Populations of strongly endangered species Orchis mascula and endangered Dactylorhiza majalis were monitored at Peklo area since 2000. In May 2002, another strongly endangered orchid species Orchis ustulata was discovered. The major increase in counts of O. ustulata towards stable numbers of O. mascula and D. majalis populations was detected during the seven year period of plant monitoring. The aim of this study was to reveal a connection between the climate conditions and orchid vitality, using biometrical plant data gained between 2005 to 2011. In order to evaluate a steady state of investigated area, the extensive phytocoenological sampling was conducted. The obtained data revealed several different loci at the screened grassland, which can be defined with presence of distinctive species. In blooming individuals of O. mascula, March temperature was the most defining factor. Parameters studied (number of leaves and blossoms, size of leaves, lenght of stems and duration of flowering) increased with decreasing March temperature. The blooming proved to be important factor, if a plant was in flower that year or the preceeding year, the number and the size of leaves was larger. The blooming in two subsequent years enhanced this described effect even more. The comparison of blooming individuals of O. ustulata revealed that plants growing in clusters were non flowering but bigger in size. Other positive correlation with investigated parameters had precipitation in December. However, the comparison of all plants showed generally smaller size of cluster forming plants. This overall analysis pointed out the influence of low temperature in October, the plants were smaller in size and amount of sterile individuals rised. All collected data and generated comparisons support earlier findings about influence of temperature and precipitation on the orchid population dynamics.

Diploma thesis is focused on birds in our surroundings. The main aim was to project excursions for pupils of primary schools at the Vrbenské rybníky Nature Reserve and urban parts of České Budějovice. Excursions included worksheets and motivational activities. The conceptual and structural analysis of the subject birds in selected text ? books on natural history for primary schools, own ornithological survey on sites of interest and compare the results with scientific literature. Both excursions, selected worksheet tasks and motivational activities were practically tested. Diploma thesis was solved in the project GA JU 065/2010/S.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-08-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:44:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ar_dr_jabo.pdf: 434685 bytes, checksum: 7a18945b647512a2133168a7a96479ee (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar respostas do capim-tifton 85 a doses de nitrogênio (N) associadas a doses e fontes de boro (B). Em casa de vegetação, conduziu-se um experimento fatorial 3 ´ 3 ´ 3 {três doses de N (0, 100 e 200 mg kg–1), três doses de B (0, 1,3 e 2,6 mg kg–1) e três fontes de B [colemanita fundida ao termofosfato (CF), colemanita em mistura com termofosfato (CM) e ácido bórico (H3BO3)]} em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. As plantas cresceram em vasos preenchidos com amostra de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. Elas foram avaliadas em três ciclos de crescimento. O N foi aplicado no início de cada ciclo e o B apenas antes do plantio. A aplicação de N aumentou a massa seca da parte aérea e o número de perfilhos do capim nos três ciclos. A aplicação de B, isolada ou associada à de N, não teve influência nesses atributos, embora o solo tivesse baixo teor de B disponível. O suprimento de N aumentou também os teores de carboidratos de reserva na raiz da planta nos dois ciclos em que foram avaliados (primeiro e terceiro). O suprimento de B aumentou o teor desses carboidratos na base do caule no primeiro ciclo. Os fornecimentos de N e B aumentaram seus respectivos teores na parte aérea do capim no três ciclos, exceto no caso do teor de B no terceiro ciclo. Todas as fontes de B aumentaram o teor de B disponível no solo, mas a CM e o H3BO3 aumentaram mais do que a CF. O efeito mais evidente da aplicação conjunta de N e B ocorreu no acúmulo de B na parte aérea da planta, aumentando mais com a combinação das duas aplicações. O teor inicial de B no solo (0,15 mg dm–3) foi suficiente para atender as necessidades do capim-tifton 85 nos três ciclos de crescimento. / The objective of this work was to evaluate responses of Tifton 85 bermudagrass to nitrogen (N) rates associated with boron (B) rates and sources. In greenhouse, it was carried out a factorial experiment 3 ´ 3 ´ 3 {three N rates (0, 100 and 200 mg kg–1), three B rates (0, 1.3 and 2.6 mg kg–1) and three B sources [colemanite fused to termophosphate (CF), colemanite in mixture with termophosphate (CM) and boric acid (H3BO3)]} in complete randomized design. The plants grew in pots filled with sample of a Typic Haplustox. They were evaluated during three growth cycles. The N was applied at the beginning of each cycle and the B just before the planting. The N application increased both top dry mass and tiller number of the grass in the three cycles. The B application, isolated or associated with N application, did not have influence on these attributes, though the soil had low available B content. The N supply increased reserve carbohydrates contents in plant root in the two cycles in which they were evaluated (first and third). The B supply increased the content of these carbohydrates in the stem base in the first cycle. The N and B furnishings increased their respective contents in top grass in the three cycles, except in the case of the B content in the third cycle. All the sources increased the available B content in soil, but CM and H3BO3 increased more than CF. The most evident effect of the N and B applications together occurred in the B accumulation in top plant, increasing more with the combination of the two applications. The initial B content in soil (0.15 mg dm–3) was enough to attend necessities of Tifton 85 bermudagrass in the three growth cycles.

Sjukhus och flygplatser är precis som resten av samhället, beroende av el. Med dagens teknik är sjukhus och flygplatser högteknologiska ochväldigt störningskänsliga för elbortfall,vilket gör det viktigt att ha en stabil och säker kraftförsörjning utan avbrott. Ett avbrott i strömförsörjningen kan orsaka allvarliga,till och med livsfarliga konsekvenser. Att säkerställa ett bra och redundant reservkraftsystemär väsentligt för sjukhusen och flygplatserna. Syftet med studien var att undersöka samt ta fram reservkraftsystem med redundansförsjukhus och flygplatser. Under arbetets gång har litteraturstudie om generatorer och UPS-system (uninterruptible power supply) gjorts samt intervjuer med experter inom båda ämnena. Resultat visar de fundamentala delarna som är viktiga att ta hänsyn till vid dimensionering av reservkraftsystem. Men det visar också på att det finns många faktorersom spelar in vid dimensionering av systemen, vilket leder till att alla system ser olika ut och det finns inte riktigtnågon specifik mall att följa. / Hospitals and airports are just like the rest of society, dependent onelectricity. With today's technology, hospitals and airports are highly technological and highly sensitiveto electricity loss. Thatmakes it important to have stable and secure power supply without interruptions. An interruption of power supply can cause serious even fatal consequences. Ensuring a good and redundant reserve power system is essential for hospitals and airports. The purpose of the study was to investigate and provide good redundant solutions for reserve systems in hospitals and airports. During the course of the thesis, literature studies ofgenerators and UPS (uninterruptible power supply) systems have been conducted as well as interviews with experts in both subjects.Results show the fundamental aspects that should be taken into account when dimensioning reserve power systems. But it also shows that there are many aspects that affectthe system dimensioning, which means that all systems look different and there is no specific template to follow.

Há uma relação recíproca entre um dos objetivos das ciências administrativas – aumentar a produtividade do trabalho – e o crescimento do desemprego. Contudo, este tema é pouco explorado nessa área do conhecimento. Estudos que tratam direta ou indiretamente desta problemática costumam considerar que os desempregados ou são agentes empreendedores ou estão excluídos das relações de trabalho. Intentamos abordar este tema superando essas abordagens duais. Defendemos a tese de que os desempregados compõem um estrato populacional denominado exército de reserva (ER) e que este pode cumprir, no atual estágio de desenvolvimento das forças produtivas, um duplo papel, qual seja: regulador do preço da força de trabalho e agente contestatório do sociometabolismo do capital. Fundamentados, principalmente, nos estudos de Marx, Oliveira e Iasi, analisamos o mercado de trabalho tal como representado por instituições de pesquisas nacionais e internacionais e os dados coletados junto aos integrantes de um movimentos social formado por desempregados, o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Desempregados (MTD). O método dialético permitiu reconstituir o movimento dos múltiplos determinantes que sintetizaram a possibilidade de alterações qualitativas em parte do contingente em questão. Concluímos que o ER cumpre função estrutural econômica e ideológica de regular o preço da força de trabalho devido a, basicamente, dois fatores: 1) como superpopulação fluente, é uma reserva de força de trabalho que tende a deprimir o preço desta mercadoria à níveis crescentemente inferiores; 2) enquanto força de trabalho não utilizada diretamente pelo capitalista no processo de produção, os membros do ER, em sua manifestação como superpopulação estagnada, tendem a efetuarem trabalhos, seja na considerada economia informal seja na economia doméstica ou ainda na economia subterrânea, que satisfazem necessidades dos membros do exército ativo (EA) e do exército de reserva em sua manifestação fluente. Ao oferecerem produtos e serviços à baixo custo ao EA e ao próprio exército de reserva, a superpopulação estagnada colabora para o rebaixamento do valor da mercadoria força de trabalho, tendo em vista que esta, segundo a lei do valor, deve equivaler ao valor dos produtos necessários a sua reprodução. Defendemos, portanto, que no atual modo de produção capitalista em países periféricos opera-se, gradativamente, uma mudança qualitativa na consciência de classe desta parcela da classe trabalhadora que, sobretudo após o advento da reestruturação produtiva, apresenta tendência crescente de reposição contínua, isto é, mudança quantitativa que tem sido oportunizada, dentre outros fatores, pelo desenvolvimento do conhecimento administrativo. / There is a mutual relation between one of the administrative sciences objectives – increase labor productivity and unemployment growth. However, this theme is little exploited in this knowledge field. Studies which deal direct or indirectly with this problematic usually consider that unemployed people can be enterprising agents or are excluded from labor relations. We intended to address this theme overcoming these dual approaches. We defend the thesis that unemployed people are part of a population extract known as reserve army (RA) which can have, in the current stage of production forces, a double role, namely: regulator of the labor force price and oppositional agent of the capital’s social metabolism. Based, mainly, on the studies of Marx, Oliveira and Iasi, we analyze the labor market as it is represented by national and international research institutions and through collected data among the members of a social movement formed of unemployed people, the Unemployed Workers Movement (MTD). The dialectical method allowed us to reconstitute the movement of multiple determinants that synthesized the possibility of qualitative changes in part of the mentioned contingent. We have concluded that the RA performs an economic and ideological structural function of regulating the labor force price basically due to two factors: 1) as a fluent super population, it is a reserve of labor force, which depresses the price of this merchandise to levels increasingly inferiors; 2) as a labor force not directly used by the capitalist in the production process, the members of the RA, on their expression as a stagnant super population, tend to make works, whether in the so called informal economy, whether in the domestic economy or even in the underground economy, that satisfy needs of both the active army (AA) and the reserve army on its fluent manifestation. When offering products and services with low cost to the AA and even for the reserve army, the stagnant super population contributes to depreciate the value of the labor force merchandise, taking into consideration that according to the value law, this must be equivalent to the value of the products needed for its reproduction. The reserve army can play the role of oppositional subject whereas the concrete conditions of its pauperism tension the movement of formation and the construction of struggle organizational forms, enabling the constitution of a class consciousness process mediated by moments of denial and consent to the capital‟s social metabolism. We defend, therefore, that in the current capitalist way of production in peripheral countries a qualitative change gradually occurs in class consciousness of this portion of class-of-labor that shows, especially after the advent of productive restructuring, an increasing tendency of continuous replacement, that is, quantitative change which have been possible, among other factors, by the development of the administrative knowledge.

Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-06T18:48:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Mirian Braga de Araújo.pdf: 4855013 bytes, checksum: 988b0208c9b8a1201fed9d490e9a4b7b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2018-04-23T18:26:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Mirian Braga de Araújo.pdf: 4855013 bytes, checksum: 988b0208c9b8a1201fed9d490e9a4b7b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-23T18:26:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Mirian Braga de Araújo.pdf: 4855013 bytes, checksum: 988b0208c9b8a1201fed9d490e9a4b7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / CNPq / No estado de Mato Grosso a expansão agrícola pode ser responsável pela degradação do meio ambiente, provocando problemas de erosão e assoreamento; comprometendo a qualidade das águas superficiais, como também, podem destruir Áreas de Preservação Permanente – APP’s. Devido a esta problemática, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar um diagnóstico ambiental na microbacia do Córrego do Meio, localizada no município de Reserva do Cabaçal-MT, com vistas a subsidiar ações de recuperação e conservação desta microbacia. A escolha deste município se deu em função da sua importância econômica e social para a região, por tratar-se de uma área rica em belezas cênicas e de atividade turística, bem como fazer parte da Bacia Hidrográfica do Alto Paraguai, a mais importante bacia do Pantanal Mato-grossense. Realizou-se em campo o reconhecimento da área e delimitação da microbacia, como também levantamento dos Compartimentos Morfopedológico. Foram escolhidos cinco pontos de coleta para avaliação da qualidade de água. Foi realizado um levantamento dos tipos de vegetação ao longo da microbacia, as quais foram coletadas espécies para identificação no Herbário/UFMT. Foram identificadas 49 espécies pertencentes a 28 famílias. A maioria das análises de água apresentaram dentro dos parâmetros permitidos na Resolução CONAMA 357/05, com exceção as séries de sólidos, ferro, fósforo e sílica. Conclui-se que a microbacia encontra-se degradada, devido principalmente a alteração do ambiente pelo homem, pela ocupação desordenada do solo, acarretando em diversos processos erosivos e com isso diminuindo a disponibilidade dos recursos hídricos na região. / In the state of Mato Grosso agricultural expansion may be responsible for the degradation of the environment, causing problems of erosion and siltation; compromising the quality of surface water, but also can destroy Permanent Preservation Areas - APPs. Due to this problem, this research aims to perform an environmental diagnosis in the watershed of the stream Medium, localized in the MT-Cabaçal Reserve, in order to support recovery actions and conservation of this watershed. The choice of this city was due to its economic and social importance for the region, because it is an area rich in scenic beauty and tourism, as well as part of the Upper Paraguay River Basin, the most important basin Pantanal. Was held in the field of recognition and delineation of the watershed area, as well as survey of Compartments morfopedológico. Five sampling points were chosen for evaluation of water quality. A survey of vegetation types throughout the watershed, which species were collected for identification in the Herbarium / UFMT was performed. 49 species belonging to 28 families were identified. Most analyzes of water present within in CONAMA Resolution 357/05 allowed, except the solids, iron, phosphorus and silica series parameters. It is concluded that the watershed lies degraded, mainly due to the change of the environment by man, by the disorderly occupation of the soil, resulting in several erosion processes, thus reducing the availability of water resources in the region.

Mindfulness-based meditation practices involve various attentional skills including the ability to sustain and focus ones attention. During a simple mindfulness based breath awareness meditation, sustained attention is required to maintain focus on the breath while meta-cognitive awareness and executive control are required to detect and correct mind wandering. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate whether a simple, mindfulness based breath awareness meditation, administered over a short period to meditation naïve individuals could modulate core attentional functions and associated task related neural activity. Two longitudinal randomised control studies were conducted. The aim of the first study was to establish if said modulations were possible in a sample of healthy adults, meeting a current research need for longitudinal evidence in this field and providing important information regarding a potential mechanism for the salutary effects widely observed from the use of mindfulness based interventions. It was found that short term engagement with a mindfulness based breath awareness meditation can modulate core attentional functions and task related neural activity, with specific modulations found in electrophysiological markers of sustained attention to the goal/task at hand and perceptual stimulus discrimination. In line with current theoretical models it is argued that modulations to such core attentional processes following short term training may provide a platform upon which mindfulness related salutary effects are built. The second study was designed to establish if such modulations were possible in older adults. It is argued that mindfulness training may have utility for increasing cognitive reserve, a potential mechanism by which age related declines in cognitive functions may be mitigated. It was found that both behavioural and electrophysiological markers of core attentional functions were modulated following 8 weeks mindfulness training but not following a matched active control group condition (simple brain training exercises). The reviewed extant evidence and findings of this study suggest that mindfulness meditation may enhance cognitive reserve through the repeated activation of attentional functions and associated neural activity during practice and are consistent with recent theoretical models of cognitive reserve. The potential for mindfulness training to positively modulate core attentional functions in older adults and to potentially impact cognitive ageing demands further investigation.

This work it is about the study of the dinnerware safeguarded in Technical Reserve III of the Park of Baronesa Municipal Museum, located in Pelotas/RS. The research has been carried out following paths presented in the subjects of Archeology, Museology and Conservation and Restoration, intending, as a final result, to make a dinnerware catalog whose information integrates museum data, related to documents about pieces available in the institution and archaeological research data, focused on the study of archaeological dinnerware, available in specialized literature on the topic. At the end of this study, information will be generated which can be included to the catalog created for this type of material in order to be added to other already done studies and to serve as a source for future research. / O presente trabalho trata-se sobre o estudo das louças salvaguardadas na Reserva Técnica III do Museu Municipal Parque da Baronesa, localizado em Pelotas-RS. A pesquisa foi sendo constituída percorrendo os caminhos apresentados nas disciplinas de Arqueologia, Museologia e Conservação e Restauro, pretendendo-se, como resultado final, a confecção de um catálogo de louças cujas informações integram dados museológicos relativos aos documentos sobre as peças disponíveis na instituição e dados de pesquisas arqueológicas voltadas ao estudo de louças arqueológicas, disponíveis na literatura especializada no tema. Ao final deste trabalho serão geradas informações que possam ser acrescentadas ao catálogo criado para esta tipologia a fim de somar-se aos estudos já realizados servindo, também, como fonte para as pesquisas futuras.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:03:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ThiagoBG_DISSERT.pdf: 3417310 bytes, checksum: 231528fc9635d19058afc690137548e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-17 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The mobilization of food reserves in storage tissues and allocation of their hydrolysis products in the growing axis are critical processes for the establishment of seedlings after germination. Therefore, it is crucial for mobilization of reserves to be synchronized with the growing axis, so that photosynthetic activity can be started before depletion of reserves. For this, integrative approaches involving different reserves, different hydrolysis products and interaction between storage and growing axis tissues, either through hormones or metabolites with signaling role, can contribute greatly to the elucidation of the regulation mechanisms for reserve mobilization. In this study, was hypothesized that hormones and metabolites have different actions on reserve mobilization, and there must be a crossed effect of sugars on the mobilization of proteins and amino acids on lipids and starch mobilization in sunflower seedlings. This study was conducted with seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrid Helio 253 using in vitro culture system. Seeds were germinated on Germitest? paper and grown on agar-water 4 g/L without addition of nutrients during 9 days after imbibition (DAI) for growth curve. To verify the effect of metabolites and hormones, seedlings were transferred in the 2nd DAI to agar-water 4 g/L supplemented with increasing concentrations of sucrose or L-glutamine, abscisic acid, gibberellic acid or indolebutyric acid. The results of this study confirm that the mobilization of lipids and storage proteins occurs in a coordinated manner during post-germination growth in sunflower, corroborating the hypothesis that the application of external carbon (sucrose) and nitrogen (L-glutamine) sources can delay the mobilization of these reserves in a crossed way. Moreover, considering the changes in the patterns of reserve mobilization and partition of their products in seedlings treated with different growth regulators, it is evident that the effects of metabolites and hormones must involve, at least in part, distinct mechanisms of action / A mobiliza??o das reservas nutritivas nos tecidos de armazenamento e a aloca??o de seus produtos de hidr?lise no eixo em crescimento s?o processos cr?ticos para o estabelecimento das pl?ntulas ap?s a germina??o das sementes. Assim sendo, ? necess?rio que a mobiliza??o das reservas seja sincronizada com o crescimento do eixo de forma que a atividade fotossint?tica tenha iniciado antes que as reservas sejam exauridas. Para isso, abordagens integrativas envolvendo as diferentes reservas, os diferentes produtos e o interc?mbio entre os tecidos de armazenamento e o eixo em crescimento, seja por interm?dio de horm?nios ou metab?litos com papel de sinaliza??o, podem contribuir sobremaneira para o esclarecimento dos mecanismos que regulam a mobiliza??o de reservas. Neste trabalho, foram levantadas as hip?teses de que o efeito de horm?nios e de metab?litos sobre a mobiliza??o das reservas ? diferente e de que deve existir um efeito cruzado de a??cares sobre a mobiliza??o de prote?nas e de amino?cidos sobre a mobiliza??o de lip?dios e amido em pl?ntulas de girassol. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com sementes de girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) h?brido Helio 253, utilizando sistema in vitro de cultura. As sementes foram germinadas em papel Germitest? e crescidas em meio ?gar-?gua 4g/L sem adi??o de nutrientes durante 9 dias ap?s a embebi??o (DAE) para a curva de crescimento. Para verificar o efeito de metab?litos e horm?nios, as pl?ntulas foram transferidas ao 2o DAE para meio ?gar-?gua 4 g/L suplementado com concentra??es crescentes de sacarose ou L-glutamina, ?cido absc?sico, ?cido giber?lico ou ?cido indolbut?rico. Os resultados deste trabalho confirmam que a mobiliza??o dos lip?dios e das prote?nas de reserva ocorre de forma coordenada durante o crescimento p?s-germinativo inicial em girassol, corroborando a hip?tese de que a aplica??o externa de fontes de carbono (sacarose) e nitrog?nio (L-glutamina) ? capaz de atrasar a mobiliza??o dessas reservas nutritivas de forma cruzada. Al?m disso, considerando as mudan?as nos padr?es de mobiliza??o das reservas e a parti??o dos seus produtos, proporcionadas pela aplica??o externa de diferentes reguladores do crescimento, ? evidente que os efeitos dos metab?litos e dos horm?nios devem envolver, pelo menos em parte, mecanismos de a??o distintos

Resumo: Esta tese visa ao estudo da valorização de serviços ancilares de reserva, particularmente, a reserva utilizada na regulação de freqüência e que é fornecida pelos geradores hidrelétricos. O objetivo principal do trabalho é desenvolver propostas que indiquem os custos reais desses serviços. Na valorização desses custos, busca-se motivar as empresas geradoras para que assumam a responsabilidade pela prestação de tais serviços, assim como garantir uma remuneração apropriada. Essa valorização é realizada em função da disponibilidade e do uso da reserva, sob uma operação segura e econômica do sistema. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, inicialmente se realiza uma revisão das características técnicas e dos métodos de valorização dos serviços de reserva em diferentes sistemas. Posteriormente, ilustram-se as características do setor elétrico brasileiro, com a finalidade de contextualizar a valorização no marco de regulação , comercialização e operação correspondentes. Seguidamente, apresentam-se duas propostas de valorização. A primeira considera o ponto de vista de um agente gerador, cujo objetivo é estabelecer o valor do serviço a partir dos custos incorridos no fornecimento. Esses custos incluem, principalmente, os custos pela disponibilidade e pelo uso do serviço. Dentro desses componentes de custo, destaca-se o custo por perdas de eficiência, o qual é calculado utilizando um algoritmo de despacho ótimo de unidades. Essa abordagem é aplicada no cálculo do custo da reserva na usina hidrelétrica de Ilha Solteira. Nesse cálculo são utilizados dados da Companhia Energética de São Paulo - CESP. A segunda proposta considera o ponto de vista do operador de rede, em um ambiente de mercado, no qual os agentes participantes podem ofertar pela disponibilidade da reserva. Para a atribuição dessa reserva utiliza-se um despacho ótimo hidrelétrico, que inclui rest / Abstract: This work presents a reserve ancillary services pricing research. Particularly, the reserve that is used for frequency regulation and that is provided by hydroelectric generators. The development of pricing methodologies, that show real reserve delivery costs, is the main target of this project. Ancillary services pricing procures incentives to motivate agents to take responsibilities in the service supply and ensuring an appropriated remuneration. This pricing is based on the use and availability costs of reserve; under an economic and reliable system operation. In order to do that, firstly an overview of technical characteristics and pricing methods of the ancillary services in different systems is presented. Then, in order to fit this pricing methodology to the corresponding regulation, commercialization and operation rules, an introduction of the Brazilian electrical sector is realized. Next, two reserve ancillary services pricing methods are presented. The first one considers a hydraulic generator point of view. In this case, the aim is to set up the real value of the services by mean of a generator costs analysis. These costs include, basically, availability and use costs. Inside these cost components, efficiency costs are highlighted, and a single generator unit commitment dispatch is used to calculate them. This proposal is applied to calculate the ancillary service reserve costs in the Ilha Solteira hydroelectric generator, using data from the Companhia Energ'etica of S˜ao Paulo (CESP). The second pricing method considers the operator system point of view, under a market environment. In these circumstances, agents are free to set up a price offer for the availability of the reserve. To attribute the reserve, an optimal hydroelectric dispatch is used, considering electrical and hydraulic constraints. This methodology is tested in two systems. The first one represents a didactic three bus / Orientador: Antonio Padilha Feltrin / Coorientador: José Maria Yusta Loyo / Banca: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Banca: Carlos Roberto Minussi / Banca: Ricardo Bernardo Prada / Banca: Thales Souza / Doutor