Este trabalho discute a relação entre escola e emancipação, mais especificamente, o papel da dúvida e do questionamento no ensino de ciências e a emancipação de sujeitos. Para tanto, analisa e explicita o currículo e o trabalho de experiências escolares de resistência (SINGER, 2010) na área de ciências da natureza. Estas escolas trabalham com abordagens democráticas em suas rotinas. Analisou-se, principalmente: EMEF Desembargador Amorim Lima e Escola Politeia, no Brasil e Escola da Ponte, em Portugal. Utilizar-se-á a abordagem de pesquisa-ação, mais coerente com a proposta deste trabalho e das escolas, inserido em relação dialética nos espaços educacionais nos quais se atuará, flexibilizando a neutralidade analítica, planejando e avaliando constantemente, sem cisões claras entre investigação e atuação. Investigar questões curriculares em escolas deste tipo pode revelar importantes referências para o ensino em geral, particularmente, o de ciências, como a forma pela qual o conhecimento é construído pelos(as) estudantes em um currículo de arquitetura aberta, onde o conteúdo, muitas vezes, parte do próprio interesse deles(as). Realizou-se observações sistemáticas das rotinas escolares, além de conversas formais e informais com estudantes, professores(as) e coordenadoras, participando das atividades escolares como forma de intervenção. Analisar-se-á os currículos oficiais aos quais essas escolas estão submetidas e os documentos escolares, para perceber as relações entre os conceitos e procedimentos propostos pelos documentos e as formas de trabalho de cada escola. O termo resistência tratado aqui aparece em sentido amplo, como movimento que enfrenta os modelos tradicionais de educação. Segundo Foucault (1979), o poder e a resistência se dão nas relações sociais. Onde existe uma relação de poder, existe também uma resistência. Assim, esta ideia de resistência relaciona-se ao poder criado na relação escola-sociedade. A partir desta resistência, estas escolas apresentam mecanismos usados para promover: (i) autonomia dos(a) estudantes frente ao conhecimento e sua construção; (ii) postura cidadã, política e crítica dos(as) estudantes frente à sociedade; (iii) liberdade com responsabilidade e (iv) tempos individuais de aprendizado. O eixo orientador deste trabalho é o questionamento em ciências naturais, ou seja, o exercício da dúvida. Como estas escolas trabalham a dúvida? Como o questionamento pode ser produtor de conhecimento? Este ato de questionamento pode ser emancipatório? / This work discusses the relationship between school and emancipation, more specifically, the role of doubt and questioning in science education and the emancipation of individuals. It analyzes and exposes the curriculum and the work of experiences in schools of resistance (SINGER, 2010) in the area of natural sciences. These schools work with democratic approaches in their routines. Three schools were analyzed: EMEF Desembargador Amorim Lima and Escola Politeia, in Brazil and Escola da Ponte, in Portugal. This work will use an approach of action research, more consistent with the purpose of the work and of the schools, set in a dialectical relationship in educational spaces where the work will take place, through flexible analytical neutrality, planning and evaluating constantly, without clear divisions between research and action. Investigating curricular issues in schools of this type can reveal important references to education in general and particularly for the teaching of science, such as the manner in which knowledge is constructed by the students in an open architecture curriculum, where content often comes from the interest of the students. Systematic observations of school routines will be performed, as well as formal and informal conversations with students, teachers and coordinators, participating in school activities as an intervention. The official curricula, to which these schools are submitted to, as well as school documents will be analyzed to understand the relationships between concepts and procedures proposed by the documents and forms of work of each school. The term resistance used here appears in a broad sense as a movement facing the traditional models of education. According to Foucault (1979), power and resistance are given in social relations. Therefore this idea of resistance is related to the power created in the school-society relationship. From this resistance, these schools have mechanisms used to promote: (i) autonomy of the students with knowledge and its construction; (ii) citizen posture, political and critical, of the students before society; (iii) freedom with responsibility and (iv) individual learning times. The guiding principle of this work is the questioning in the natural sciences, ie, the exercise of the doubt. How do these schools work with questionings? How can the act of questioning be a producer of knowledge? Can the act of questioning be emancipatory?

by Cheung Shuk Fan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-146). / by Cheung Shuk Fan. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF TABLES --- p.viii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.x / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Background of the Study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Purpose of the Study --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Significance of the Study --- p.3 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK / Chapter 2.1 --- Macrostructure Theory --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Text Processing --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Microstructure of Discourse --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Macrostructure of Discourse --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Macrorules --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Macro-operators --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Factors affecting Comprehension and Inference Processing --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- Anderson's ACT Production Theory --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Memories and Knowledge Representation --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Psychological Processes --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Activation --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Cognitive Skills Acquisition --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Comprehension and Inference Processing under the ACT --- p.19 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- REVIEW OF LITERATURE / Chapter 3.1 --- Review on Self-Questioning Instructional Research --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Active Processing Theory --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Metacognitive Theory --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Schema Theory --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2 --- Studies on Instructional Strategies in Self-Questioning Research --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Types of Intervention Training adopted by Self-questioning Research --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Review of Studies on Instructional Strategies --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Instructional Processes --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3 --- Variables in Self-Questioning Research --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Types and Frequency of Questions --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Demand Task --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Text Control --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Assessment Formats --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4 --- Methodological Considerations in Self-Questioning Research --- p.50 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- METHODOLOGY / Chapter 4.1 --- Research Questions --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2 --- Variables and Hypotheses --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Variables --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Null Hypotheses --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3 --- Subjects --- p.54 / Chapter 4.4 --- Materials --- p.56 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Readability Level of the Materials --- p.56 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Interrater Reliability of Texts --- p.58 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- "Passages for Pretest, While-test and Posttest" --- p.59 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Passages for Training --- p.61 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Comprehension Questions --- p.62 / Chapter 4.5 --- Procedure --- p.62 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Pretest --- p.63 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- The Training Program --- p.63 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Posttest --- p.67 / Chapter 4.6 --- Data Collection --- p.68 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Comprehension Scores --- p.68 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Number and Types of Self-Questions --- p.70 / Chapter 4.7 --- Scoring for Comprehension Questions --- p.71 / Chapter 4.8 --- Data Analysis --- p.72 / Chapter 4.9 --- Limitations --- p.73 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- RESULTS / Chapter 5.1 --- Self-questioning Effects on Comprehension --- p.75 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Results on Comprehension during While-test --- p.76 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Results on Comprehension during Posttest --- p.82 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- A Summary of Self-questioning Effects on Comprehension --- p.86 / Chapter 5.2 --- Self-questioning Effects on Inference Generation --- p.87 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Results on Inference Generation during While-test --- p.88 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Results on Inference Generation during Posttest --- p.92 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- A Summary of Self-questioning Effects on Inference Generation --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3 --- Correlation between Comprehension and Inference Scores --- p.97 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Correlation among Comprehension Scores --- p.98 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Correlation among Inference Scores --- p.98 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Correlation between Comprehension and Inference Scores --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- A Summary --- p.100 / Chapter 5.4 --- The Effects of Nature and Levels of Self-questions on Comprehension and Inference Processing --- p.100 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Distribution of Self-questions classified by Nature and Levels --- p.101 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Nature of Self-questions and Comprehension and Inference Processing --- p.105 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Levels of Self-questions and Comprehension and Inference Processing --- p.109 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- A Summary on Nature and Levels of Self-questions --- p.113 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- DISCUSSION / Chapter 6.1 --- Comprehension Monitoring Strategies and Self-questions --- p.116 / Chapter 6.2 --- Comprehension and Inference Processing in Reading --- p.117 / Chapter 6.3 --- Effects of Self-questions on Comprehension and Inference Processing --- p.119 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- The Effects of the Self-questioning Training Program --- p.119 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Nature of Self-questions and Comprehension and Inference Processing --- p.122 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Levels of Self-questions and Comprehension and Inference Processing --- p.125 / Chapter 6.4 --- Length of Passage and Comprehension and Inference Processing under the Effects of Self-questions --- p.127 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- CONCLUSION / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of Findings --- p.129 / Chapter 7.2 --- Implications of Findings --- p.130 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Self-questioning Intervention --- p.130 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Comprehension and Inference --- p.132 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Student-generated Questions --- p.133 / Chapter 7.3 --- Future Directions --- p.134 / REFERENCES --- p.135 / APPENDICES / Appendix A 19 Narrative texts --- p.147 / Appendix B Readability Evaluation Form --- p.156 / Appendix C 13 texts in cloze form --- p.159 / "Appendix D Pretest, While-test and Posttest passages with Comprehension Questions" --- p.166 / Appendix E Opinion Survey Evaluation Form --- p.180

This series of studies was the first to evaluate the effects of the Section 28 pilot study on the treatment of vulnerable child witnesses in English Crown Courts. Section 28 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act implemented mandatory Ground Rules Hearings, during which the judge, lawyers, and intermediary (if applicable) discussed appropriate accommodations to be made for child witnesses, following which the cross-examination could be pre-recorded. Analyses examined 43 cases that implemented the special measures ('Section 28' cases) and 44 cases that did not implement the special measures ('Non-Section 28' cases) that took place between 2012 and 2016. Analyses revealed that children in the Section 28 cases experienced less systemic delay than their counterparts. In addition, the trial preparation in the Section 28 cases was more thorough and this was associated with less risky questioning in the cross-examinations. However, younger children experienced longer delays and had fewer accommodations made for them than older children, regardless of condition. Additional analyses demonstrated that the forensic interviews replaced the evidence-in-chief in most cases almost entirely, with prosecutors asking few substantive questions. In the Section 28 cases, defense lawyers used fewer suggestive questions and asked less complex questions than Non-Section 28 defense lawyers. However, both types of lawyers still predominantly asked option-posing questions. Regardless of condition, defense lawyers asked fewer suggestive questions than their counterparts in other common-law countries and they asked younger children less complex questions. Results indicate that, although the Section 28 pilot study has not fixed all of the existing problems, it has significantly reduced systemic delay and improved the treatment of child witnesses in Crown Courts and thus should be rolled out nationally. As well, regardless of condition, English lawyers and judges seem receptive to recent special measures and appear to be effectively implementing them.

This case study documents three Socratic seminars in a Basic English class in a community college in an urban center in northeast United States. Specifically, the study examines the presence and absence of dialogue in these three Socratic seminars. The researcher employed qualitative methods to address the following questions: (1) What are the characteristic features and affordances of the discourse that takes place in a Socratic seminar conducted within a community college Basic English class for nine enrolled students in that class who participated regularly in an assigned Socratic seminar? (2) How do these nine students perceive and describe their experience of the discourse of the Socratic seminar in which they participated? Examining her data through the lens of a socio-cultural theory perspective, this research found that students effectively employ many of the criteria of dialogue. Students described their previous experiences of classroom discussion and their more recent experiences of Socratic seminar. This investigation suggests that Socratic seminar provided opportunities for dialogue and meaningful interaction for these students of Basic English.

Este trabalho discute a relação entre escola e emancipação, mais especificamente, o papel da dúvida e do questionamento no ensino de ciências e a emancipação de sujeitos. Para tanto, analisa e explicita o currículo e o trabalho de experiências escolares de resistência (SINGER, 2010) na área de ciências da natureza. Estas escolas trabalham com abordagens democráticas em suas rotinas. Analisou-se, principalmente: EMEF Desembargador Amorim Lima e Escola Politeia, no Brasil e Escola da Ponte, em Portugal. Utilizar-se-á a abordagem de pesquisa-ação, mais coerente com a proposta deste trabalho e das escolas, inserido em relação dialética nos espaços educacionais nos quais se atuará, flexibilizando a neutralidade analítica, planejando e avaliando constantemente, sem cisões claras entre investigação e atuação. Investigar questões curriculares em escolas deste tipo pode revelar importantes referências para o ensino em geral, particularmente, o de ciências, como a forma pela qual o conhecimento é construído pelos(as) estudantes em um currículo de arquitetura aberta, onde o conteúdo, muitas vezes, parte do próprio interesse deles(as). Realizou-se observações sistemáticas das rotinas escolares, além de conversas formais e informais com estudantes, professores(as) e coordenadoras, participando das atividades escolares como forma de intervenção. Analisar-se-á os currículos oficiais aos quais essas escolas estão submetidas e os documentos escolares, para perceber as relações entre os conceitos e procedimentos propostos pelos documentos e as formas de trabalho de cada escola. O termo resistência tratado aqui aparece em sentido amplo, como movimento que enfrenta os modelos tradicionais de educação. Segundo Foucault (1979), o poder e a resistência se dão nas relações sociais. Onde existe uma relação de poder, existe também uma resistência. Assim, esta ideia de resistência relaciona-se ao poder criado na relação escola-sociedade. A partir desta resistência, estas escolas apresentam mecanismos usados para promover: (i) autonomia dos(a) estudantes frente ao conhecimento e sua construção; (ii) postura cidadã, política e crítica dos(as) estudantes frente à sociedade; (iii) liberdade com responsabilidade e (iv) tempos individuais de aprendizado. O eixo orientador deste trabalho é o questionamento em ciências naturais, ou seja, o exercício da dúvida. Como estas escolas trabalham a dúvida? Como o questionamento pode ser produtor de conhecimento? Este ato de questionamento pode ser emancipatório? / This work discusses the relationship between school and emancipation, more specifically, the role of doubt and questioning in science education and the emancipation of individuals. It analyzes and exposes the curriculum and the work of experiences in schools of resistance (SINGER, 2010) in the area of natural sciences. These schools work with democratic approaches in their routines. Three schools were analyzed: EMEF Desembargador Amorim Lima and Escola Politeia, in Brazil and Escola da Ponte, in Portugal. This work will use an approach of action research, more consistent with the purpose of the work and of the schools, set in a dialectical relationship in educational spaces where the work will take place, through flexible analytical neutrality, planning and evaluating constantly, without clear divisions between research and action. Investigating curricular issues in schools of this type can reveal important references to education in general and particularly for the teaching of science, such as the manner in which knowledge is constructed by the students in an open architecture curriculum, where content often comes from the interest of the students. Systematic observations of school routines will be performed, as well as formal and informal conversations with students, teachers and coordinators, participating in school activities as an intervention. The official curricula, to which these schools are submitted to, as well as school documents will be analyzed to understand the relationships between concepts and procedures proposed by the documents and forms of work of each school. The term resistance used here appears in a broad sense as a movement facing the traditional models of education. According to Foucault (1979), power and resistance are given in social relations. Therefore this idea of resistance is related to the power created in the school-society relationship. From this resistance, these schools have mechanisms used to promote: (i) autonomy of the students with knowledge and its construction; (ii) citizen posture, political and critical, of the students before society; (iii) freedom with responsibility and (iv) individual learning times. The guiding principle of this work is the questioning in the natural sciences, ie, the exercise of the doubt. How do these schools work with questionings? How can the act of questioning be a producer of knowledge? Can the act of questioning be emancipatory?

Problem-solving abilities of individuals with aphasia have received limited attention in their assessment and remediation. At this time, there is substantially more information available on the linguistic performance of persons with aphasia than on their cognitive processing performance. Assessment of problem-solving abilities in this population has typically used tasks with low verbal loadings. However, both linguistic and cognitive competence are required for effective communication and activities of daily life. The purpose of the present study was to determine if mild-to-moderate subjects with aphasia differed in their question-asking strategies as compared with normal subjects. A modification of Mosher and Hornsby's (1966) Twenty Questions task was used. The Twenty Questions task is considered a verbal problem-solving task that requires a cognitive strategy. Subjects were 12 adults with mild-to-moderate aphasia recruited from the out-patient intervention groups at the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center and 12 non-brain-injured adult controls from the Portland community. The experimental task required subjects to ask "yes" or "no" questions to identify a target item that the examiner was thinking of in a JO-picture array. Items in the array were selected from common categories of transportation, furniture, tools, animals, foods, and clothing. Subjects were told that the object of the "game" was to use as few questions as possible to guess the item the examiner was thinking of. Subjects were administered the experimental task three times. Aphasic subjects were found to be significantly impaired in their use of question-asking strategies. They needed significantly more questions to identify target items than the normal controls. Their question-asking strategies used significantly fewer and less efficient constraint seeking questions than normal subjects. Some aphasic subjects used no constraint-seeking questions at all, but only hypothesis-scanning questions that targeted only one item. These results are consistent with the question-asking strategies of other brain-injured populations as assessed by the Twenty Questions task. Results suggested that individuals with aphasia may have cognitive difficulties in addition to their specific linguistic impairments.

Recent research shows that teachers’ level of Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching (MKT) and their beliefs about teaching and learning effect teaching practices and student achievement. Higher levels of MKT typically lead to more effective teaching abilities in terms of helping students make meaning of mathematical concepts, but beliefs seem to be a mediating factor in this relationship. One specific teaching practice that can help guide students through this meaning making is questioning. Although it is known that MKT and beliefs play an important role in outcomes of teacher practices, the effects of these factors on teachers’ ability to ask meaningful questions have not yet been explored. This mixed methods study uses descriptive data of teachers’ questioning patterns with a cross-case analysis of five elementary mathematics teachers to investigate how the nature of elementary teachers’ questioning changes between procedural and conceptual mathematics lessons, and how teachers’ level of MKT and their beliefs about teaching and learning aid in or inhibit their ability to ask questions that engage students in mathematical reasoning and sense making. High levels of alignment with rule-based beliefs about teaching mathematics were found to be a major inhibitor to teachers’ ability to ask meaningful questions in the classroom. While high MKT is helpful in creating reasoning-based dialogue in the classroom, high rule-based beliefs limit the potential effects of high MKT on teacher questioning practices. Relationships between MKT, beliefs, and questioning are further dissected, and implications for teacher development efforts are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions of campus climate at the University of South Florida, Tampa Campus for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender students. Specifically, the study determined if there was any relationship between level of homosexual identity development acquired and perceptions of campus climate. If a relationship existed, it would influence the way that campus climate perceptions would be analyzed in future studies. The population was the undergraduate student body at the University of South Florida taking at least six credit hours in the fall semester 2007. An online survey was created with two instruments that have been validated in previous studies, one on campus climate and one that identified identity level. The campus instrument was completed by all respondents, while only those self identifying as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or questioning were directed to the identity level instrument. Of the 31,030 email solicitations sent out to eligible students, 2345 students responded and completed the survey. Of those, 228 were from gay, lesbian, bisexual, and questioning students. Research questions sought to reveal the campus climate perceptions of GLBTQ students; to determine if perceptions varied between gay, lesbian, bisexual, questioning, and heterosexual students; and to determine if there was a relationship between homosexual identity development and perceptions of campus climate. Conclusions of the study include perceptions of campus climate at USF are more positive than those reported in the results of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Study conducted by Rankin (2003). Additionally, administrative responses to GLBT issues are not visible to students. The research also noted that significant differences exist between the perceptions of campus climate for GLBTQ students between the heterosexual and gay, lesbian, bisexual, and questioning students. Finally, the level of homosexual identity development attained has a significant relationship with perceptions of campus climate The results of this study will impact the focus and delivery of student services, training, and diversity initiatives at the university. Future opportunities for advancing the knowledge of the subject matter include further development of the GIQ identity development instrument, and expanding the question of identity development and campus climate perceptions to a nationwide study.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2005. / "December, 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 37-42). Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2005]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.

This study investigates the components within teacher questioning and how they affect communication within the mathematics classroom. Components examined are the type of question, the amount of wait time allowed, the use of follow-up questions, and the instructional setting. The three types of questions analyzed in this study were highorder, low-order, and follow-up questions. High-order questions are defined as questions which promote analysis, synthesis or evaluation of information versus low-order questions which only seek procedural or knowledge of basic recall of information. The third type of question, follow-up, is the second question asked of a student when the initial question is not answered or answered incorrectly. This study observed video of three teachers from three different adjacent school districts. Upon watching three lessons of each teacher and recording data, conclusions were made. All three teachers were found to use low-order questions at least 50% of the time during instruction. Wait time following high-order questions met the minimum three second time as suggested from previous researchers. Follow-up questions were found to occur more frequently after high-order questions, but followed similar trends as stated above related to the type of question asked. Instructional setting does differ in the types of questions asked with a small group setting more likely to elicit high-order questions than a whole group setting. The researcher concluded that high-order questions with a minimum of three seconds wait time in a small group setting encourage communication within the mathematics classroom.