The dissertation includes a critical essay on Jorie Graham's "The Guardian Angel of the Little Utopia and a full-length collection of poetry entitled Moonlight in Quota. The essay is a critical examination which argues that Graham's poems question Western anthropocentric thought through her constant arrangement of particular images (flowers, yellow sky, leaves) and her subsequent questioning of such intellectual and linguistic arrangements. Graham grapples with ideas of perception, questions the historical concepts of truth and knowledge, and engages in linguistic play both musically and imagistically. Each section is tied together by some overriding theme or persistent image: 1.) forgetting, Mexican-American border scenes 2.) poverty and faith shown through images of marginalized characters 3.) Artistic creation as a means for the survival for the "other."

Spain’s rapid implementation of renewable energy has been described as a success but thegovernmental cost associated to this rapid implementation has grown significantly. The purposeof this report is to investigate Spain’s electricity market, its current situation and present it, usingthe Swedish system as a reference.The report commences with a presentation of the Spanish and the Swedish electricity markets,followed by a chapter where they are compared. The renewable electricity production and theassociated development during the last decade is one focus of the comparison. The other focus ishow the costs of the subsidy systems have evolved and how they are connected to the differentenergy sources. Two sources, wind and solar, receives a higher interest than the others.Wind power shows a strong development in electricity production and contributes to asignificant part of the Spanish electricity mix. The costs of subsidies connected to the windpower reflect the produced electricity. Wind power in Sweden has had a rapid development overthe last two years and the subsidies costs are aligned with the electricity production through theuse of a quota system.There are great differences between the two countries regarding solar power. Sweden has hardlyany, while Spain has a noticeable contribution of electricity from solar power to its electricitymix. Solar power has an even more noticeable share in the Spanish subsidy system. The highsubsidies to solar power, which have not followed the reduced investment costs of equipment inrecent years, have led to a high degree of participation which has led to soaring costs for thesystem. Spain’s subsidy system is based on fixed earnings and variable costs and in combinationwith higher than expected costs, an annual deficit between the earnings and cost has been createdfor the government. This yearly deficit has increased and the Spanish government is now in debtto the five largest energy suppliers. The Swedish subsidy system carries its own costs and theSwedish government does not have a financial risk associated with the system.This study shows that the Spanish subsidy system has been too generous towards solar powerwhich is a large part, but not the only one, to the country’s huge deficit and debt. Sweden, withits quota system constructed without fixed earnings, does not risk creating a debt similar toSpain’s. Spain’s large part of wind power and how the volatile power is regulated could be ofinterest for Sweden which aims to increase its share of wind power in the future. This study findthe answer to how Spain copes with its high share of intermittent power production in that itaccepts a lower efficiency in its gas turbines in order to regulate the power output. Sweden, acountry without a large share of gas in its electricity mix, but with a large share of hydro power,uses its hydro capacity to regulate volatility in electricity system. Prior studies have already beenmade in this area with the result that 30 TWh of electricity from wind power, more thanSweden’s goal for 2020 regarding wind power, would be possible to regulate with the presentsystem each year.

This study explores how quota refugees who were resettled from Botswana to Sweden in 2014 experience migration and how these experiences are shaped by opportunities and limitations of refugee mobility rights between resettlement and naturalization. The study is grounded in a qualitative and constructivist methodological framework, and answers the question; how are quota refugees’ migration experiences in Sweden shaped by the opportunities and limitations of refugee mobility rights between resettlement and naturalization? Migration systems theory is used to analyze data gathered through semi-structured interviews. It is argued in this study that refugee migration is more socially motivated than it is economic and data shows that resettlement gives quota refugees mobility rights which in turn provide more opportunities than limitations that positively shape their migration experiences. Data also show that social reasons such as love, marriage and ethnic gatherings are the most dominant reasons why quota refugees travel.

This thesis deals with the toll systems which have been in operation in the Czech Republic since 2007. The first part defines the basic concepts of transportation and describes the development, goals and the direction of transport policy of the European Union, and the Czech Republic. It also describes the different ways of collecting tolls on roads and the possibility of charging for entrance into cities. The second part analyses the current state of the toll system, not only in our country, but also in neighboring countries. Practical knowledge is supplemented by the hand counting of trucks, avoiding toll communication and a questionnaire survey among carriers. The third part is focused on proposals for solving current situations. The aims are: bring trucks back to the toll roads, reduce the noise levels on highways at night, improve the quality of roads in the Czech Republic, increase user comfort levels of toll systems and increase the number of "green" trucks on the roads

This study shows the effects of the ‘soft’ board gender quota in Sweden enacted in 2006. Using a sample of 2,181 firm-year observations, Swedish listed firms do increase the percentage of females after the enactment of the quota, but this effect is not coming due to the quota. Neither more firms comply to the quota of 40 per cent caused by the quota enactment. Firms with state involvement are more likely to comply to the quota and increase the percentage of females. Internationalized firms have elusive results on the percentage of female directors and quota compliance. On average, more female directors in board positions have a positive effect on firm performance as measured in Tobin’s Q and ROA. The increase in the percentage of females and the positive effect on firm performance is more pronounced in the later time period (2012-2017) than the period short after the quota (2006-2011).

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第23671号 / 経博第654号 / 新制||経||300(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)准教授 菊谷 達弥, 教授 関口 格, 准教授 安達 貴教 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

L'investissement et l'innovation jouent un rôle important dans le secteur agricole, permettant aux exploitations de s'adapter aux changements de politiques et aux conditions du marché. Au cours des dernières décennies, les exploitations agricoles de l'Union européenne (UE) ont été confrontées à des changements substantiels à travers la politique agricole commune (PAC). C'est notamment le cas du secteur laitier, qui a vu la fin du régime de quotas laitiers et également vu une volatilité accrue des prix. De tels changements pourraient affecter la productivité et l’efficacité des exploitations agricoles, la compétitivité du secteur laitier et les changements structurels. Comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents au comportement d’investissement des exploitations pourrait permettre d’identifier les principaux facteurs qui influent sur les tendances observées. Cela pourrait aider à anticiper les futurs changements structurels, prévoir les besoins des exploitations et aider les décideurs publicet les autres acteurs du secteur agricole à adapter leurs politiques. La thèse contribue à cet objectif en analysant pour les exploitations laitières d'une sous-région de Bretagne (Ille-et-Vilaine) en France, (i) l'impact de la suppression du quota laitier sur les décisions d'investissement des agriculteurs et l'hétérogénéité de leurs réactions (ii) le lien entre la performance agricole et les décisions d'investissement des agriculteurs, (iii) le rôle des interactions sociales liées aux effets de voisinage sur la décision d'investissement des agriculteurs. Les résultats montrent que la fin / : Investment and innovation play an important role in the agricultural sector, allowing farms to adapt to policy changes and market condition changes. In the last decades, farms in the European Union (EU) have faced substantial changes in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This is particularly the case of the dairy sector, which has seen the end of milk quota regime and increased price volatility. Such changes could affect farm productivity and efficiency, the dairy sector’s competitiveness and structural change. Understanding the mechanisms underlying farms’ investment behaviour could allow identifying key drivers that influence the observed trends. This could help anticipate future structural changes, predict farms’ needs and help policy makers and other stakeholders in farming to adapt their policy. The thesis contributes to this objective by analysing for dairy farms in a sub-region of Brittany (Ille-et-Vilaine) in France, (i) the impact of the termination of the milk quota onfarmers’ investment decisions and the heterogeneity of farm investment behaviour, (ii) the link between farm performance and farmers’ investment decisions, (iii) the role of social interactions related to neighbourhood effects on farmers' investment decision. Findings show that the termination of the dairy quota policy increased farmers’ incentive to invest, contributing to the trend towards larger, more capital intensive and more specialised dairy farms. In addition, the thesis underlines the need to take into account farmers’ heterogeneity in modelling investment behaviour. Doing so allows

Notre thèse est une contribution à la compréhension de la structure du prix du quota carbone, à l’analyse de sa fluctuation, et aux interactions pouvant exister entre d’une part le système communautaire d’échange de quota d’émission (SCEQE) et le mécanisme pour le développement propre (MDP) et d’autre part entre le marché du quota carbone et ceux du secteur de l’énergie. Pour réaliser cet objectif, nous faisons appel à l’approche temps-fréquence (ondelettes) qui permet d’analyser le comportement local d’un signal, en isolant les composantes relatives aux fréquences de trading des agents. Cette méthode permet de décomposer la variance d’une série chronologique en différentes composantes fréquentielles dont on peut suivre les évolutions au cours du temps. Les horizons temporels de placement sont affectés à chaque bande de fréquences liés à un degré de risque du marché. Les bandes à haute fréquence obtenues par la décomposition en ondelettes renferment l’information relative à la structure de la série chronologique à court terme et non; celle à moyenne et à basse fréquence captent respectivement les structures de la série chronologique à moyen et long terme. Pour concrétiser notre apport nous proposons un développement de notre recherche en 3 chapitres. Le premier présente le marché carbone, sa création, son fonctionnement, et les différents acteurs qui l’animent. La formation du prix du CO2, son évolution et ses facteurs déterminants. Le deuxième développe une analyse multidimensionnelle du comouvement entre le prix du quota (SCEQE) et du crédit carbone (MDP) selon deux hypothèses : la première est l’homogénéité du comportement des agents. La relation de comouvement entre le prix du quota (SCEQE) et du crédit carbone (MDP) suppose que les intervenants sur le marché disposent d’une même stratégie d’investissement. On utilise dans ce cas les outils économétriques standards (Analyse de la Cointégration, de la causalité, modélisation vecteur Autorégressif). Nous mettons en évidence l’existence d’une causalité unidirectionnelle du CER vers l’EUA conforme aux faits observés de l’accélération du mécanisme pour le développement propre (MDP). En effet les industriels portent un grand intérêt sur le MDP, et cela a eu un impact direct sur le prix de l’EUA sur le marché européen du carbone. Nous observons aussi une dynamique d’interconnexion par l’intermédiaire du VAR(1) entre l’EUA et le CER. La deuxième hypothèse est celle de l’hétérogénéité du comportement des agents. Nous étudions la relation de comouvement entre le prix du quota (SCEQE) et celui crédit carbone (MDP) par une analyse multi-échelle dérivée de la théorie des ondelettes. Nous montrons que quels que soient les différents horizons d’investissement retenus (court, moyen et long terme), il existe une relation positive significative entre les deux séries de prix. De plus La causalité dynamique par ondelettes sur chaque paire de bandes de fréquence, confirme notre hypothèse d’une relation instable entre le EUA et le CER. Le troisième chapitre complète le précédent par l’analyse du comouvement multi-échelle entre le prix du quota carbone issu du SCEQE et ceux des marchés énergétiques (pétrole, le Charbon et le Gaz). La cohérence par ondelettes pierre angulaire de cette étude peut être interprétée comme une mesure de corrélation locale calculée de façon non-paramétrique. Cette première tentative de l’analyse multi-échelle de la relation de comouvement entre le marché du CO2, du pétrole, du Gaz et du Charbon fondée sur l’hypothèse d’hétérogénéité des agents montre qu’il est possible aux intervenants sur le marché carbone d’avoir une grande palette de choix de stratégies leurs permettant de mieux se prémunir contre les risques liés aux fortes volatilités du prix du carbone. / The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the carbon price quota structure, the analysis of its fluctuation, and the interactions that may exist between on the one hand the EU system of emission quota exchange (ETS) and the mechanism for clean development (CDM) and on the other hand between carbon quota market and the quota in the energy sector. For this study, we introduced the hypothesis of heterogeneity of agents' behavior on the carbon market where coexist multiple scales of investments.To achieve this, we used a time-frequency approach (wavelets) that can analyze the local behavior of a signal by isolating the components related to the agents’ trading frequency. This method allows variance decomposition of a time series into different frequency components. The time investment horizons are assigned to each frequency band associated with a degree of market risk. High frequency bands obtained by wavelet decomposition contain information pertaining to the short-term time series structure; the medium and the low frequencies respectively capture the structures of the time series in the medium and long term.To complete this project we proposed developing of our research in 3 chapters:The first chapter presents the carbon market, its creation, its operation, and the various actors who animate it. The formation of the CO2 price, its evolution and its determinants were also analyzed during this chapter.The second chapter develops a multi-scale analysis of the co-movement between price of quota (ETS) and carbon credit (CDM). This particular study was based on two assumptions:- The first assumption was the homogeneity of the various agents’ behaviors. The co-movement relationship between the price of quota (ETS) and carbon credit (CDM) assumes that market participants have the same investment strategy especially since all stakeholders agents invest in these markets on the same horizons. This relationship is studied using standard econometric tools such as Analysis of Co-integration of causality and Vector Autoregressive modeling.The main result of this specific part highlights the existence of a unidirectional causality from the ERC to the EUA with an observed acceleration of the mechanism for clean development (CDM). Manufacturers have a strong interest in the CDM which has had a direct impact on the price of EUAs on the European carbon market. We also observed a dynamic interconnection through the VAR (1) between EUA and CER.- The second assumption is the heterogeneity of agents' behavior. We highlighted the relationship of co-movement between price of quota (ETS) and carbon credit (CDM) to a multi-scale analysis derived from wavelet theory. We show that whatever the different investment horizons retained (short, medium and long term), there is a significant positive relationship between the two sets of prices. The more dynamic causal wavelet on each pair of frequency bands detects an unstable relationship between EUA and CER which confirms our working hypothesis.And finally, a third chapter that complements the previous analysis by the co-movement between multi-scale carbon allowance prices resulting from the ETS to those energy markets (oil, coal and gas). Using coherence wavelet, it examined the simultaneous dependence (co-movement) between two price series in time and frequency. It can be interpreted as a local measurement of correlation calculated non-parametrically. Overall, this study is the first attempt at a multi-scale analysis of the co-movement relationship between the CO2 market, Oil, Gas and Coal which is based on the hypothesis of heterogeneity of agents using a template from wavelet algorithm. The model used in this study will allow stakeholders agents on the carbon market to have a great range of choices for their strategies to be able to anticipate wisely because of the high volatility of carbon prices on their different investment horizons.

Les clauses de rendement constituent une incitation au dépassement, à l’action, à la performance. Dès lors, comment peuvent-elles être conciliées avec les différents pans du droit dans lesquelles elles interviennent ? On les rencontre en droit social et elles prennent une dimension quasiment envahissante en droit de la distribution. Ainsi intégrée au domaine contractuel, la clause de rendement oblige le débiteur et nourrit les attentes du créancier. Mais, pas seulement. Car, si le débiteur de la clause de rendement doit s’astreindre à réaliser le rendement consenti, le créancier, dans l’optique de favoriser l’atteinte de l’objectif, ne doit pas adopter un simple comportement passif. En somme, l’obligation de rendement renvoie au « rapport tout entier » qui existe entre le créancier et le débiteur de la clause. L’on pressent leur difficile insertion au regard de la théorie générale du droit des contrats. Leur maniement délicat réclame l’étude de nombreux facteurs, paramètres, à prendre en considération pour assurer leur efficacité. A l’issue de cette étude, ces clauses apparaissent comme un outil de performance au service des contractants mais aussi de l’intérêt économique. Car, les clauses de rendement, bien maniées et encadrées strictement sont sources d’efficacité concurrentielle.En somme, la contrainte apparue initialement s’efface et révèle leur utilité dans l’intérêt général. Les clauses de rendement dynamisent ainsi le contrat, avivent la concurrence et par là-même sauvegardent les intérêts des consommateurs. Il semble alors que les comportements consistant à la réalisation des objectifs, participent, non seulement à une quête d’efficacité contractuelle, mais également à une efficience concurrentielle dans l’intérêt de la collectivité toute entière. / Performance clauses are an incentive to overshoot, to act, and to perform.Therefore, how can they be reconciled with the different parts of the law in which they operate? They are found in labor law and take an almost overwhelming size in distribution law. Well integrated into the contractual sphere, the return clause obliges the debtor and feeds the creditor’s expectations. But not only that, for if the debtor of the return clause must discipline himself to achieve the agreed performance, the creditor, with a view to help achieve the goal, should not simply adopt a passive attitude. In sum, the obligation to return back to the “whole report” exists between the creditor and the debtor.It is difficult to present their inclusion under the general theory of contract law. Their delicate handling calls for the consideration of many factors and parameters that must be taken into consideration to ensure their effectiveness. At the end of this study, these terms appear as a performance tool in the service of contractors but also of economic interest. Well-handled and strictly supervised clauses of performance are competitive sources of efficiency. All in all, the initial constraint is cleared and reveals the usefulness of performance clauses in the public interest. Thus, in terms of the contract and performance boost, performance clauses sharpen competition and thereby safeguard the interests of consumers. It seems then that the performance in achieving the objectives, participate not only in a quest of contractual effectiveness, but also for competitive efficiency for the whole community.

In the recent days, there has been culminating a laic and professional discussion to the topic of the fiscal reform in the Czech Republic. A necessary part of a potential public finance reform is then a tax reform, as well. The submitted paper contains an analysis of fundamental approaches to taxes and their structure from the synthetic point of view of legal and economic science, which has had a long tradition since Czech national economists of the first republic. An objective of the paper is an attempt to promote a scientific methodically balanced approach, as well, namely in the ontological sense, but also in the sense of teleological and normological gnoseology. The above mentioned then enables to modify some recommendations for central authorities in the field of legislative changes and tax policy. The objective of the paper is, on basis of an own empirical analysis, to reformulate recommendations for lawmakers and tax policy makers in the Czech Republic in terms of possible de lege ferenda changes. The conclusions of this paper can be summarized into five key recommendations for lawmakers and tax policy makers in the Czech Republic. They are: a recommendation of non- increase of the overall tax burden or, as the case may be, of effecting its decrease, of decrease of employment tax burden, and...