The aim of this comparative study has been to identify similarities and differences in Swedish and British media’s framing and empowerment of actors in relation to the 2017 Stockholm terror attack. Theories on the risk society, framing, power and CDA have been used to create a framework that gives a deeper understanding of media’s role in framing actors and events, and how this can potentially affect the public. Moreover, to determine how media use their power to dis- tribute power among the actors and objects that are part of such an attack. A critical discourse analysis has been carried out on excerpts from a total of 15 articles, seven and six from Sweden and Britain respectively. In this analysis, both framing and power issues were identified, which was used to conduct a discussion on the findings in relation to the the- oretical framework used. It was found that while Sweden and Britain are part of the same culture and therefore largely covered the terror attack the same way, there was a significant difference in the portrayal of the perpetrator. Swedish media had a tendency to use othering and describe the perpetrator as one of “them” as opposed to the “we”. British media, on the other hand, made use of other- ing as well, but would also offer descriptions that could make the “we” relate to him. This difference can potentially be due to the fact that Swedes have been more emotional about the attack, as it happened in their own country. The distribution of power between actors were done similarly in both countries. Two power- plays were identified: the police vs. the perpetrator, and the act (the truck) vs. the public. In order to avoid giving the perpetrator credit for the act, when the act was portrayed, the truck would be described as the powerful actor. Thus, even though it is common sense that the truck did not drive into people on itself, the perpetrator’s actions has not been acknowledged in the media. Instead, when describing the perpetrator, it has been done in relation to the police, who were described as the powerful actors – they caught the perpetrator, i.e. he did not have the power to avoid them or escape. Thus, while Swedish and British media largely have covered the act the same way and with the same means, the Swedish media have used emotional means to further othering.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-05-22T19:06:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseARV.pdf: 1249542 bytes, checksum: 025d40612607539f3177849b5780a6b5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-29T19:12:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseARV.pdf: 1249542 bytes, checksum: 025d40612607539f3177849b5780a6b5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-29T19:12:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseARV.pdf: 1249542 bytes, checksum: 025d40612607539f3177849b5780a6b5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-29T19:22:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseARV.pdf: 1249542 bytes, checksum: 025d40612607539f3177849b5780a6b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-14 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Our goal in this study is to analyze the production, formation and acting of the authorscoordinators of the two most relevant chapters of the fifth report of the IPCC Working Group II (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) that deal with human dimensions of climate change, and so discuss the contribution of social sciences around this debate. The discussion of the thesis is placed within a framework of interdisciplinary, in which demand for scientific cooperation between different areas appears as a necessity imposed by environmental issues. Our hypothesis is that the fact the interdisciplinary is happening, but when it occurs, that occurs in a hierarchical fashion, where the strands of the social sciences participating in the debate, only do so when they use the same parameters used by the ruling science in discussions climate change. The research shows that the hypothesis is partially confirmed, but there is a progressive tendency to incorporate the classic areas of social sciences, such as anthropology, political science and sociology by the IPCC. / Nosso objetivo neste trabalho é analisar a produção, formação e atuação dos autorescoordenadores dos dois capítulos mais relevantes do quinto relatório do grupo de trabalho II do IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) que versam sobre dimensões humanas das mudanças climáticas, e assim discutir a contribuição das Ciências Sociais em torno deste debate. A discussão da tese é colocada dentro de um quadro de interdisciplinaridade, no qual a demanda por cooperação cientifica entre diferentes áreas aparece como uma necessidade imposta pelas questões ambientais. Nossa hipótese é a de que a interdisciplinaridade de fato vem ocorrendo, mas quando ocorre, ocorre de maneira hierárquica, onde as vertentes das ciências sociais que participam do debate, somente o fazem quando se valem dos mesmos parâmetros utilizados pelas ciências dominantes nas discussões sobre mudanças climáticas. A pesquisa mostra que a hipótese parcialmente se confirma, mas observa-se uma tendência progressiva de incorporação das áreas clássicas das ciências sociais, como antropologia, ciência politica e sociologia por parte do IPCC.

O tema a ser desenvolvido delimita-se ao estudo do meio ambiente do trabalho e o analisa a partir de dois pressupostos teóricos complementares. O primeiro pressuposto é a descrição da sociedade como sociedade do risco. Já o segundo é a descrição da sociedade a partir da teoria dos sistemas sociais. Com isso pretende-se concentrar esforços no aperfeiçoamento do direito do trabalho, mormente no âmbito de sua teoria geral. Acredita-se que o Direito do Trabalho pode ser aprimorado a partir de uma investigação científica que compreenda a complexidade da sociedade, descreva-a e, por consequência, ofereça subsídios teóricos para o seu aperfeiçoamento, incluindo o aprimoramento do direito no contexto de complexidade. Ademais, um esboço de teorização do direito ambiental do trabalho permitirá estabelecer lindes teóricos que descrevam, compreendam e estabilizem as relações que demandam o manejo de questões laborais e ambientais e, à frente, subsidiar novas construções jurídicas, aperfeiçoando gargalos teóricos, superando aparentes antinomias aparentes e mantendo o Direito do Trabalho adequado às necessidades de seu tempo. Ao fim, as considerações finais elencam apontam algumas possibilidades teóricas decorrentes da pesquisa e consignam inquietações que poderão ser aprofundadas adiante, de modo a permitir que essa sistematização possa suscitar o debate do direito ambiental do trabalho como um instrumento de redução das complexidades e estabilização de expectativas, servindo especialmente como mecanismo de proteção da saúde do trabalhador. / The theme developed is bound to the study of the labor environment and analyses it from two complementary theoretical assumptions. The first assumption is the description of society as a society of risk. The second one is the description of society from the social systems theory. With that, the intention is to focus efforts on the improvement of Labor Law, especially within its general theory. It is believed that Labor Law can be refined through a scientific investigation that comprehends society complexity, describing it and, as a consequence, offers theoretical subsidy for its improvement, including the refinement of law within the context of complexity. Moreover, an outline of the theory of environmental labor law shall allow the establishment of theoretical limits that describe, comprehend and stabilizes relationships that demand dealing with labor and environmental issues and, ahead, subsidize new legal constructs, improving theoretical bottlenecks, overcoming apparent antinomies and keeping Labor Law suited to the necessities of its time. At the end, the final considerations list some theoretical possibilities arising from the research and consign concerns that might be deepened further, so as to allow that this systematization can provoke an environmental labor law debate as an instrument for reduction of the complexities and stabilization of expectations, especially serving as a mechanism of protection for the workers health.

Vivemos numa sociedade onde os riscos e as ameaças atingiram elevados níveis de abrangência, assim como de ineditismo, através do surgimento de novos riscos sinérgicos. Para corresponder a essa situação, emergiu uma cultura de segurança, caracterizada pela crença na racionalidade técnica, de base científica. Esta cultura apresenta, como atores reguladores, os chamados sistemas peritos, que gabam de grande confiança por parte expressiva da sociedade, e da autoridade de discursos institucionais com status de inquestionabilidade e infalibilidade. Uma produção social de risco, no Brasil, é a construção de barragens, ilustrado, dentre outros, pelo elevado número de acidentes envolvendo estes empreendimentos. No caso da UHE de Itaipu Binacional, foram analisadas algumas variáveis de risco de colapso da barragem, dentre elas: as de caráter ecossistêmico, considerando, principalmente, a presença e reprodução do mexilhão dourado no lago da UHE; as relacionadas a eventos climáticos críticos, uma vez que os cálculos estruturais das obras civis foram baseados em séries históricas que desconsideraram as mudanças no clima; e, as associados ao terrorismo, considerando a presença de uma comunidade local tida como suspeita, no imaginário social, na região da tríplice fronteira. A partir da síntese do estado da arte no debate das ciências sociais e humanas, analisou-se, as similaridades, diferenças e conflitos entre o discurso institucional de segurança da UHE Itaipu Binacional e o das autoridades públicas, com as representações dos grupos sociais inseridos imediatamente à jusante do empreendimento. / In our society, risks and threats reach high coverage levels, as well as unheard scope, through the combination of different risks. To face this situation, it has been developed a security culture, which is characterized by belief on technical rationality and on scientific basis. This culture presents the expert systems as regulating actors, who receive confidence from most of society, and also shows authority in institutional speeches, claiming a status of undoubted and unfailing system. In Brazil, the construction of dams implies a social risk and a high number of related accidents. Some variables for dam collapse risk in \"Itaipu Binacional\" were analyzed in this work, including ecosystem variables, considering as the main factor the existence and reproduction of golden mussels in the plant reservoir; variables related to critical climatic events, considering that structural calculation for civil construction was based on historical series that do not consider climate changes; and, at least, variables related to terrorism, considering the existence of a supposed suspect local community in the triple border (Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina). From a state-of-art overview on social and human sciences discussion, the similarities, differences and conflicts among \"Itaipu Binacional\" security speech and public authorities\' speeches were analyzed, considering representations of social groups installed in the plant downstream.

O incluso estudo tem por intenção investigar a capacidade crítica da teoria do bem jurídico como critério legitimador das incriminações ambientais. Para tanto, inicia-se por uma análise evolutiva da teoria, desde os movimentos iluministas até as concepções hodiernas, no âmbito de uma verdadeira crise conceitual, a permitir a escolha de um caminho metodológico mais condizente com as demandas do direito penal contemporâneo. Em seguida, coloca-se a problemática sob um enfoque mais amplo, buscando compreender a sociedade de risco atual e sua inevitável projeção no sistema penal. Esta abordagem interdisciplinar permitirá uma avaliação sobre a capacidade crítica do bem jurídico na esfera ambiental, partindo-se de uma real compreensão da realidade social. Na sequência, são estabelecidas as principais linhas teóricas tendentes a conferir (i)legitimidade à proteção do ambiente enquanto bem jurídico-penal, a fim de avaliar os seus pressupostos metodológicos, permitindo constatar em que medida cada uma delas pode reforçar ou desprestigiar a função crítica exercida pela teoria na seara do direito penal ambiental. Por fim, busca-se empreender algumas premissas metodológicas capazes de clarificar uma diretriz acerca do conteúdo dos bens jurídicos ambientais, que possa conferir limite à proteção penal neste campo, apontado-a necessariamente em um marco amplificado, a partir de um diálogo com a dogmática do direito ambiental. A temática é afunilada na polêmica existente em relação à necessidade de um ponto de equilíbrio entre o normativismo e o ontologismo, cujos reflexos certamente afetam as bases históricas e atuais da teoria do bem jurídico. Tal análise pode contribuir no processo de racionalização, interpretação e aplicação dos tipos penais ou categorias dogmáticas no bojo da Lei Brasileira de Crimes Ambientais (Lei 9.605/98). / This study aims to investigate the critical ability of the criminal juridical asset theory as a legitimizing criterion of environmental offenses. It begins with an analysis of the theory since the Enlightenment up to the current conceptions in the context of a genuine conceptual crisis that allows for the choice of a methodological path more consistent with the demands of the contemporary criminal law. Then the crux of the problem is focused more comprehensively in order to understand the risk society and its inevitable current projection in the criminal system. This interdisciplinary approach will allow for an assessment of the critical capacity of the legal interest in the environmental sphere starting with a real understanding of the social reality. Next, the main theoretical lines entitled to evaluate the legitimacy or illegitimacy to the protection of the environment as a criminal juridical asset are put forward in order to assess their methodological assumptions attempting to verify how each one of them can reinforce or discredit the critical function theory exerted by the theory in the ground of the environmental criminal law. Finally, the study seeks to undertake some methodological premises capable of elucidating a notion of the environmental juridical asset, which in turn is capable of conferring limits to the penal protection in this field necessarily under a broader range departing from a dialogue with the dogma of the environmental law. The theme is tapered in the existing controversy regarding the need for a balance between normativism and ontologism whose reflexes certainly affect current and historical bases of the criminal juridical asset theory. Such analysis can contribute to the process of rationalization, interpretation and application of the criminal types or dogmatic categories in the heart of the Brazilian Environmental Crimes Act (Law 9.605/98).

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Introdução - Desde a década de 70 a sociedade contemporânea depara-se com riscos e incertezas que apresentam características únicas. Casos emblemáticos nos campos da saúde, segurança e meio ambiente são discutidos pela mídia, organizações não-governamentais, governos, empresas e sociedade civil, e sobre eles o direito é chamado a se posicionar. Para lidar com esses temas, ao longo das duas últimas décadas o direito (internacional e do ambiente) construiu o princípio da precaução. Objetivo - A pesquisa tem por objeto discernir o que o princípio da precaução tem sido, do que ele não é, e o que ele pode vir a ser, contribuindo assim para o estudo das dimensões jurídicas da Sociedade do Risco e das relações entre o direito e a incerteza. Fonte bibliográfica - O estudo se baseou, sobretudo, na literatura francesa sobre o princípio da precaução, na jurisprudência internacional e nas recentes iniciativas da União Européia e da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Considerou-se também a doutrina, jurisprudência e legislação brasileira. Aspectos abordados - Abordou-se a configuração da Sociedade do Risco e como o direito do ambiente se relaciona com suas dimensões científicas e tecnológicas. Em seguida, foi estudada a consolidação desse princípio, em sua dimensão ética e jurídica. Por lidar com temas atuais e polêmicos, sua aplicação é ainda controversa, mas as dificuldades e críticas a ele formuladas auxiliam a evidenciar suas potencialidades. Conclusão - no Brasil é ainda precária a compreensão do que o princípio da precaução é, ou mesmo do que ele não é. Os tribunais confundem precaução e prevenção; o princípio da precaução é usado como sinônimo de uma obrigação geral de preservar o meio ambiente ou como justificativa para abstenções. Uma incorporação mais eficaz desse princípio requer o conhecimento da sua teoria e prática. A aplicação do princípio da precaução deve ser pautada na realização de análises de riscos, na adoção de parâmetros aptos a balizar sua prática e na utilização de stantards jurídicos. A controvérsia promovida pelo princípio da precaução estimula uma atitude reflexiva com relação à ciência e fortalece, no direito e fora dele, a tomada de decisões envolvendo a opinião pública e a comunidade científica. / Introduction - Since the 1970s, the society at large has been faced with unprecedented risks and uncertainties. Landmark cases in the health, safety and environmental areas have been extensively debated by the media, nongovernmental organizations, governments, corporations and the civil society as a whole, and the law has been called upon to take a stance over these issues. To cope with these issues, international and environment law has devised, over the last two decades, the so-called precautionary principle. Scope - This research seeks to draw a distinction between what the precautionary principle has been from what it is not, and what it may come to be, thus contributing to studies on the legal realms of the Risk Society and the relations between the law and uncertainties. Bibliography - This study has primarily relied on French literature covering the precautionary principle, international case law, and the recent initiatives of both the European Union and the World Health Organization. Brazilian case law, legal writings and laws have also been taken into consideration. Aspects - This work addresses the framework of Risk Society and how environmental law relates to its scientific aspects. Then, the consolidation of such principle on its ethical and legal fronts was studied. As current (and rather debatable) themes are into play, the application of Risk Society is still controversial, but the difficulties faced by such application and the criticism directed at it help understand the potential characteristics of this framework. Conclusion - In Brazil, understanding what the precautionary principle stands for (or even what it does not) is still incipient. Brazilian courts make a confusion between precaution and prevention: the precautionary principle is taken as a synonym for a general duty to conserve the environment or as a reason for limitations. A deeper understanding of this precautionary principle calls for a greater awareness of its theory and practice. Applying the precautionary principle should thus be grounded on risk analyses; on the adoption of standards that are capable of governing its practice; and on effective use of legal standards. The controversy over the precautionary principle has invited to a more reflective approach to science, while also strengthening (within the realms of law, and beyond) decision-making efforts involving the public opinion and the scientific community.

The covid-19 pandemic in Sweden is characterized by high uncertainty and risk. Health experts and authorities play a central part in informing and guiding the public’s responses to a pandemic. But to have the right to operate, an organization’s legitimacy is important. How does a health expert authority get people to follow the guidelines to ensure public health efforts success in the covid-19 pandemic?   This case study focused on Folkhälsomyndigheten’s perceived legitimacy by young adults in Sweden during the covid-19 pandemic, by understanding if Folkhälsomyndigheten was perceived as a legitimate expert and how their legitimacy was constituted through their conveying of risk. Hence, we aimed to contribute to health and crisis communication by adopting a public-centered approach to the constitution of legitimacy.   The empirical data was collected through three online focus group interviews with 20-24-year-olds. Suchman’s legitimacy theory and Giddens’s notion of the postindustrial risk society was used the analyze the results. Through a thematic analysis, we discovered a total of 12 themes distributed over 3 dimensions, showing that Folkhälsomyndigheten’s legitimacy was constituted on the premises of pragmatic legitimacy, based on the self-interest of the public. We could conclude that Folkhälsomyndigheten was viewed as a legitimate expert because of their status as an institutionalized health authority, and that the legitimacy of their expert position role was grounded in a democratic mindset. Folkhälsomyndigheten’s legitimacy was, through procedures, representatives, and human attributes, constituted by organizing the unstable situation for the young adults to gain a feeling of stability.

This thesis attempts to problematize the power relations in environmental administration and decision making through the analytical lens of environmental discourse and ethics. It argues that developments in environmental politics reveal a marked increase in democratic involvement through an emerging ecological civil society as reflected in the case study of the proposed King William Reservoir in Virginia. An ecological civil society could become the leaders and educators in communities to develop the expertise needed for responsible democratic participation in environmental decision making at the local level. As reflected in the case study, however, official political marginalization and exclusion of the public are continued features of federal and state environmental processes and structures. These processes and structures should be re-formed to include new democratic elements which would increase local control and responsibility for environmental transformations, and reduce conflicts overall. / Master of Science

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