (théorie micro). Les résultats amènent à conclure que les relations de circulation sont mieux décrites par ordre d'efficacité lorsqu'on les considère cumulativement comme micro > micromeso >micromacro. Je défends alors la thèse selon laquelle les sociétés devraient débattre des améliorations des microconditions des relations de circulation plutôt que de se concentrer sur les explications micromacro et micromeso des dysfonctionnements de celles-ci, qui peuvent par exemple être identifiées dans la mise en compétition des individus autour du thème de la civilité. / In a context of traf8ic networks saturation related to urbanisation acceleration, thisresearch is aimed at contributing to the scienti8ic debate on this issue by building a model to describe dynamic pedestrians’ physical distances regulation behaviours in public places.The urban dimension of Edward T. Hall’s theory of proxemics is taken as an initial inspiration. This author argues that a correlation exists between the organisation of space at the macro level of Society and the micro level of individual behaviours. It leads him to a synthetic distinction between ‘contact cultures’ and ‘non-contact cultures’. The former tends to prefer smaller distances at all scales of space organisation compared to the latter.This hypothesis is considered seriously in the research. Nonetheless, Hall’s macroculturalist anthropological area distinction (e.g.: the ‘Arab World’ = ‘contact culture’) isnot relevant anymore in the urban globalization era. Therefore, a new ‘micromacro’theory, based on 4 macro orientations expected to have an influence on micro behaviours,is proposed: equality between urban citizens, individualisation, relative urbanity and urban planning regulation.Two other scalar correlation theories of spatial relations description are also tested. One,called ‘micromeso’, is based on Roger Barker’s behaviour setting theory. It states thatproxemical behaviours are correlated with intermediate units related to a specific placeand time such as ‘the subway at peak hours’. The other theory, called ‘micro’, states thatany form of scalar correlation is an ecological fallacy. Accordingly, the description processhas to remain at the very level of physical distance relations between individuals.These different theories are tested empirically in Delhi, Los Angeles, Paris and Tokyowhich all answer differently to the macro orientations of the micromacro theory. Behaviours inside the metro and outside of it are observed (micromeso theory). In each condition, similar levels of spatial competition for places are taken into consideration (micro theory).The results lead to conclude that traffic relations between pedestrians are best describedwhen considered cumulatively as micro > micromeso > micromacro by order of efficiency. Eventually, I defend the thesis that urban dwellers should debate of traffic relationshipsmicro conditions improvements rather than focusing on micromacro and micromeso explanations of the networks breakdowns which can be found for instance in the competition promoted between individuals on civil behaviours.