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ABSTRACT Titel: Teorin som omgärdar den fula kriminologin - Cultural criminology, en introduktion. Författare: Johanna Sundquist Nyckelord: Cultural criminology, world risk society, risksamhälle.   Dagens medialandskap är grundad i det skriftbaserade samhället och har därför stora möjligheter till samhällskritik. Vi som mediakonsumenter har också idag större möjlighet att kritisera media men också att kritisera via media än tidigare. Dagens samhälle genomsyras också av en mediekonsumtion av aldrig tidigare sedda mått (Christie, 2004:69). Vi pumpas med information i TV, i radio, på Internet - via bloggar, twittrar, communities och forum. Aldrig förr har heller kriminalitet getts sådan uppmärksamhet i media (Jewkes, 2004:141). Inte bara information kring kriminalitet erbjuds via de olika mediekanalerna utan även ett nöjeskapande kring brottsligheten. Trots att människan alltid varit fascinerad av det normbrytande så har intresset för kriminalitet alternativt brottsbekämpning aldrig varit så populärt. Vår kultur absorberar kriminaliteten som underhållning. Samtidigt har vi heller aldrig varit så rädda för att utsättas för brottslighet. Cultural criminology utforskar de sätt som dagens kultur har kommit att internalisera kriminalitet och brottspreventiva medel. Cultural criminology pekar på den centrala roll som ugly criminology har i porträtteringen av brottslighet och det budskap som medföljer den porträtteringen. Den allmänna synen, som konstruerad av populärkulturen, på kriminalitet och brottsprevention, den gemensamma oron inför den konstruerade bilden av kriminalitet i samhället, uppfattningen av risken att bli utsatt för brott samt civila brottspreventiva åtgärder blir fokus i modern kultur.    Uppsatsens är utförd i form av en litteraturstudie inom vilken en av författaren utförd mindre mediastudie också ges plats. Uppsatsens syfte är att avhandla vad som i de anglosaxiska länderna benämnts "cultural criminology". En ansats görs även att introducera begreppet cultural criminology i en svensk kontext. Ett övergripande syftet är även att driva den tes som talar för hur så kallade "ugly criminology" och ett vad jag väljer att kalla kulturgörande av kriminologi bidrar till framfarten för vad Beck benämner "risksamhället".    Uppsatsen finner att kulturaliserandet av kriminalitet genom starkt ökad medial uppmärksamhet har gjort att vår vardag påverkas av ugly criminology; avhandlade av kriminalitet, i någon form. Även om vi inte aktivt söker den i form av information eller förströelse så når den oss via analog eller digital media. Den finner att kulturaliserande i form av ökad medieexponering också påverkar vår uppfattning av hot och risk i samhället. Vi ger mening till vår rädsla genom att läsa tidningen i vilken vi ser att rädslan är befogad. Det är genom den mediebefogade rädslan som vårt riskkalkylerande befästs och vår tro på det otrygga samhället lever vidare. Författaren hävdar att cultural criminology likt bland annat det mediala planet i samhället efterliknar den anglosaxiska modellen också är på stark frammarsch.

The goal of this study is to see how risk assessment is executed on the social media platform Facebook. The aim is to see how risk assessment in contrast of Ulrich Becks (2012) theory about risk society and reflexive modernization can help understand how users on Facebook minimize the possible risk of their actions on Facebook. The study is of a qualitative variety and is based on interviews with ten different Facebook users and processed by being thematised by criminalty, risks of health, politic risks, economical risks and risks about integrity. It is also summarized by different strategies to minimize risks that the participants discussed in the interviews. The most important results in this study was connected to risks about source criticism and actions that could have an impact on work-related questions. It was possible to see in the study that if a user had knowledge about potential risks they were mostly more likely to protect themselves against it. Also it concludes that in some cases experience that users learns from does not have to be related to their own experiences.

Socially produced risks – ranging from financial crises to climate change – are of fundamental importance to contemporary economic, political, and social life. Given the central importance of these risks, the development of frameworks that analyze the relation between risk, power, and inequality is a key task for sociology. Ulrich Beck’s theory of risk society is a leading and powerful framework for analyzing the growing social production and distribution of risk, but it has fundamental problems in its understanding of the relation between risk and class. Beck has argued that class relations will be dissolved due to the increasingly equal and catastrophic nature of risks, while, in response, his critics have shown that increasing risk does not undermine class. This thesis explores the important, but as yet unasked, question: if class does continue to be a central factor, will it become even more important due to the changes associated with risk society? In pursuing this question, this study shows how the theory of risk society has conceptual resources and explanatory implications that both Beck and his critics have misapprehended. Firstly, it is argued that the processes associated with risk society tend to exacerbate class inequalities rather than simply dissolving or reproducing them. Secondly, it its argued that the theory of risk society is not antithetical to class analysis, but can actually make an important contribution to theorizing the dynamics of existing class relations. By analyzing how the distribution of environmental bads and the social production and distribution of financial risk tend to intensify class inequalities, this thesis substantiates this re-theorization of risk society and class. It thereby makes a fundamental intervention into contemporary understandings of the relation between risk, inequality, and power in the twenty-first century. / Thesis (Ph.D, Sociology) -- Queen's University, 2013-08-26 11:44:32.979

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Titel: <em>Teorin som omgärdar den fula kriminologin - Cultural criminology, en introduktion.</em></p><p>Författare: Johanna Sundquist</p><p>Nyckelord: Cultural criminology, world risk society, risksamhälle.</p><p> </p><p>Dagens medialandskap är grundad i det skriftbaserade samhället och har därför stora möjligheter till samhällskritik. Vi som mediakonsumenter har också idag större möjlighet att kritisera media men också att kritisera via media än tidigare. Dagens samhälle genomsyras också av en mediekonsumtion av aldrig tidigare sedda mått (Christie, 2004:69). Vi pumpas med information i TV, i radio, på Internet - via bloggar, twittrar, communities och forum. Aldrig förr har heller kriminalitet getts sådan uppmärksamhet i media (Jewkes, 2004:141). Inte bara information kring kriminalitet erbjuds via de olika mediekanalerna utan även ett nöjeskapande kring brottsligheten. Trots att människan alltid varit fascinerad av det normbrytande så har intresset för kriminalitet alternativt brottsbekämpning aldrig varit så populärt. Vår kultur absorberar kriminaliteten som underhållning. Samtidigt har vi heller aldrig varit så rädda för att utsättas för brottslighet. Cultural criminology utforskar de sätt som dagens kultur har kommit att internalisera kriminalitet och brottspreventiva medel. Cultural criminology pekar på den centrala roll som ugly criminology har i porträtteringen av brottslighet och det budskap som medföljer den porträtteringen. Den allmänna synen, som konstruerad av populärkulturen, på kriminalitet och brottsprevention, den gemensamma oron inför den konstruerade bilden av kriminalitet i samhället, uppfattningen av risken att bli utsatt för brott samt civila brottspreventiva åtgärder blir fokus i modern kultur. </p><p> </p><p>Uppsatsens är utförd i form av en litteraturstudie inom vilken en av författaren utförd mindre mediastudie också ges plats. Uppsatsens syfte är att avhandla vad som i de anglosaxiska länderna benämnts "cultural criminology". En ansats görs även att introducera begreppet cultural criminology i en svensk kontext. Ett övergripande syftet är även att driva den tes som talar för hur så kallade "ugly criminology" och ett vad jag väljer att kalla kulturgörande av kriminologi bidrar till framfarten för vad Beck benämner "risksamhället". </p><p> </p><p>Uppsatsen finner att kulturaliserandet av kriminalitet genom starkt ökad medial uppmärksamhet har gjort att vår vardag påverkas av ugly criminology; avhandlade av kriminalitet, i någon form. Även om vi inte aktivt söker den i form av information eller förströelse så når den oss via analog eller digital media. Den finner att kulturaliserande i form av ökad medieexponering också påverkar vår uppfattning av hot och risk i samhället. Vi ger mening till vår rädsla genom att läsa tidningen i vilken vi ser att rädslan är befogad. Det är genom den mediebefogade rädslan som vårt riskkalkylerande befästs och vår tro på det otrygga samhället lever vidare. Författaren hävdar att cultural criminology likt bland annat det mediala planet i samhället efterliknar den anglosaxiska modellen också är på stark frammarsch.  </p>

There has been a rising concern surrounding risk within society. This increasing concern has dominated almost all aspects of human life and more specifically the way in which citizens are governed. How risk is addressed in general has shifted significantly; given this, the criminal justice system has also seen an escalation in concerns surrounding risk. Subsequently, there has been a push towards evaluating said risks through the use of actuarial assessment tools. Research has shown that with the rising reliance on actuarial assessment tools came the decrease in practitioner’s ability to rely on their professional judgement when conducting their work. However, there has been a gap identified in the literature. This gap pertains to how practitioners, particularly, probation officers perceive the impact of these actuarial tools on their work. This study aims to analyse how probation officers, within the province of Ontario, view the impact of actuarial assessment tools on their work. This study is guided by the theory of governmentality, as coined by Michel Foucault. In order to explore the impact of actuarial assessment tools on the practice of probation, seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with former probation officers. The perceptions varied and participants did not provide a unique and monolithic response; rather, the voices of all participants were shared to create a larger picture of how actuarial assessment tools impact the work of practitioners in the practice of probation.

This thesis studies how students do projects in a Swedish upper secondaryschool. The students have to produce products and at the same time provethem self as independent in relation to the teachers, and negotiate therequirements of the project setting and the written instructions within thegroup. The study focuses on what comes out as problematic for the students,how they solve these dilemma situations and what resources are used in orderto do so.A choice was made only to analyse student group interaction in parts ofthe project process where the teachers were not physically present thus fillinga research gap.The empirical material was collected during three years in sex secondaryschool classes through filmed sessions of groups or pairs working with theirproject.Each of the four articles primarily focuses a special dilemma; structure,independence, instructions and critical thinking. By combining Goffman’sframe analysis with the concepts of risk and uncertainty from a Risk – societyperspective, issues related to what it means to do project work asindependent, critical 21st-century learner are illustrated and discussed.The choice to look only at situations in which students have to managewithout the aid of a physically present teacher illuminates several practicalconsequences like an unwillingness to go to the teacher and ask questions andan increased concentration on and interpretation of the written instructions. Adevelopment of Miller and Parlett’s (1974) discussion of student approach tocues are suggested. The concept of the cue choosing student are constructedin order to better respond to demands from an individualised interactionsociety. The study also emphasises how the students have to balance differentframeworks in order to be both authors and assessed students. Byimplementing a risk society perspective new ways of analysing andunderstanding independence and classroom interaction is suggested and arecontextualization of critical thinking proposed.

Surveillance studies suffer from a near-total lack of empirical data, partially due to the highly secretive nature of surveillance programs. However, documents leaked by Edward Snowden in June of 2013 provided unprecedented proof of top-secret American data mining initiatives that covertly monitor electronic communications, collect, and store previously unfathomable quantities of data. These documents presented an ideal opportunity for testing theory against data to better understand contemporary surveillance. This qualitative content analysis compared themes of technology, privacy, national security, and legality in the NSA documents to those found in sets of publicly available government reports, laws, and guidelines, finding inconsistencies in the portrayal of governmental commitments to privacy, transparency, and civil liberties. These inconsistencies are best explained by the risk society theoretical model, which predicts that surveillance is an attempt to prevent risk in globalized and complex contemporary societies.

Introdução - Desde a década de 70 a sociedade contemporânea depara-se com riscos e incertezas que apresentam características únicas. Casos emblemáticos nos campos da saúde, segurança e meio ambiente são discutidos pela mídia, organizações não-governamentais, governos, empresas e sociedade civil, e sobre eles o direito é chamado a se posicionar. Para lidar com esses temas, ao longo das duas últimas décadas o direito (internacional e do ambiente) construiu o princípio da precaução. Objetivo - A pesquisa tem por objeto discernir o que o princípio da precaução tem sido, do que ele não é, e o que ele pode vir a ser, contribuindo assim para o estudo das dimensões jurídicas da Sociedade do Risco e das relações entre o direito e a incerteza. Fonte bibliográfica - O estudo se baseou, sobretudo, na literatura francesa sobre o princípio da precaução, na jurisprudência internacional e nas recentes iniciativas da União Européia e da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Considerou-se também a doutrina, jurisprudência e legislação brasileira. Aspectos abordados - Abordou-se a configuração da Sociedade do Risco e como o direito do ambiente se relaciona com suas dimensões científicas e tecnológicas. Em seguida, foi estudada a consolidação desse princípio, em sua dimensão ética e jurídica. Por lidar com temas atuais e polêmicos, sua aplicação é ainda controversa, mas as dificuldades e críticas a ele formuladas auxiliam a evidenciar suas potencialidades. Conclusão - no Brasil é ainda precária a compreensão do que o princípio da precaução é, ou mesmo do que ele não é. Os tribunais confundem precaução e prevenção; o princípio da precaução é usado como sinônimo de uma obrigação geral de preservar o meio ambiente ou como justificativa para abstenções. Uma incorporação mais eficaz desse princípio requer o conhecimento da sua teoria e prática. A aplicação do princípio da precaução deve ser pautada na realização de análises de riscos, na adoção de parâmetros aptos a balizar sua prática e na utilização de stantards jurídicos. A controvérsia promovida pelo princípio da precaução estimula uma atitude reflexiva com relação à ciência e fortalece, no direito e fora dele, a tomada de decisões envolvendo a opinião pública e a comunidade científica. / Introduction - Since the 1970s, the society at large has been faced with unprecedented risks and uncertainties. Landmark cases in the health, safety and environmental areas have been extensively debated by the media, nongovernmental organizations, governments, corporations and the civil society as a whole, and the law has been called upon to take a stance over these issues. To cope with these issues, international and environment law has devised, over the last two decades, the so-called precautionary principle. Scope - This research seeks to draw a distinction between what the precautionary principle has been from what it is not, and what it may come to be, thus contributing to studies on the legal realms of the Risk Society and the relations between the law and uncertainties. Bibliography - This study has primarily relied on French literature covering the precautionary principle, international case law, and the recent initiatives of both the European Union and the World Health Organization. Brazilian case law, legal writings and laws have also been taken into consideration. Aspects - This work addresses the framework of Risk Society and how environmental law relates to its scientific aspects. Then, the consolidation of such principle on its ethical and legal fronts was studied. As current (and rather debatable) themes are into play, the application of Risk Society is still controversial, but the difficulties faced by such application and the criticism directed at it help understand the potential characteristics of this framework. Conclusion - In Brazil, understanding what the precautionary principle stands for (or even what it does not) is still incipient. Brazilian courts make a confusion between precaution and prevention: the precautionary principle is taken as a synonym for a general duty to conserve the environment or as a reason for limitations. A deeper understanding of this precautionary principle calls for a greater awareness of its theory and practice. Applying the precautionary principle should thus be grounded on risk analyses; on the adoption of standards that are capable of governing its practice; and on effective use of legal standards. The controversy over the precautionary principle has invited to a more reflective approach to science, while also strengthening (within the realms of law, and beyond) decision-making efforts involving the public opinion and the scientific community.