O Planalto da Bocaina situa-se no flanco leste do Rift Continental do Sudeste do Brasil (RCSB), em uma das porções mais elevadas da Serra do Mar, com altitudes superiores a 2000 m, compondo, juntamente com o Planalto de Campos do Jordão, os altos blocos de planaltos cristalinos do sudeste do Brasil. A Bocaina apresenta uma sucessão de planaltos de relevo mais suavizado (planaltos isolados), separados por vales profundos, que perdem altura de NW para SE. A origem do desnivelamento desses planaltos tem sido associada ora à reativação de antigas zonas de cisalhamento por falhas com componente normal, ora à dissecação erosiva diferencial controlada por knickpoints, ou, ainda, à preservação de superfícies de erosão de idades diferentes. A presente pesquisa teve por finalidade analisar as diferentes hipóteses de modo a estabelecer a idade, estilo e magnitude dos eventos tectônicos e denudacionais, responsáveis pela atual distribuição dos planaltos isolados da Bocaina. A metodologia integra estudos geomorfológicos e estruturais, segundo uma abordagem morfotectônica, com apoio da análise de traços de fissão em apatita e determinações pelo método do radiocarbono. Esta análise constitui importante ferramenta para determinar histórias térmicas e idades de resfriamento, em escalas de tempo de 106 a 108 anos, e permite estimar taxas de denudação de blocos de embasamento. Modelos digitais de terreno e cartas morfométricas subsidiaram a análise morfotectônica. Os planaltos isolados são caracterizados por baixos valores de gradientes hidráulicos, declividade e amplitude do relevo. O condicionante tectônico no desnivelamento dos níveis topográficos e individualização desses planaltos é evidenciado pela estreita correlação entre estruturas rúpteis (falhas e fraturas), feições morfotectônicas (facetas triangulares, knickpoints, escarpas, capturas fluviais), distribuição dos principais alvéolos e padrão de drenagem. Diques registram fases distensivas desde a ruptura dos continentes no Eocretáceo até o Paleógeno. Regimes de esforços observados na Bocaina são compatíveis com o modelo tectônico proposto para o RCSB durante o Cenozóico. Os eventos tectono-magmáticos no sudeste do Brasil tiveram um importante papel nos processos denudacionais registrados pela análise de traços de fissão em apatitas no Planalto da Bocaina. As idades corrigidas de traços de fissão em apatitas para 15 amostras variam entre 326±30 e 54±5 Ma, incluindo um significativo conjunto de idades mais velhas do que 200 Ma - as mais antigas obtidas na região da Serra do Mar até o momento. As idades apresentam uma tendência de decréscimo de noroeste para sudeste, do interior do continente em direção à costa, padrão também reconhecido em outras margens continentais passivas. Esse padrão é perpendicular à direção estrutural principal do embasamento pré-cambriano, sugerindo um importante condicionante estrutural. Idades contrastantes em um mesmo planalto isolado, ou similares em altitudes diferentes, sugerem uma evolução tectonotermal regional complexa, possivelmente associada à evolução do RCSB. Um modelo simples de recuo de escarpa não explicaria a distribuição espacial das idades de traços de fissão em apatitas no Planalto da Bocaina; falhas devem ter sido responsáveis pela acentuação dos desníveis topográficos entre os planaltos isolados. As histórias térmicas registram importantes eventos de resfriamento relacionados à ruptura continental, ao magmatismo alcalino neocretáceo e à geração e deformação do RCSB. As idades mais antigas de traços de fissão da Serra do Mar foram obtidas nas porções mais elevadas da Bocaina, que guardam estreita semelhança com a paisagem dos altos campos no Planalto de Campos do Jordão, evidenciando que tais áreas provavelmente constituíram, por um longo período de tempo, importante área fonte de sedimentos para as bacias do Paraná, Bauru e Santos. / The Bocaina Plateau is situated on the eastern flank of the Continental Rift of Southeastern Brasil (CRSB), in the highest portions of the Serra do Mar, reaching more than 2000 meters in altitude. This and the Campos do Jordão Plateau comprise the high blocks of crystalline massifs of Southeastern Brasil. The Bocaina presents a succession of NW-SE topographically decreasing low-relief plateaus (isolated plateaus), separated by deep valleys. The origin of the differences in altitude among these plateaus has been associated with (1) tectonic reactivation of ancient shear zones by normal faulting, (2) differential erosional dissection controlled by knickpoints, and (3) preservation of erosional surfaces of different ages. This study examines these hypotheses in order to establish the age, style and magnitude of the tectonic and denudational events that resulted in the current distribution of the isolated plateaus of Bocaina. Structural and geomorphological analyses have been carried out using a morphotectonic approach, aided by apatite fission track analysis and radiocarbon dating. Apatite fission track analysis is an important tool to obtain thermal histories and cooling ages, on scales of 106 to 108 years, and is commonly used to estimate denudation rates in basement blocks. Morphotectonic analysis was supported by digital terrain models and morphometric maps. The isolated plateaus are characterized by low hydraulic gradient, slope and relief. Tectonic conditioning in the accentuation of differences in altitude and individualization of the plateaus is evinced by clear correlation between brittle structures (faults and fractures), morphotectonic features (triangular facets, knickpoints, scarps, fluvial captures), distribution of main alluvial plains and drainage pattern. Dikes indicate distensional phases since continental break-up in the Early Cretaceous till the Paleogene. Stress regimes observed in Bocaina are compatible with the tectonic model for the CRSB during the Cenozoic. Tectonic and magmatic events in Southeastern Brazil played an important role in denudational processes as recorded by apatite fission track analysis in the Bocaina plateau. Corrected fission track ages for 15 samples range from 326±30 to 54±5 Ma, including a significant set greater than 200 Ma, the oldest such ages yet registered in the Serra do Mar. Ages decrease NW-SE from the continent coastwards, a trend also recognized in other passive continental margins. This pattern is perpendicular to the main structural grain of the Precambrian basement, suggesting important structural control. Contrasting ages within a single plateau and similar ages at different altitudes indicate complex regional tectono-thermal evolution, possibly related to the evolution of the CRSB. Fission track age distribution in the Bocaina plateau cannot be explained by the simple scarp-retreat model; faults must have accentuated differences in altitude among the isolated plateaus. Thermal histories show important cooling events related to continental break-up, Early Cretaceous alkaline magmatism and origin of the CRSB. The oldest fission track ages obtained in the Serra do Mar region (> 200 Ma) were found in the highest portions of the Bocaina plateau, where the landscape system is very similar to that of the Campos do Jordão plateau. These areas have probably been an important, persistent source of sediments for the Paraná, Bauru and Santos basins, for a very long time.

Neste trabalho estudamos os efeitos da multicolinearidade em modelos de regressão logística e apresentamos estimadores viesados para que tais efeitos fossem minimizados. Primeiramente, o modelo de regressão logística e o processo para a estimação dos parâmetros foram apresentados. Foram feitos, também, alguns testes para avaliar a significância dos mesmos, bem como técnicas para analisar a qualidade do ajuste do modelo. Em seguida, os efeitos da multicolinearidade na estimação dos parâmetros e na sua inferência foram avaliados, bem como técnicas para o seu diagnóstico. Para amenizar o efeito deste problema, apresentamos dois estimadores alternativos ao de máxima verossimilhança: estimador em cristas e estimador em componentes principais. Comparamos, então, o desempenho dos três estimadores na forma de um estudo de simulação e de uma aplicação em um conjunto de dados reais. O principal resultado obtido foi que, na presença de multicolinearidade, os estimadores alternativos conseguiram um melhor ajuste em comparação ao de máxima verossimilhança, além de minimizar os seus efeitos. / This work proposes the use of some biased estimators to investigate whether is possible minimize the multicollinearity effects in logistic regression models. Initially, the latter model was presented, as well as its fitting process (therefore obtaining the maximum likelihood estimator), some tests to evaluate the significance of the parameters and techniques to analyze goodness of fit were also considered. Furthermore, the effects of multicollinearity in the fitting process and in the parameters inference were discussed, as well as techniques to identify the presence of multicollinearity. In order to diminish the effect of this problem, two alternative estimators were presented: ridge estimator and principal component estimator. Therefore, these three estimators performances were compared using a simulation study and applied in a real data set. The manly conclusion was that, in the presence of multicollinearity, the alternative estimators performed better than the maximum likelihood estimator, besides reducing its effects.

The Olympic Mountains in northwestern Washington, USA are defined by the arcuate shape of the basaltic Crescent Formation (Fm.) that wraps a faulted and folded meta-sedimentary core. This area was developed through accretion and exhumation by subduction-related processes, but how this relates to the deformational history of the area is not fully understood. The region has been mapped geologically, however little focus has been placed on interpreting meso-scale structures. This study investigates structures along a transect where the Hamma Hamma River crosses the Hurricane Ridge Fault, which juxtaposes the meta-sedimentary core (west) and the basaltic Crescent Fm. (east). In the study area, the meta-sedimentary unit is characterized by outcrop scale folding with a calculated fold axis of 69-->342 and a penetrative foliation with a representative orientation of (178, 75). The folds and foliation are crosscut by two fracture populations with representative orientations of (115, 61) and (303, 76). The pillow basalts of the Crescent Fm. are near vertical, N-S striking beds that are cut by four fault groups. Fault Groups A and B have representative orientations of (304, 37) and (207, 59), respectively, and are associated with similarly oriented fracture populations. Fault Group C crosscuts Groups A and B and has a representative orientation of (031, 61). Fault Group D runs subparallel to the outcrop, cuts all other faults, and has a representative orientation of (087, 50). From an interpretation of this data, a deformation model is presented that proposes three distinct periods of deformation under three different states of stress. The first period was dominated by E-W or ENE-WSW oriented compression, followed by a period of N-S or NNW-SSE oriented compression, followed by vertical compression.

Les dorsales océaniques sont caractérisées par une sismicité de faible magnitude, induite par une succession d’épisodes volcaniques et tectoniques. Le déploiement de réseaux d’hydrophones autonomes le long de grandes sections de dorsales permet d’enregistrer cette sismicité peu détectable par les stations terrestres. Dans l’océan Atlantique Nord, de nombreuses expériences hydroacoustiques ont été conduites depuis 1999, donnant accès à des séries d’observations temporelles sur plusieurs années. La présente thèse s’inscrit dans ce contexte, avec l’acquisition et le traitement de nouvelles données. L’analyse de catalogues télésismiques et hydroacoustiques, couplés à des données bathymétriques et gravimétriques, a contribué à la caractérisation des processus d’accrétion actifs le long de la dorsale médio-Atlantique Nord. Les travaux réalisés lors de cette thèse ont permis de : (1) rechercher des paramètres responsables d’une différence de sismicité entre des groupes de segments de la dorsale médio-Atlantique ; (2) proposer une nouvelle limite sud d’influence du point chaud des Açores ; (3) identifier et caractériser différents types de processus d’accrétion à partir de la recherche de crises sismiques ; (4) mettre en évidence une crise magmatique de grande ampleur et une intrusion magmatique à travers une discontinuité non-transformante ; et (5) proposer un schéma de répartition des processus d’accrétion dominants le long de l’axe de la dorsale médio-Atlantique Nord, à partir d’une analyse spatiotemporelle de la sismicité. L’ensemble de ces résultats montre l’importance des catalogues de sismicité à grande étendue spatiale et temporelle pour approfondir notre connaissance : sur la dynamique des segments de dorsale et les interactions entre l’axe de la dorsale et le point chaud, et d’autre part, sur la récurrence des processus d’accrétion. / The mid-ocean ridge is caracterised by a seismicity of low magnitude generated by multiple volcanic and tectonic episodes. Autonomous hydrophones arrays along large ridge sections are efficient to record low seismicity contrary to landbased stations. In the northern Atlantic Ocean, several hydroacoustic experiments have been realised since 1999 that supply long term records.This thesis is based on the acquisition and the treatment of new data. The analysis of teleseismic and hydroacoustic catalogues combined with bathymetric and gravimetric data, have contributed to the characterisation of accretionary processes along the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This PhD work allowed : (1) to research parameters responsable of a seismicity difference between groups of Mid-Atlantic Ridge segments; (2) to propose a new southern limit of the Azores hotspot influence ; (3) to identify and define different types of seafloor spreading processes based on seismic crisis interpretations ; (4) to highlight a large magmatic crisis and a magmatic intrusion across a non-transform discontinuity ; and (5) to propose dominant seafloor spreading processes from a spatio-temporal seismicity analysis along the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The entire study shows the value of large spatial and temporal seismicity catalogues to broaden our knowledge on : the dynamic of the ridge segments, the interactions between the ridge axis and the hotspot and the recurrence of the seafloor spreading processes.

The Pigeon River watershed has been the focus of a ¬¬major recovery project to reintroduce fish and other aquatic species into the river where they were historically present. A paper mill at Pigeon River Kilometer/Mile (PRKM 102.1/PRM 63.2) began operations in 1908 and discharged effluents which had a detrimental impact on the aquatic wildlife. Recent modifications to the mill have significantly improved effluent quality such that most aquatic organisms are recolonizing the river. The present study is a baseline survey of crayfish species in the Pigeon River and its tributaries; it also includes a comparison of the mean Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) in four different reaches of the stream and documents diversity upstream and downstream of the paper mill. Crayfish are important to the aquatic ecosystem and food web because they serve as cutters that help to break down leaf litter and carrion and are also a food source for predators. Crayfish were collected using modified minnow traps and electroshocking and by snorkeling along ‘turning’ rocks; the method used was based on characteristics of the stream reach sampled, including water depth, flow, transparency, and type of substrate. A total of 1,320 crayfish specimens representing seven species was collected during the eight month study. Crayfish were found in nine Pigeon River tributaries , in the main stem of the Pigeon River upstream of the paper mill (PRKM 102.1/PRM 63.2), and below the Progress Energy Dam (PRKM 61.1/PRM 38.0). No crayfish were found downstream of the paper mill in the river itself; however, crayfish were found downstream from the Progress Energy Dam down to the Pigeon River’s confluence with the French Broad River.

Gas hydrates have been recently recognized as a key factor affecting a number of global processes such as the climatic change, sea floor stability, etc. In this thesis we present the multidisciplinary study of gas hydrate rich sediments recovered during ODP Leg 204. The main objective of this thesis is to study how the textural characteristics of marine sediments can affect the main pathways and intensity of fluid flow and how fluid flow determines the distribution of gas hydrates in the continental margins, as well as the main geochemical processes that occur during early diagenesis.To reach these objectives, a complete sedimentary and geochemical study of 581 sediment samples from southern Hydrate Ridge was carried out. The methods and techniques that were applied include: complete textural analyses, mineralogy, physical properties and geochemistry.The southern Hydrate Ridge sediments are mainly made up of four lithofacies defined as: hemipelagites, turbidites, ash layers and debrites. Mass‐transport deposits such as turbidites and debrites are more abundant in Lithostratigraphic Unit III and II, as well as in Lithostratigraphic Unit IA in the slope basin of southern Hydrate Ridge. Some increasing trends with depth can be observed in the smectite content in the clay mineral assemblages. These features suggest that the transport in suspension of fine sediments through the California Current was more effective during the Pliocene and early Pleistocene period. Bedload transport of coarse material from local and distal areas was more effective during the middle Pleistocene and Holocene due to the tectonic reactivation of the southern Hydrate Ridge uplift. During the Pleistocene and owing to the pervasive fluctuation of sealevel, gas hydrate dissociation together with the seismic movements in the Oregon margin seems a plausible triggering mechanism for mass‐movements.The results presented here confirm that the sedimentation patterns in the Hydrate Ridge region are controlled by climate and tectonic parameters such as the regional intensity of the California Current or the local tectonic movements that lead to the uplift of the Ridge. These parameters mainly control the clay mineral distribution as well as the sedimentary facies that were produced.The sedimentary fabric of gas hydrate‐rich intervals is disturbed during core recovery due to gas hydrate dissociation. The two main disturbance fabrics generated through this process are mousselike and soupy. The gas hydrate‐rich sediments analyzed for this thesis are coarser grained in respect to the hemipelagite sediments. The coarse‐grained layers such as turbidites and ash layers could act as conduits for fluids in the southern Hydrate Ridge region because of their higher porosity and permeability. In this context, methane‐rich fluids migrate through these layers from deep in the sedimentary sequence and into the gas hydrate stability zone. A number of barium fronts have been identified in southern Hydrate Ridge sediments and interstitial waters. Barite fronts were formed as a result of the barite recycling process during early diagenesis, which is controlled by the availability of methane‐rich fluids, in situ decomposition of organic matter and the sulphate gradient. Modelling of these data shows that these processes were active at southern Hydrate Ridge for a period of up to one thousand years.A number of geochemical and sedimentological processes are proposed in this thesis as plausible mechanisms to allow the survival of the barite fronts during diagenesis. The sedimentary texture plays an important role in controlling the major fluid flow pathways in the continental margins. The temporal evolution of the fluid flow can be studied in a given area through the distribution of the mineral phases that form during early diagenesis, as well as the interstitial water composition. / EXTRACTE DE TESI:Aquesta tesi integra els resultats de l'anàlisi sedimentológica i geoquímica de sediment marins rics en hidrats de gas, recuperats durant la campanya "Ocean Drilling Program" Leg 204 en el marge d'Oregon (USA). L'objectiu principal d'aquest estudi és conèixer les característiques sedimentàries que afecten el fluxe de fluids i gasos a través del sediment i com els fluids afecten la distribució d'hidrats de gas en aquesta àrea, així com alguns processos geoquímics que operen durant la diagènesi inicial. Els mètodes i tècniques aplicats inclouen l'anàlisi de sedimentològia, mineralogia, susceptibilitat magnètica i geoquímica.Els sediments de southern Hydrate Ridge estan formats per 4 litofàcies: hemipelagita, turbidita, cendra volcànica i debrita. La sedimentació està controlada per factors climàtics i tectònics com ara la intensitat del corrent oceànic Californià o moviments tectònics locals. Aquests paràmetres exerceixen un control fonamental en la distribució dels minerals d'argila i de les fàcies sedimentàries en el marge continental. La seva evolució des del Pliocè és discutida en aquesta tesi.Els sediments analitzats rics en hidrats de gas són més grollers que els sediments hemipelàgics. Els sediments més grollers actuen com a conductes preferents per a la circulació de fluids degut a la seva porositat i permeabilitat. En aquest context, fluids rics en metà migren des dels sediments profunds cap a la zona d'estabilitat dels hidrats de gas, on possibiliten la seva formació.Diversos fronts de barita han estat identificats en els sediments de southern Hydrate Ridge. Es formen com a resultat del reciclatge de barita durant la diagènesi inicial, controlada per la presència de fluids rics en metà, la degradació de matèria orgànica i la presència de sulfat. La modelització de les dades obtinguda mostra que aquest procés va ser actiu durant un període de >1000 anys. En aquesta tesi, es discuteixen els possibles processos geoquímics i sedimentaris que permetrien la supervivència de la barita durant la diagènesis.La textura sedimentària juga un paper molt important en el flux de fluids als marges continentals. La seva evolució temporal en una àrea determinada pot ser deduïda estudiant les fases minerals que es formen durant la diagènesi.

This study assesses the capability and practical applications of quasi 3-Dimensional (3D) electrical resistivity surveying (ER) for mapping air-filled karst conduits. Vadose zone caves within the Brooksville Ridge of West Central Florida are relatively similar in architecture, with N-S elongation, and do not consist of an interconnected network of conduits. A high resolution quasi-3D ER survey was performed over two mapped cave systems on the Brooksville Ridge. The resultant survey verified the general effectiveness of quasi-3D ER in locating the two known near-surface cave features. Several other locations in the survey show similar or stronger resistivity anomalies trending in a N-S direction; these are interpreted to represent previously unknown voids. The quality of inversion results were tested by comparing results against the known void locations and by computing cross-over errors from surveys conducted at the same point with different orientations. Our results show that 3D inversions of multiple adjacent parallel profiles produces higher quality results (lower cross-over errors, better fit to cave locations) than 2D inversions. The data indicate that no single value of resistivity can be used as a reliable indicator of the presence of a void, presumably due to variable void size and the complexity in resistivities in the host rock. With sinkholes continuing to be of concern to residential and urban development in West Central Florida, the results of this research show the necessity of applying geophysical techniques in order to reduce the potential hazards posed by karst terrain.

No description available.

This thesis systematically derives an innovative approach, called FOMFE, for fingerprint ridge orientation modeling based on 2D Fourier expansions, and explores possible applications of FOMFE to various aspects of a fingerprint identification system. Compared with existing proposals, FOMFE does not require prior knowledge of the landmark singular points (SP) at any stage of the modeling process. This salient feature makes it immune from false SP detections and robust in terms of modeling ridge topology patterns from different typological classes. The thesis provides the motivation of this work, thoroughly reviews the relevant literature, and carefully lays out the theoretical basis of the proposed modeling approach. This is followed by a detailed exposition of how FOMFE can benefit fingerprint feature analysis including ridge orientation estimation, singularity analysis, global feature characterization for a wide variety of fingerprint categories, and partial fin gerprint identification. The proposed methods are based on the insightful use of theory from areas such as Fourier analysis of nonlinear dynamic systems, analytical operators from differential calculus in vector fields, and fluid dynamics. The thesis has conducted extensive experimental evaluation of the proposed methods on benchmark data sets, and drawn conclusions about strengths and limitations of these new techniques in comparison with state-of-the-art approaches. FOMFE and the resulting model-based methods can significantly improve the computational efficiency and reliability of fingerprint identification systems, which is important for indexing and matching fingerprints at a large scale.

Bulk rock strength is greatly dependent on fracture density, so that reductions in rock strength associated with faulting and fracturing should be reflected by reduced shear coupling and hence S-wave velocity. This study is carried out along the Canterbury rangefront and in Otago. Both lie within the broader plate boundary deformation zone in the South Island of New Zealand. Therefore built structures are often, , located in areas where there are undetected or poorly defined faults with associated rock strength reduction. Where structures are sited near to, or across, such faults or fault-zones, they may sustain both shaking and ground deformation damage during an earthquake. Within this zone, management of seismic hazards needs to be based on accurate identification of the potential fault damage zone including the likely width of off-plane deformation. Lateral S-wave velocity variability provides one method of imaging and locating damage zones and off-plane deformation. This research demonstrates the utility of Multi-Channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) to aid land-use planning in such fault-prone settings. Fundamentally, MASW uses surface wave dispersive characteristics to model a near surface profile of S-wave velocity variability as a proxy for bulk rock strength. The technique can aid fault-zone planning not only by locating and defining the extent of fault-zones, but also by defining within-zone variability that is readily correlated with measurable rock properties applicable to both foundation design and the distribution of surface deformation. The calibration sites presented here have well defined field relationships and known fault-zone exposure close to potential MASW survey sites. They were selected to represent a range of progressively softer lithologies from intact and fractured Torlesse Group basement hard rock (Dalethorpe) through softer Tertiary cover sediments (Boby’s Creek) and Quaternary gravels. This facilitated initial calibration of fracture intensity at a high-velocity-contrast site followed by exploration of the limits of shear zone resolution at lower velocity contrasts. Site models were constructed in AutoCAD in order to demonstrate spatial correlations between S-wave velocity and fault zone features. Site geology was incorporated in the models, along with geomorphology, river profiles, scanline locations and crosshole velocity measurement locations. Spatial data were recorded using a total-station survey. The interpreted MASW survey results are presented as two dimensional snapshot cross-sections of the three dimensional calibration-site models. These show strong correlations between MASW survey velocities and site geology, geomorphology, fluvial profiles and geotechnical parameters and observations. Correlations are particularly pronounced where high velocity contrasts exist, whilst weaker correlations are demonstrated in softer lithologies. Geomorphic correlations suggest that off-plane deformation can be imaged and interpreted in the presence of suitable topographic survey data. A promising new approach to in situ and laboratory soft-rock material and mass characterisation is also presented using a Ramset nail gun. Geotechnical investigations typically involve outcrop and laboratory scale determination of rock mass and material properties such as fracture density and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). This multi-scale approach is espoused by this study, with geotechnical and S-wave velocity data presented at multiple scales, from survey scale sonic velocity measurements, through outcrop scale scanline and crosshole sonic velocity measurements to laboratory scale property determination and sonic velocity measurements. S-wave velocities invariably increased with decreasing scale. These scaling relationships and strategies for dealing with them are investigated and presented. Finally, the MASW technique is applied to a concealed fault on the Taieri Ridge in Macraes Flat, Central Otago. Here, high velocity Otago Schist is faulted against low velocity sheared Tertiary and Quaternary sediments. This site highlights the structural sensitivity of the technique by apparently constraining the location of the principal fault, which had been ambiguous after standard processing of the seismic reflection data. Processing of the Taieri Ridge dataset has further led to the proposal of a novel surface wave imaging technique termed Swept Frequency Imaging (SFI). This inchoate technique apparently images the detailed structure of the fault-zone, and is in agreement with the conventionally-determined fault location and an existing partial trench. Overall, the results are promising and are expected to be supported by further trenching in the near future.