Yes / Julian P. Perry Robinson discusses the role of the General Purpose Criterion in the implementation of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention.

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With the significant growth of purpose-oriented networks in the realm of public affairs, the challenges for public and nonprofit organizations in deciding which networks to engage with have also increased. This work explores whether organizations with different collaborative motivations prefer networks with different sets of characteristics. By bridging organizational theory and social network literatures, this study proposes a conceptual framework regarding the connections between organizational collaborative motivations and network characteristics. The conceptual framework is then further investigated using a two-phase exploratory sequential mixed-methods design and data from both local and statewide public and nonprofit organizations with experience working in networks. The first phase is a qualitative exploration of the conceptual framework using interview data, and the second phase draws on survey data and crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis (cs-QCA) to refine the theoretical framework. The two-phase study indicates that organizations with different collaborative motivations indeed prefer different kinds of networks. The results also identify multiple pathways for each motivation and which network characteristics need to be combined for each motivation, as well as offer some universal combinations that work for different motivations. The findings are valuable for both network managers' efforts in recruiting members and public and nonprofit organization managers' attempts at seeking beneficial collaborations. / Doctor of Philosophy / Public and nonprofit organizations are often expected to work with others through different collaborative entities, such as organizational networks, to solve complex problems. Given the significant growth of networks in the field of public affairs and the limited time and resources that organizations have available, however, it can be challenging for organizations to decide which networks to participate in. To help make this decision easier, this study sets out to find combinations of network features that match with different collaborative motivations. A framework linking organizational and social network theories is first created, and then examined through a two-phase mixed-methods approach. The first phase involves interviewing a selection of local public and nonprofit organizations and using their feedback to improve the framework. The second phase is an online survey targeting public and nonprofit organizations across Virginia, which further investigates the refined framework. The framework developed from this study not only finds connections between organizational collaborative motivations and network characteristics, but also offers a tool for organizations to identify networks that better match their goals for collaboration and a roadmap for network managers to design networks that better meet the needs of their participants.

This dissertation analyzes the relationship between network structure, collaboration, and geography among food security organizations in the New River Valley of Virginia. As a way to better understand how purpose-oriented, service-delivery networks, this case study of the Thrive network examines the relationship between geography and collaboration. The food security organizations within the region were mapped to determine the structure of the network and data was compared to the geography of the region. The findings suggest that food security organizations do find geography as a barrier to collaboration in three ways. First, these organizations see geography as a cost to collaboration due to the increased need for logistics and resources. Second, geography creates interorganizational political and cultural boundaries. Third, many food security organizations view geography as a barrier to collaboration in terms of its relationship between the organization and its clients. Organizations that saw value in collaboration between organizations within the network found ways to overcome the barriers of geography. / Doctor of Philosophy / Networks enable organizations to work together in a way that helps solve social issues too large to be handled by single groups. This dissertation explores the way in which food security organizations collaborate in the New River Valley of Virginia and the ways in which this collaboration is impacted by geography. The findings suggest that geography is often an unclear concept that is conflated with multiple concepts such as organizational politics, client issues, and cultural boundaries, and that overcoming these barriers can be accomplished when goal congruence occurs.

Flour has been identified as the source of Salmonella related recalls and outbreaks in past years. Flour is not usually heat treated and can cause issues when eaten raw, such as in the consumption of cookie dough and batters. Alternative flours like almond flour have been used in some bakery products. Alternative cooking techniques like air frying have increased as well due to their ease of use. The objective of this research was to study the effectiveness of air fryer technology on the inactivation of Salmonella in brownies formulated with all-purpose and almond flour. The aw and pH decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) over time within treatments, and there was no difference (p > 0.05) found across the two treatments. The brownie formulated with almond flour had a much higher fat content than that of the almond flour, but the all-purpose flour brownie had a much higher moisture content than that of the almond flour brownie. After 20 minutes of air frying at 176.7 °C, Salmonella counts were reduced in brownies formulated with all-purpose flour and almond flour by 5 log CFU/g and 6 log CFU/g, respectively. This study validated that air fryer technology is able to eliminate Salmonella in brownies formulated with all-purpose flour and almond flour when cooked for 20 minutes. This study assures that consumers can inactivate Salmonella in brownies formulated with all-purpose flour and almond flour when cooked for 20 minutes in an air fryer.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-09-25T15:01:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiano Defferrari Gomes_.pdf: 1305713 bytes, checksum: d1c5efc948356fce88cb44ce7cecad7e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-25T15:01:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiano Defferrari Gomes_.pdf: 1305713 bytes, checksum: d1c5efc948356fce88cb44ce7cecad7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-30 / Nenhuma / Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender o papel da liderança nas empresas movidas pelo propósito a partir da percepção de líderes de cargos estratégicos e liderados destas organizações. O estudo foi realizado por meio de pesquisa qualitativa exploratória através de 22 entrevistas semiestruturadas, sendo 11 líderes de cargos estratégicos e 11 liderados de 12 empresas com fins lucrativos consideradas como sendo movidas pelo propósito, situadas no Brasil, mais especificamente, Rio Grande do Sul e São Paulo. Para tratamento dos dados adotou-se a análise de conteúdo com auxílio do software NVIVO 11. A partir da teoria construiu-se o roteiro de entrevistas e definidas 11 categorias, das quais emergiram 52 subcategorias na análise. Os principais resultados de cada categoria foram: 1) não existe separação de valores pessoais e profissionais; 2) a conexão do propósito empresarial e das pessoas se dá com boa comunicação e relações mais horizontais; 3) a liderança movida pelo propósito é centrada no ser humanos e busca a congruência entre discurso e prática; 4) os valores de liderança ultrapassam os limites da empresa e impactam positivamente a sociedade; 5) a pluralidade se constrói em ambientes seguros, colaborativos e de confiança; 6) a liberdade com responsabilidade é parte importante da construção da liderança nas empresas movidas pelo propósito; 7) reciprocidade se constrói com a cultura do feedback e atitudes concretas; 8) a liderança movida pelo propósito está disposta a sacrificar lucros no curto prazo para preservar o propósito, os valores e a singularidade da empresa; 9) os contextos e ambientes, formais e informais nos quais as pessoas se encontram geram e reforçam as conexões e afinidades entre as pessoas; 10) os maiores desafios estão relacionados às habilidades de liderança, como comunicação, relações humanas, coerência e evolução; 11) conhecer a si mesmo, valores e o propósito é fundamental ao desenvolvimento da liderança. O paradigma da liderança movida pelo propósito sempre tem a felicidade dentro da equação. Não se negociam valores, mesmo que isso implique um crescimento mais lento para a organização. / This paper aims to understand the role of leadership in the purpose-driven companies from the perception of leaders of strategic positions and led of these organizations. The study was carried out using qualitative exploratory research through 22 semi-structured interviews, of which 11 were leaders in strategic rolls and 11 were led from 12 profit-making companies considered to be purposeful, located in Brazil, namely Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo. For the data treatment, the content analysis was adopted with the help of the NVIVO 11 software. From the theory, the interview script was constructed and 11 categories were defined, from which 52 subcategories emerged in the analysis. The primary results of each category were: 1) there is no separation of personal and professional values. 2) The connection between the business purpose and the people happens with excellent communication and more horizontal relations. 3) Leadership driven by the spirit is centered on the human being and conveys the congruence between discourse and practice. 4) Leadership values push the limits of the company and positively impact society. 5) Plurality is built in safe, collaborative and trustworthy environments. 6) Freedom with accountability is an essential part of building purposeful business leadership. 7) Reciprocity is built with feedback acculturation and real attitudes. 8) Purpose-driven leadership is willing to sacrifice profits in the short run to preserve the company's purpose, values, and uniqueness. 9) The contexts and environments, formal and informal in which people meet, generate and reinforce the connections and affinities between people. 10) The most significant challenges are related to leadership skills such as communication, human relations, coherence, and evolution. 11) Knowing yourself, values, and purpose is key to developing leadership. The paradigm of leadership driven by purpose always has happiness within the equation. Values are not negotiated, even if this means slower growth for the organization.

商業區內商店聚集分佈，使消費者可基於本身的多重目的（multi-purpose）、活動近便性、商品多樣性等因素，以連續至多重地點（multi-stop）之不同類型商店從事有關消費或休閒等活動。而一商業區內之消費者其至不同類型商店間之活動關連程度為何？消費者活動型態與商店空間分佈是否具互動關係，及不同商業階層之消費者活動型態是否有差異？則為本研究目的所在。 本研究所謂消費者多重行為係指一商業區內之消費者，從一家商店再至另一家商店之活動型態而言。而此活動型態則包括消費者至不同類型商店之多重地點（multi-stop）與多重目的（multi-purpose）之關係。研究結果顯示： 1、就消費者活動特性而言：忠孝東路四段及公館之商業區，消費者活動型態以多重行為（multi-stop & multi-purpose）為主。相對地，兩商業區內之消費者僅至一家商店之單一行為（single-purpose & single-stop）的比例則顯偏低。 2、就商店空間分佈而言：忠孝東路四段之商業區，以百貨服飾日用品店、餐飲店（本研究所做之定義）等之聚集分佈為主。而公館之商業區，則以服飾日用品店、餐飲店（本研究所做之定義）等之聚集分佈為主。 3、就消費者活動特性與商店空間分佈之關係而言： (1)忠孝東路四段之商業區：消費者從百貨服飾日用品店再至相同類型百貨服飾日用品店之活動關連程度最強。其次係從百貨服飾日用品店再至餐飲店及從餐飲店再至百貨服飾日用品店等活動型態。故消費者活動型態以百貨服飾日用品店與餐飲店等類為主，而此類型商店在空間分佈上亦相當聚集。 (2)公館之商業區：消費者從餐飲店再至服飾日用品店之活動關連程度最強。其次為從服飾日用品店再至餐飲店及服飾日用品店再至服飾日用品店等活動型態。故消費者活動型態以餐飲店與服飾日用品店等類型為主，而此類型商店在空間分佈上之聚集現象明顯。 故本研究獲一重要結論是，一商業區內之消費者活動關連程度較強的商店類型，該類型商店在空間分佈上亦呈現聚集象。