The Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) is a self-report questionnaire for assessing parental attitudes to child weight and parental feeding practices. revious evaluations of its psychometric properties were conducted primarily with small to medium-sized samples ( N < 500) and a small range of children's age. The present study aims to analyze the psychometric properties of the CFQ in a large German community sample and, for the first time, to establish normative data. Within the population-based LIFE Child study, the CFQ was administered to N - 982 mothers of 2- to 13-year-old children. Psychometric analyses on item statistics and internal consistency were conducted. Using structural equation modeling, four empirically-based factorial models of the CFQ were evaluated, and measurement invariance across child age groups and sex was examined. Age-specific norms for the CFQ subscales were computed. Item statistics were highly favorable for the majority of items, but floor and ceiling effects were found for 14 of 31 items. Internal consistency of the CFQ subscales ranged from acceptable to excellent (0.71< a < 0.91), except for the subscale Perceived Responsibility (a - 0.65). Regarding factorial validity, an eight-factor model with the newly created Reward subscale provided the best fit to the data. This model was factorial invariant across child sex and adjacent age groups. Maternal and child weight status showed large effects on CFQ subscale scores. The analyses established good psychometric properties for the German version of the CFQ and confirmed an eight-factor model. The provided norms allow for the comparison of individual parental feeding practices and change over time. The CFQ's sensitivity to change and longitudinal associations of parental feeding practices and child weight status warrant further research.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceived impact of spiritual consciousness on leadership performance. The assumptions of several leadership theories were discussed in relation to spirituality and performance. The leadership qualities associated with performance were highlighted and evaluated. The present study was conducted with ten high performing leaders of private-sector organisations in Johannesburg, South Africa. Qualitative analysis of quantitative and qualitative data was performed. Psychometric assessment results were interpreted and evaluated, semi-structured interviews were conducted and 360 degree questionnaires were administered with the intent to evaluate leadership behaviours impacting on performance. The first part of the interview consisted of a section allowing the participant to tell a story of how their career developed over time. The second part of the interview contained questions pertaining to leadership, the qualities, characteristics and behaviours of successful leaders and those qualities and characteristics that have resulted in their own success followed by questions pertaining to the participant’s perception of spirituality, their experience of spirituality and the perceived link to performance, and lastly their view on spiritual leadership and the impact thereof on performance. The findings suggest that leaders who demonstrate spiritually conscious behavioural traits will likely be regarded as high performing leaders. The relationship between spiritual consciousness and leadership performance was described in detail and recommendations were made for the the implementation of a spiritual consciousness model in the selection of leaders. Confirmative empirical studies with a larger sample are needed to support the findings and to further explore this interesting phenomenon. / Psychology / Ph. D. (Consulting Psychology)

Burnout is a prevalent problem in South Africa, affecting individuals and organisations in various industries. The study of burnout in South Africa is important in order to solve the burnout problem. Valid and reliable measurement instruments are necessary to conduct studies on burnout. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory was developed as a result of criticism against the most popular burnout measure, namely the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory measures burnout in terms of three factors, namely personal burnout, work-related burnout and client-related burnout. Although the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory is a unique tool for the measurement of burnout, very little attention has been paid to determining the psychometric properties of this instrument. The purpose of the study was to determine whether the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory can be used as a valid and reliable measure for burnout in South Africa. The research methodology followed a quantitative survey research approach. A non-probability snowball sample of 215 respondents completed the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. Data obtained was used to conduct an exploratory factor analysis and internal reliability analysis. The study proved that the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory can be used in South Africa to measure two factors with high internal reliabilities, namely exhaustion (á=0.935) and client-related burnout (á=0.913). It is recommended that additional items based on withdrawal should be added to the work-related burnout scale of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. Such additional items might possibly lead to confirmation of the original three-factor model in a South African context. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

The purpose of this study is to conduct a psychometric investigation of the Attachment to God Inventory (AGI; Beck & McDonald, 2004) using a national sample of socioeconomically and religiously diverse young adults commonly referred to as millennials (i.e., persons born between 1980 and 1996; Pew Research Center, 2018). Confirmatory factor analytic (CFA) results failed to yield satisfactory fit for the AGI model using the entire sample and a Christian-only subsample. Alternative model specifications that accounted for method factors, higher-order factors, and bi-factors also failed. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) suggested alternative factor solutions that were cross-validated using CFA. Support for an orthogonal, 2-factor, 8-item model possessed excellent model fit (χ²(20) = 172.186; RMSEA = .051 [.044–.058]; CFI/TLI = .955/.993). Configural, metric, and scale measurement invariance were supported based on gender- and ethnic-identity considerations; however, invariance was not supported based upon religious affiliation. The resulting model consisted of two constructs that were labeled divine rejection (McDonald’s ω = .838 [95% CI: .827–.849]) and divine dependence (McDonald’s ω = .862 [95% CI: .852–.872]) and were found to be invariant only for individuals who identified as Christian. Latent profile analysis (LPA) of the standardized scores of the two factors yielded a five-class solution whose classes were labeled intrinsic, independent, everyday, strained, and detached believers. Class membership was found to be most associated with divine rejection. Rather than considering the resulting model to be an improved model based on attachment to God theory, this study concludes that the resulting model is most consistent with social comparison theory. Several hypotheses and recommendations for future research are made.

To develop a scale to assess infectious disease-specific health literacy (IDSHL) in China and test its initial psychometric properties. Methods: Item pooling, reduction and assessment of psychometric properties were conducted. The scale was divided into 2 subscales; subscale 1 assessed an individual's skills to prevent/treat infectious diseases and subscale 2 assessed cognitive ability. In 2014, 9000 people aged 15-69 years were randomly sampled from 3 provinces and asked to complete the IDSHL questionnaire. Cronbach's á was calculated to assess reliability. Exploratory factor analysis, t-test, correlations, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and logistic regression were used to examine validity. Results: Each of the 22 items in subscale 1 had a content validity index >0.8. In total, 8858 people completed the scale. The principal components factor analysis suggested a 5-factor solution. All factor loadings were >0.40 ( p<0.05). The IDSHL score was 22.07±7.91 (mean±SD; total score=38.62). Significant differences were observed across age (r=.0.276), sex (males: 21.65±8.03; females: 22.47±7.78), education (14.16±8.19 to 26.55±6.26), 2-week morbidity (present: 20.62±8.17, absent: 22.35±7.83; p<0.001) and health literacy of the highest and lowest 27% score groups (all p<0.05). The ROC curve indicated that 76.2% of respondents were adequate in IDSHL. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed 12 predictors of IDSHL adequacy (p<0.05). Among the 22 remaining items, Corrected Item-Total Correlation ranged from 0.316 to 0.504 and Cronbach's á values ranged from 0.754 to 0.810 if the items were deleted. The overall á value was 0.839 and the difficulty coefficient ranged from 1.19 to 4.08. For subscale 2, there were statistically significant differences between the mean scores of those with a correct/incorrect answer (all p<0.001). Conclusions: The newly developed 28-item scale provides an efficient, psychometrically sound and userfriendly measure of IDSHL in the Chinese population.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Poor long-term kidney transplant outcomes are a significant problem in the U.S. Interventions must focus on preserving allograft function by managing modifiable risk factors. An instrument capable of identifying problems with post-kidney transplant self-management behaviors may enable the design and testing of self-management interventions. This study’s purpose was to test the psychometric properties of the new Kidney Transplant Self-Management Scale (KT–SM). The Zimmerman framework adapted for kidney transplant self-management guided the cross-sectional study. A total of 153 kidney recipients recruited from Facebook® completed the Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease (SEMCD), Patient Activation Measure (PAM), Kidney Transplant Questionnaire (KTQ), and KT–SM Scale instruments via a REDCap® survey. Most participants were female (65%), White (81.7%), and middle-aged (M = 46.7; SD = 12.4 years) with a history of dialysis (73%) and received a kidney transplant an average of 6.58 years previous (SD = 6.7). Exploratory factor analysis results supported the 16-item KT–SM Scale as a multidimensional scale with five domains with loadings ranging between .39 and .89: medication adherence, protecting kidney, cardiovascular risk reduction, ownership, and skin cancer prevention. Internal consistency reliability for the total scale (Cronbach’s α = .84) and five domains ranged from .71 to .83. The total and domains were positively correlated, ranging from r = .51 to .76, p = .01. Criterion-related validity was evidenced by significant correlations of KT–SM and domains with SEMCD (r =.22 to .53, p = .01), PAM (r = .31 to .52, p = .01), and the overall KTQ (r = .20 to .32, p = .01) except for one KT–SM domain: protecting kidney. Construct validity was evaluated using multivariate regression analysis. The linear combination of age, patient activation, and self-efficacy explained 45% of the variance in KT–SM behaviors; 47% of the variance in KTQ (measuring quality of life) was predicted by age, comorbidity, and self-efficacy. These findings provide beginning evidence of reliability and validity for the newly developed KT–SM scale. Instruments like this may provide a means to capture the self-management behaviors of the kidney transplant population, which is critical for future work on interventions.

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