Syftet med den här studien har varit att undersöka fem lärares uppfattningar kring hur de skapar en undervisning som bidrar till att utveckla läsförståelsen hos elever i avkodningssvårigheter. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt baseras på den sociokulturella teorin enligt vilken elevernas tillägnande av kunskaper sker inom ramen för den närmaste utvecklingszonen. I studien har en kvalitativ metod använts. Materialinsamlingen genomfördes genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Materialet analyserades med utgångspunkt i den fenomenografiska ansatsen. Resultatet visar att de huvudsakliga temana i lärares arbetssätt för att utveckla läsförståelse hos elever i avkodningssvårigheter är visuellt stöd, modellerande av läsförståelsestrategier och samtalet som redskap. / The purpose of this study has been to investigate the perceptions of five teachers regarding their teaching of reading comprehension to students with decoding difficulties. The theoretical starting point of the study is based on the sociocultural theory, where the focus is that the students' acquisition of knowledge takes place within the framework of the zone of proximal development. A qualitative method has been used in the study. Through qualitative semi-structured interviews, material collection was carried out. The material was analysed using a phenomenographic approach. The results show that the main themes in teachers' working methods for developing reading comprehension for students in decoding difficulties are visual support, modelling reading comprehension strategies and to use text-talk to reflect and understand the meaning of a text.

Läsförståelse är viktigt för att klara sig i ett kunskapssamhälle som bygger på skriftspråklig kompetens (Bråten, 2008a). Det senaste resultatet i Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) 2016 visar att svenska elever är svagare i att tolka och värdera texter jämfört med andra länder (Skolverket, 2017b).   Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur lärare arbetar med läsförståelsestrategier i svenskundervisningen för att utveckla elevers läsförståelse i årskurs 1–3. Frågeställningarna för undersökningen är: Vilka läsförståelsestrategier används? I vilka sammanhang används läsförståelsestrategier? Hur främjas elevers läsförståelse med hjälp av läsförståelsestrategier? Studien utgår från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. En kvalitativ metod har använts och semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts för att samla in material till studien.   Resultatet visar att lärare undervisar i läsförståelse och läsförståelsestrategier på flera olika sätt såsom läsfixare från materialet En läsande klass, högläsning, läsläxa och genom samtal och frågor. Slutsatsen är att lärarna betonar modellering, stöttning och repetition som viktigt för att elever ska bli mer säkra i sin egen användning av läsförståelsestrategier och därmed utveckla sin läsförståelse. Att börja tidigt och att variera sina arbetssätt ses också som positivt hos lärarna. / Reading comprehension is important for coping with a society whose knowledge is based on written language skills (Bråten, 2008a). The latest result in Progress in the International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) 2016 shows that Swedish students are weaker in interpreting and evaluating texts compared to other countries. The aim of the study is to investigate how teachers work with reading comprehension strategies in Swedish teaching to develop students’ reading comprehension in grades 1-3. Questions for the survey are: What reading comprehension strategies are used? In what context are reading comprehension strategies used? How does students’ reading comprehension develop with the help of reading comprehension strategies? The study is based on a socio-cultural perspective. A qualitative method has been used and semi-structured interviews have been conducted to collect the material for the study. The result shows that teachers teach reading comprehension and reading comprehension strategies in several ways such as “läsfixare” from the material A Reading Class, reading aloud, reading homework and through conversations and questions. The conclusion is that the teachers emphasize modeling, support and rehearsal as important in order for students to become more secure in their own use of reading comprehension strategies and thereby develop their reading understanding. Starting early and varying their working methods is also seen as positive by the teachers.

"During the first term of the 1938 summer session at the North Texas State Teachers College, under the auspices of the reading laboratory, the Nelson-Denny Silent Reading Test was administered to students enrolled in four sections of a course in the psychology of teaching reading in the grades...For this purpose, this endeavor to analyze the existing condition has been made in order to assist in at least some small measure any future steps in alleviating this deplorable state."--1-2.

This diploma thesis is focused to the reading comprehension of the second class pupils at a primary school. The thesis is divided into the theoretical and the practical part. The theoretical part presents the basic concepts of mapping the issues, such as reading, literacy, reading comprehension; there are also introduced the educational methods (the analytic-synthetic and genetic) and the diagnostic techniques for determining the grade of the reading comprehension in pedagogical-psychological counseling. The ending of this part was dedicated the project Three-level model of care and the results of diagnostic screenings of reading analyzed in the works of P. Barešová (2009, 2010). The target of the practical part was the analysis of resulst of the second class pupils from new created Test of reading comprehension (Pokorná, Wolfová, Kucharská, in Kucharská, 2011). Three types of tasks (such as labeling borders words, fill in missing words in the text and making decision of the claims, whether they are true, in relation to the picture). The data collection was made in the project - Three-level model of care carried out by IPPP ČR (There was involved 345 pupils from 7 primary schools from three parts of Czech Republic - Prague, Central and South Bohemian Region and Moravia). The conducted analysis of...

中文的一個獨特之處在於，字和詞這兩個水平的單位都可以傳達意義。在中文里，字和詞分別有其獨自的特點。大多數漢字都由部件組成，這些部件多數情況下與整字的讀音和意義有關。詞通常由兩個或兩個以上的字構成，其中多數是復合詞。根據詞中字之間的關系，復合詞有五種常見結構。由於字和詞都傳達意義，於是就產生了兩個漢語中特有的問題：一是字和詞之中哪一個是閱讀加工的基本單位，二是字詞加工之間的關系如何。之前的一些研究為回答這兩個問題提供了一些依據。一些以成人閱讀者作為被試的研究發現，雖然從形式上來講，字是中文文本的基本單位，但是在閱讀中通常作為基本加工單位的是詞。有些研究也發現詞和字的加工是相互影響的。 / 但是，這些研究很少以兒童作為對象。本文中的三個實驗試圖探索上述兩個問題在兒童閱讀者之中的答案，用三年級和五年級的香港本地兒童作為被試以探討有關加工隨著年齡發展的變化。在實驗 1 中，被試被要求讀出一些單字，以及由這些單字組成的詞。結果顯示多數在單字閱讀中出現的錯誤，在讀詞時得到了更正，說明詞有助於兒童對字的識別。與年長的兒童相比，年幼兒童更容易將單字混淆於其他意義相關的單字，或者混同於那些經常與目標字一起出現組成詞的單字，這表明年幼兒童的字加工更依賴於該字經常出現的語境。實驗 2 使用偏正結構詞，並列結構詞以及非詞等三種結構的刺激檢驗了詞的結構對於詞中字的加工的影響。同預期相反，該實驗的結果表明，在偏正結構的詞中，兒童對后一個字的反應并沒有因為其與整詞意義關聯緊密而更加準確和迅速。更有甚者，三年級和五年級的兒童對於偏正結構詞中前一個字的表現都好於后一個字，並且與並列結構詞和非詞相比，偏正結構中前一個字較之后一個字的優勢似乎更加突出。 / 雖然結果與預期不相符，但是三年級和五年級兒童表現比較一致，說明詞結構很有可能確實對其中的字的加工產生了影響，但是這個影響的機制並未由實驗 2揭示出。實驗 3 比較了字音和字形在詞加工中的作用。實驗結果顯示，與年長兒童相比，年幼兒童對於詞的閱讀更加依賴於讀音。探索字詞加工之間的關系需要更多的研究提供證據，而本研究的三個實驗則為以后的研究提供了一些方向。 / One of the unique features in Chinese is that two levels of unit, character and word, are both related to meaning. Both of them have their own features. Most characters are composed by radicals which may give a cue to the characters’ pronunciation and meaning. Words are mostly composed by no less than two characters, and most of them are compound words which usually have 5 types of morphological structures according to the relationship between the meaning of the whole word and its component characters. Since both characters and words convey meaning, two questions arise: which of them is the basic unit of processing when people read, and what is the relationship between readers’ character and word processing. Previous research has provided some evidence to answer these questions. Although characters are the basic graphic units in Chinese script, several studies have shown that adults’ reading is based on words rather than on characters. Meanwhile, it has been found that the processing of words and characters also affect each other. / However, not many studies used children as participants. In this thesis, three experiments were designed to explore these two questions. Children of grade 3 and 5 in Hong Kong primary school were used as participants to investigate the developmental change. In experiment 1, children were asked to read single characters and words that were composed by these characters. Results showed that words actually helped children to recognize characters, for most errors in single character reading got corrected in word reading. Compared to older children, younger children’s character processing was more likely to rely on the context that the character might appear, for they had more errors than older children of confusing the correct character with the word related or meaning related ones. In experiment 2, the effect of word’s morphological structure on the component characters was examined. Three types of structures, i.e., modifier words, coordinative words and nonwords were used to make comparison. The results were opposite to the expectations, for the closer relationship with the word didn’t get any advantage for the second characters in modifier words in lexical decision task. Moreover, both P3 and P5 children’s performance in modifier words on the first character was better than on the second character, and this difference was even larger than in coordinative words and nonwords. Since children of both grades showed the same pattern, the word’s morphological structure still seemed to have effects on the component characters processing, although the mechanism was not clear. Experiment 3 compared the influence of pronunciation and graphemic similarity on word reading, and compared to older children, younger children were more likely to rely on pronunciation, which was consistent with previous studies. This study provided possible directions for future study, and more evidence on the relation between children’s character and word processing is still needed. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Li, Tong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-62). / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendix includes Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of contents --- p.vi / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction of the basic characteristics of Chinese characters and words --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The relationship between processing of word and character --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- The present study --- p.15 / Chapter 2 --- Experiment 1 --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1 --- Method --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Participants --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Material --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2 --- Results --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3 --- Discussion --- p.26 / Chapter 3 --- Experiment 2 --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- Method --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Participants --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Material --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Procedures --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results --- p..34 / Chapter 3.3 --- Discussion --- p.35 / Chapter 4 --- Experiment 3 --- p.38 / Chapter 4.1 --- Method --- p.38 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Participants --- p.38 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Material --- p.38 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Procedures --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results --- p..40 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discussion --- p.42 / Chapter 5 --- General Discussion --- p.43 / Appendix --- p.48 / Bibliography --- p.54

There is a shift from learning to read towards reading to learn beginning in the fourth grade. This project focuses on the use of read alouds to teach concepts such as inference, generalization, and drawing conclusions to increase reading comprehension in fourth graders.

Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 35-37).

Learning disability affects many learners in South Africa and its impact is exacerbated by environmental disadvantage. In a fast changing educational system within a framework of Outcomes-Based Education, where inclusion of learners from various cultures who face a wide variety of barriers to learning is a reality, the need for more accommodating teaching aids and techniques is pressing. Reading comprehension skills influence most aspects of school work, cognitively, emotionally and socially, and therefore learning support strategies to address reading difficulty are especially important. This research focused on visualization as a metacognitive reading comprehension technique for learning support to intermediate level learners with learning disabilities who suffer environmental deprivation. The aim was to help learners to develop and utilise their cognitive skills when reading by forming a mental picture of the text that is being read. Internalization and generalization of this technique was targeted. The communicative meaning of text, rather than fluent word recognition, was emphasized. Manifestations of learning disability, environmental deprivation, problems in reading comprehension and visualization as a "whole brain" approach to reading development were reviewed in the literature. In collaboration with a multicultural school for learners with epilepsy and learning disabilities, the visualization technique was formatively refined during ten sessions of practical implementation. Qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to assess behaviour and performance per learner. Clinical assessments verified the findings of the case studies. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

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Trots mycket uppmärksamhet och forskning kring barns och ungdomars läsförståelse, och glädjande besked i den senaste PISA-undersökningen, återfinns fortsatta problem inom området läsning och läsförståelse. Det innebär en utmaning för skolan att hitta vägar att stärka alla elevers läsförståelse, och samtidigt väcka läslusten inom dem. Vi finner i tidigare forskning att vikten av motivation och engagemang är stor, och att inre motivation för läsning tillsammans med social muntlig interaktion är framgångsfaktorer för vidare utveckling av läsförståelse. Vi belyser hur man kan utveckla läsförståelsearbete genom strukturerad kooperativ undervisning och hur detta kan påverka läsmotivation och förståelse. Genom en kortare intervention i årskurs sex bestående av läsförståelsestrategier och kooperativt arbete vid textsamtal ser vi indikationer på att fler elever får större förståelse för den lästa texten och därigenom finner arbetet mer engagerande. Vi använder Response to Intervention - RTI som modell för interventionen och baserar våra resultat på elevernas upplevelse av läsningen före och efter de modellerade lektionspassen. Elevernas upplevelser ansågs relevanta, då tänkandet om det egna lärandet, metakognition, är en viktig del i arbetet med läsning. Resultatet visar att de svagaste läsarna upplever läsningen som lättare att tillgodogöra sig med de hjälpstrategier som erbjuds. Läsförståelsearbete genom kooperativt lärande som uppmuntrar till verbal interaktion både i helklass och i grupper visar sig även vara motivationsfrämjande. Då interventionen genomförts på väldigt kort tid och grundar sig på elevernas upplevelser kan inga påvisbara resultat av interventionen uppvisas, då inga läsförståelsetest använts i undersökningen. / Much attention and research has been brought to the fact that children spend less time reading,and that reading comprehension among children and adolescents is declining. Despite theseproblems are yet to be resolved and schools face a great challenge in finding ways to strengthenreading comprehension for all children and at the same time ignite the intrinsic motivation. In thefield of research, we find evidence that intrinsic motivation for reading in combination with social,verbal interaction are key factors in developing reading comprehension. We contribute toenlighten how reading comprehension can be enhanced through structured collaborativeeducation instruction and the impact this may have on reading motivation as well asunderstanding. After a short intervention in a year six, and use of modelling and cooperative workwe find indications that more students gain in understanding of the texts and therefore find thework more engaging, in comparison to traditional work. Using RTI – Response to Intervention wemeasure the students’ experiences of reading before and after the modelled classes. Thestudents´ experiences were considered to be relevant, since reflections on their own learning,metacognition, is an important part of the work on reading. The result shows that the weakestreaders experience reading easier to understand with the scaffolding offered. Readingcomprehension work through cooperative learning that encourages verbal interaction both in fullclass and in smaller groups, also prove to be motivational. Since the intervention was carried outin a very short period of time and is based on the students´ experiences, we cannot prove resultson actual effects of the intervention, since no comprehension tests as means for measuring wereused.