The South African forestry industry has contributed significantly to the economic growth of the country by the planting of trees and the processing of these trees for the export market. With the increased demand for wood chips, the wood chip industry is concerned that the plantation resource that is currently available may not be adequate to fulfil the production required for future wood chip export. The purpose of this study is to examine the trends in wood chips exports from the Port of Durban and to examine the stability and growth of private pulpwood production in Southern KwaZulu-Natal. The forestry pulp and paper sector and its related downstream manufacturing enterprises is an important part of the KwaZulu-Natal economy. Eucalyptus and wattle timber are used to manufacture pulp and are exported in the form of wood chips. The Durban Wood Chipping facility is aimed at the export of wood chips from Durban to pulp and paper manufacturers in Japan. The methodology used in this study included questionnaires and semi-structured interviews that were held with the respondents involved in the forestry industry. A questionnaire was sent electronically to 119 participants being the total population of timber farmers that supply NCT Durban Wood Chips. A total of 33 respondents completed the questionnaire resulting in a 27.73% response rate. Three key personnel, with a strong forestry background, belonging to NCT Forestry Cooperative limited were selected as participants for the qualitative aspect of the study. The findings of the study showed that wood chips exports have increased from the Durban facility between 2006 and 2011. This came from recent research literature as well as data from NCT Durban Wood Chips (PTY) LTD. Dominant challenges faced by the farmers were land reform, transportation costs and municipal rates. Land claims, road infrastructure, economics (cost vs income) and demand for timber were the most challenging factors affecting private timber production into the future. The qualitative and quantitative results confirm that timber production is definitely increasing and hence contributing to stability of private pulpwood production in Southern KwaZulu-Natal. / Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2011.

Phytosterols are steroid chemicals produced by plants for the purposes of membrane function and hormone production. Phytosterols can cause endocrine disruption in aquatic species at very low concentrations and are suspected of contributing to endocrine disruption linked to pulp and paper effluent. Wastewater from the pulp and paper industry is often treated biologically in aerated stabilization basins (ASBs) that expose phytosterols to a range of redox zones. Phytosterol removal in ASBs varies and stigmasterol has even been shown to increase across the treatment system. Little is known about the microbial processes that occur within ASBs and their effect on phytosterol removal. The objective of this research was to assess the biotransformation potential of phytosterols in a simulated ASB treatment system and to improve understanding of the processes that occur within the various redox zones and their impact on the removal of phytosterols. To assess the biotransformation of phytosterols under aerobic conditions, three assays were conducted using a stock aerobic culture fed with pulp and paper wastewater. The assays tested three conditions: phytosterols present as a sole added carbon source, phytosterols with dextrin as an added carbon source, and phytosterols with ethanol as a solubilizing agent and added carbon source. Phytosterol biotransformation was found to be limited by low phytosterol solubility. When solubilized, phytosterol removal occurred in two phases: an initial near-linear removal, followed by accelerated removal during the culture's stationary stage, possibly due to the release of extracellular cholesterol oxidase. The anoxic and anaerobic biotransformation of phytosterols was examined through a series of three semi-batch cultures maintained under nitrate-reducing, sulfate-reducing and fermentative/methanogenic conditions, all developed from stock cultures fed with pulp and paper wastewater. Phytosterol removal was significant in the nitrate-reducing culture, although microbial activity and phytosterol removal declined in later stages. Phytosterol removal was also observed in the sulfate-reducing culture, although there was a significant lag period before removal occurred. No phytosterol removal was observed in the fermentative/methanogenic culture. Phytosterol biotransformation was also examined in the context of a lab-scale ASB fed continuously with pulp and paper wastewater. The steady-state ASB effluent and sediment characteristics were examined over three hydraulic retention times (HRTs). Effluent quality was not significantly affected by a change in HRT but sediment characteristics were significantly affected and, at shorter HRTs, phytosterols accumulated in the sediment. Wastewater bioassays demonstrated the release of phytosterols during the breakdown of solids. This research improves the understanding of biological processes within ASBs and their effect on phytosterol removal.

This is an experimental study into the permeability and compressibility properties of bagasse pulp pads. Three experimental rigs were custom-built for this project. The experimental work is complemented by modelling work. Both the steady-state and dynamic behaviour of pulp pads are evaluated in the experimental and modelling components of this project. Bagasse, the fibrous residue that remains after sugar is extracted from sugarcane, is normally burnt in Australia to generate steam and electricity for the sugar factory. A study into bagasse pulp was motivated by the possibility of making highly value-added pulp products from bagasse for the financial benefit of sugarcane millers and growers. The bagasse pulp and paper industry is a multibillion dollar industry (1). Bagasse pulp could replace eucalypt pulp which is more widely used in the local production of paper products. An opportunity exists for replacing the large quantity of mainly generic paper products imported to Australia. This includes 949,000 tonnes of generic photocopier papers (2). The use of bagasse pulp for paper manufacture is the main application area of interest for this study. Bagasse contains a large quantity of short parenchyma cells called ‘pith’. Around 30% of the shortest fibres are removed from bagasse prior to pulping. Despite the ‘depithing’ operations in conventional bagasse pulp mills, a large amount of pith remains in the pulp. Amongst Australian paper producers there is a perception that the high quantity of short fibres in bagasse pulp leads to poor filtration behaviour at the wet-end of a paper machine. Bagasse pulp’s poor filtration behaviour reduces paper production rates and consequently revenue when compared to paper production using locally made eucalypt pulp. Pulp filtration can be characterised by two interacting factors; permeability and compressibility. Surprisingly, there has previously been very little rigorous investigation into neither bagasse pulp permeability nor compressibility. Only freeness testing of bagasse pulp has been published in the open literature. As a result, this study has focussed on a detailed investigation of the filtration properties of bagasse pulp pads. As part of this investigation, this study investigated three options for improving the permeability and compressibility properties of Australian bagasse pulp pads. Two options for further pre-treating depithed bagasse prior to pulping were considered. Firstly, bagasse was fractionated based on size. Two bagasse fractions were produced, ‘coarse’ and ‘medium’ bagasse fractions. Secondly, bagasse was collected after being processed on two types of juice extraction technology, i.e. from a sugar mill and from a sugar diffuser. Finally one method of post-treating the bagasse pulp was investigated. The effects of chemical additives, which are known to improve freeness, were also assessed for their effect on pulp pad permeability and compressibility. Pre-treated Australian bagasse pulp samples were compared with several benchmark pulp samples. A sample of commonly used kraft Eucalyptus globulus pulp was obtained. A sample of depithed Argentinean bagasse, which is used for commercial paper production, was also obtained. A sample of Australian bagasse which was depithed as per typical factory operations was also produced for benchmarking purposes. The steady-state pulp pad permeability and compressibility parameters were determined experimentally using two purpose-built experimental rigs. In reality, steady-state conditions do not exist on a paper machine. The permeability changes as the sheet compresses over time. Hence, a dynamic model was developed which uses the experimentally determined steady-state permeability and compressibility parameters as inputs. The filtration model was developed with a view to designing pulp processing equipment that is suitable specifically for bagasse pulp. The predicted results of the dynamic model were compared to experimental data. The effectiveness of a polymeric and microparticle chemical additives for improving the retention of short fibres and increasing the drainage rate of a bagasse pulp slurry was determined in a third purpose-built rig; a modified Dynamic Drainage Jar (DDJ). These chemical additives were then used in the making of a pulp pad, and their effect on the steady-state and dynamic permeability and compressibility of bagasse pulp pads was determined. The most important finding from this investigation was that Australian bagasse pulp was produced with higher permeability than eucalypt pulp, despite a higher overall content of short fibres. It is thought this research outcome could enable Australian paper producers to switch from eucalypt pulp to bagasse pulp without sacrificing paper machine productivity. It is thought that two factors contributed to the high permeability of the bagasse pulp pad. Firstly, thicker cell walls of the bagasse pulp fibres resulted in high fibre stiffness. Secondly, the bagasse pulp had a large proportion of fibres longer than 1.3 mm. These attributes helped to reinforce the pulp pad matrix. The steady-state permeability and compressibility parameters for the eucalypt pulp were consistent with those found by previous workers. It was also found that Australian pulp derived from the ‘coarse’ bagasse fraction had higher steady-state permeability than the ‘medium’ fraction. However, there was no difference between bagasse pulp originating from a diffuser or a mill. The bagasse pre-treatment options investigated in this study were not found to affect the steady-state compressibility parameters of a pulp pad. The dynamic filtration model was found to give predictions that were in good agreement with experimental data for pads made from samples of pretreated bagasse pulp, provided at least some pith was removed prior to pulping. Applying vacuum to a pulp slurry in the modified DDJ dramatically reduced the drainage time. At any level of vacuum, bagasse pulp benefitted from chemical additives as quantified by reduced drainage time and increased retention of short fibres. Using the modified DDJ, it was observed that under specific conditions, a benchmark depithed bagasse pulp drained more rapidly than the ‘coarse’ bagasse pulp. In steady-state permeability and compressibility experiments, the addition of chemical additives improved the pad permeability and compressibility of a benchmark bagasse pulp with a high quantity of short fibres. Importantly, this effect was not observed for the ‘coarse’ bagasse pulp. However, dynamic filtration experiments showed that there was also a small observable improvement in filtration for the ‘medium’ bagasse pulp. The mechanism of bagasse pulp pad consolidation appears to be by fibre realignment. Chemical additives assist to lubricate the consolidation process. This study was complemented by pulp physical and chemical property testing and a microscopy study. In addition to its high pulp pad permeability, ‘coarse’ bagasse pulp often (but not always) had superior physical properties than a benchmark depithed bagasse pulp.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Waikato, 2007. / Title from PDF cover (viewed March 19, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-118)

Mémoire (M.E.S.R.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1999. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. David C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa / Banca: Elisa Maria Aparecida Giro / Banca: Marcelo Ferrarezi de Andrade / Banca: Marcelo Giannini / Banca: André Luiz Fraga Briso / Resumo: O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar comparativamente, através de análise histopatológica, as respostas de polpas humanas após confecção de cavidades de classe I, utilizando-se turbina de alta velocidade ou sistema laser de Er:YAG. Pré-molares inferiores hígidos recomendados para extração devido ao tratamento ortodôntico foram selecionados, sendo que os pares de dentes pertencentes aos mesmos pacientes foram aleatoriamente divididos de acordo com os seguintes grupos experimentais (n=6): Grupo 1 - alta velocidade; e Grupo 2 - laser de Er:YAG. As cavidades com profundidade média de 2,5mm tiveram a parede pulpar forrada com material biocompatível, sendo então restauradas com resina composta e sistema adesivo. No Grupo 3 (controle), os dentes não receberam qualquer tipo de tratamento. Quinze dias após a confecção e restauração das cavidades, os dentes foram extraídos, fixados em formalina tamponada, descalcificados em solução de Morse e processados em laboratório para inclusão em parafina. Cortes histológicos com 6μm de espessura foram corados com H/E, Tricrômico de Masson e pela técnica de Brown & Brenn e então avaliados em microscopia de luz. Para o Grupo 1 (alta velocidade), 5 dentes não apresentavam reação inflamatória, porém 3 deles exibiam discreta ruptura da camada de odontoblastos com degeneração hidrópica destas células pulpares. Em apenas 1 espécime, cuja espessura de dentina remanescente (EDR) entre o assoalho da cavidade e a polpa coronária era de 214μm, foi observado significante degeneração de odontoblastos, associado à ampla área de hialinização da matriz extracelular. Neste Grupo 1, as cavidades profundas apresentavam, em média, EDR de 909,5μm. Para o Grupo 2 (laser), exposição acidental da polpa ocorreu em 1 espécime, o qual foi descartado do experimento. / Abstract: The aim of this in vivo study was to evaluate and to compare the histopathological response of human pulps after cavity preparation by using high speed or Er:YAG laser systems. Sound premolars were selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups (n = 6) as following: Group 1: High speed; and Group 2: Er:YAG Laser. Class I cavities, 2.5mm deep, were prepared and their pulpal walls were lined with a biocompatible dental material. The cavities were restored with adhesive system and composite resin. Intact premolars were used in Group 3 (control). Fifteen days after the clinical procedures of cavity preparation, the teeth were extracted, fixed in 10% formalin, decalcified in Morse solution, and processed for paraffin embedding. The histological sections, 6μm thick, were stained with H/E, Masson's trichrome and Brown & Brenn technique and evaluated in light microscope. In Group 1 (High Speed), 5 specimens did not present inflammatory reaction. However, 3 of them exhibited odontoblast layer disruption as well as hydropic degeneration of these pulp cells. In only 1 specimen, which presented remaining dentin thickness (RDT) between the cavity floor and the coronary pulp of 214μm, notable odontoblast degeneration associated with hyaline alteration of the extracellular matrix was observed. In this Group 1 the mean of the RDT was 909.5μm. In Group 2 (Er:YAG Laser), unexpected pulp exposure occurred in 1 specimen, which was took out of the experiment. Four specimens exhibited normal histological characteristics of the pulp tissue. Only 1 specimen (RDT = 413μm) showed moderate tissue disorganization characterized by odontoblast layer disruption. The odontoblast cells exhibited hydropic degeneration. In this Group 2 the mean of the RDT was 935.2μm. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-02-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:29:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 daura_sp_me_mar.pdf: 5184821 bytes, checksum: 721b562957c110653dc7f61fa880fc9c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho tem por finalidade discutir o setor de celulose e papel a luz do processo de globalização, com um olhar especial sobre produção e a mão-de-obra na década de 90 no Brasil. Procurando perceber em que medida os elementos atribuídos a globalização estão presentes neste setor. Nossa análise será efetivada através da discussão dos pontos mais relevantes que cercam a realidade do setor. Daremos início a nossa discussão observando as transformações ocorridas a partir da segunda metade do século XX e como estas refletem no setor. Assim, não poderíamos deixar de abordar o perfil da indústria, sua caracterização e trajetória. No contexto globalizado que o mundo vivencia torna-se importante observarmos a incidência e a abrangência do setor no Brasil e no mundo, procurando dar uma ênfase especial para a produção e mão-de-obra. Pois entendemos que na década de 90 vivenciamos um processo o qual procurou aumentar a produtividade e diminuir sensivelmente a mão-de-obra, com mudanças significativas para a segunda. Além disto, acreditamos inicialmente que com a globalização os setores com maior inserção no mercado mundial tendem a sentir mais esta tendência. / This work has the purpose to discuss the pulp and paper sector at the focus of the globalization process, with a special glance on production and the labour on 90's in Brazil. Trying to notice in that measured the attributed elements of globalization are present in this sector Our analysis will be executed through the discussion of the most important points around the reality of the sector. We'll start our discussion observing the transformations happened since the second half of the century XX and how they act on the sector. Like this, we could not stop approaching the profile of the industry, your characterization and trajectory. In the context of the globalization that the world lives, it becomes important we observe the incidence and the inclusion of the sector in Brazil and in the world, trying to give a special emphasis for the production and labour. Therefore we understood that on 90's we lived a process that tried to increase the productivity and to reduce the labour sensibly, with significant changes for the labour. Besides, we believed initially that with the globalization, the sectors with larger insert in the world market feel more this tendency.

Submitted by Dilene Paulo (dilene.fatima@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-02-07T14:27:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WALDEMIR SOARES DA COSTA – TESE PPGEP 2015.pdf: 7105919 bytes, checksum: 23f299de189a3af192ed30f53d82a776 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-07T14:27:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WALDEMIR SOARES DA COSTA – TESE PPGEP 2015.pdf: 7105919 bytes, checksum: 23f299de189a3af192ed30f53d82a776 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-17 / Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o comportamento da transferência de calor em polpa de jaca acondicionada em recipiente cilíndrico. O estudo apresenta a solução para a equação de difusão com condição de contorno de primeiro tipo variável. Foi desenvolvida uma modelagem físico-matemática para solução de um problema direto de difusão de calor bidimensional, no interior de um recipiente cilíndrico contendo polpa de jaca. O método dos volumes finitos com formulação totalmente implícita foi usado para resolver o problema direto e, por conseguinte, determinar a distribuição de temperatura. O meio pastoso, homogêneo e isotrópico, foi considerado estacionário e, assim, eventuais trocas convectivas e radioativas no interior do meio foram negligenciadas. Dois softwares em Fortran foram desenvolvidos visando, primeiro, à solução do problema de estimativa da difusividade térmica utilizando-se, como função objetivo, o qui-quadrado e o outro para a solução do problema direto. Conjuntamente, foi usado um aparato experimental para a análise inversa (problema inverso). O sistema físico experimental consistiu de dois recipientes cilíndricos de alumínio de dimensões diferentes, que foram preenchidos com polpa de jaca para a qual se estimou a difusividade térmica. Dois termopares conectados a um termômetro digital de dois canais mediram as temperaturas no centro e na interface entre a polpa e o recipiente. As medidas foram enviadas a um computador via RS-232 e salvas em arquivo, através do software Data logger. No que concerne ao problema direto, um modelo de condução de calor bidimensional, com simetria radial e axial, foi usado para obter a resposta transiente das temperaturas medidas no centro e no contorno do cilindro. Quando comparados aos valores da literatura, os resultados obtidos se mostraram coerentes, ou seja, o software desenvolvido neste trabalho pode ser considerado válido, sendo que este pode ser utilizado para outras simulações. Mostraram, também, que a solução proposta representa satisfatoriamente o processo de tratamento térmico de polpa de jaca acondicionada em embalagens cilíndricas proporcionando segurança alimentar com um menor custo de energia. Conhecida a difusividade térmica em função da temperatura local, é possível precisar o tempo adequado de tratamento térmico, tornando desnecessária a realização de experimentos a cada vez que um novo recipiente cilíndrico for utilizado para armazenar o produto. / This work aims to study the heat transfer behavior in jackfruit pulp packed in cylindrical container. The study presents the solution to the diffusion equation type boundary condition for first variable. A physical-mathematical model for solving the problem of a direct two-dimensional diffusion of heat in the interior of a cylindrical container containing jackfruit pulp has been developed. The finite volume method with fully implicit formulation was used to solve the direct problem and therefore, determine the temperature distribution. The medium viscous, homogeneous and isotropic, was considered stationary and thus any radioactive and convective exchanges within the medium they were neglected. Two software in Fortran were developed first to find the solution of the estimated thermal diffusivity problem using as objective function, the chi-square and also for solving the direct problem it self. Together, an experimental apparatus was used to analyze the reverse (inverse problem). The experimental physical system consisted of using two cylindrical aluminum containers of different dimensions, which were filled with jackfruit pulp for which the thermal diffusivity is estimated. Two thermocouples connected to a digital two channel thermometer measured temperatures at the center and at the interface between the pulp and the container. The measures were sent to a computer via RS-232 and saved in a file, through the Data Logger software. Concerning to the direct problem a two-dimensional heat conduction model with radial and axial symmetry it has been used for the transient response of the measured temperatures at the center and the cylinder contour. Compared to literature values, the results obtained were consistent, so, the software developed in this work can be considered valid and this can be used for other simulations the results. Also showed that the proposed solution represents satisfactorily the heat treatment process of wrapped jackfruit pulp in cylindrical packaging providing food security with a lower energy cost. As we know the thermal diffusivity an depending on the local temperature is possible to determine the timing of heat treatment, making it unnecessary to perform experiments each time a new cylindrical container is used to store the product.

No presente estudo foi avaliada, radiográfica e microscopicamente, a resposta pulpar e periapical de dentes de cães aos cimentos resinosos Rely X® Unicem (3M ESPE Produtos dentários Sumaré - Brasil) e Multilink® (Ivoclar Vivadent Ltda - São Paulo - Brasil), após aplicação em cavidades profundas. Foram selecionados os segundos e terceiros pré-molares superiores, e segundos, terceiros e quartos pré-molares inferiores de 6 cães, de ambos os gêneros, com idade média de 12 meses, utilizando 60 dentes distribuídos em 8 grupos experimentais, de acordo com o material utilizado.Cada hemi-arco recebeu, em sistema de rodízio distribuído ao acaso, os diferentes produtos avaliados. Foram preparadas cavidades profundas de classe V, na face vestibular de cada dente e sobre a parede dentinária pulpar foram colocados os seguintes materiais: Grupos I e V- cimento resinoso RelyX™ Unicem; Grupos II e VI: cimento resinoso Multilink™; Grupos III e VII: cimento à base de Fosfato de Zinco (SS WHITE Artigos Dentários Ltda - Rio de Janeiro - Brasil) (controle positivo); Grupos IV e VIII: Guta-Percha (controle negativo). Em todos os grupos experimentais, após a colocação de cada material sobre a parede pulpar, as cavidades foram restauradas com amálgama. Nos grupos I, II, III e IV, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia após 10 dias e nos grupos V, VI, VII e VIII após 90 dias do procedimento experimental. As mandíbulas e maxilas foram removidas e as peças submetidas ao processamento histotécnico de rotina e posterior avaliação radiográfica e microscópica. Todos os grupos experimentais apresentaram o mesmo resultado histopatológico, o qual mostrava tecido pulpar íntegro e região apical e periapical normais em 100% dos casos. Com base nas metodologias empregadas e nos resultados obtidos, pudemos concluir que os cimentos RelyX™ Unicem e Multilink™ podem ser utilizados com o objetivo de cimentação de peças protéticas. / This study evaluated the radiologic and microscopic response of pulp and periradicular tissues after the application of resin cements Rely X® Unicem (3M ESPE Produtos dentários Sumaré - Brasil) and Multilink® (Ivoclar Vivadent Ltda - São Paulo - Brasil) in deep cavities in dogs\' teeth. STUDY DESIGN: The second and third maxillary premolars and the second, third, and fourth mandibular premolars of 6 dogs of both genders aged 12-18 months and weighing 8-10 kg were used. Sixty teeth of 6 dogs were assigned to 8 groups according to the material tested. Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surface of each tooth and the material wa placed in the cavity floor. In group I and V: Rely X® Unicem; group II and VI: Multilink®; group III and VII: zinc phosphate cement (control negative); group IV and VIII: gutta-percha (control positive). In every experimental group after the application of the materials tested, each preparation was restored with amalgam. In groups I, II, III and IV, the dogs were euthanized 10 days after the procedure, in groups V, VI, VII, and VIII after 90 days. The specimens were removed and processed for histopathologic and radiologic analysis. RESULTS: All experimental groups presented the same histopathologic result which showed normal apical and periapical tissues in 100% of the cases. CONCLUSION: According to the methodology, and the result of this study, RelyX® Unicem and Multilink® resin cements can be used as dental luting cements for indirect restorations.