This paper uses Routine Activity Theory to examine online routine activities and individual level guardianship and the impact on online purchase fraud victimization across Europe. The findings suggest differences between the EU member states in online purchase fraud victimization. Moreover, it discovers that several online routine activities rise the victimization rate. However individual level guardianship has no great success in reducing victimization rates.

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[pt] O presente estudo convida o leitor a refletir sobre importantes recursos organizacionais: as rotinas. Frente ao debate acadêmico envolvendo o constructo, esta investigação procurou identificar como os profissionais de consultoria buscam compreender as rotinas organizacionais em suas experiências com o fenômeno. Por meio de uma abordagem fenomenográfica, foram coletados, tratados e analisados os relatos de 20 consultores de uma firma multinacional, situada na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, no período de 23/07/2015 a 12/02/2016. Os resultados apontaram para quatro diferentes modos, mediante os quais, esses profissionais buscam compreender as rotinas organizacionais em suas experiências de campo: o fundamento em artefatos; o questionamento ao agente; a observação da prática; e a construção coletiva. As seguintes dimensões foram identificadas relacionando essas categorias: o aspecto das rotinas; os artefatos envolvidos; a perspectiva dimensional; o nível de acesso; o mecanismo de intermediação; e o horizonte temporal. Os achados indicaram que os profissionais de consultoria estão em sintonia com pesquisadores das rotinas organizacionais, no que se refere a abordagem de entendimento por artefatos, entrevistas com os agentes e acompanhamento do desempenho. Adicionalmente, as evidências empíricas apontaram para o estabelecimento de relações de poder e confiança como mecanismos de intermediação para a compreensão das rotinas. Por fim, verificou-se que os consultores buscam compreender as rotinas considerando a sua construção conjunta com vários indivíduos envolvidos, sugerindo, então, que a compreensão das rotinas organizacionais é socialmente construída. / [en] This study invites the reader to reflect on important organizational resources: the routines. Front of the academic debate involving the construct, this investigation sought to find out how consulting professionals seek to understand the organizational routines on their experiences with the phenomenon. Through a phenomenographic approach, were collected, processed and analyzed reports of 20 consultants from a multinational firm, located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, in the period from 7/23/2015 to 2/12/2016. The results pointed to four different modes by which these professionals seek to understand the organizational routines in their field experiences: the foundation in artifacts; the questioning to the agent; the observation of the practice; and the collective construction. The following dimensions were identified relating to these categories: the aspect of the routines; the artifacts involved; the dimensional perspective; the level of access; the intermediation mechanism; and the time horizon. The findings indicated that consulting professionals are in line with researchers of organizational routines, as regards the approach of understanding by artifacts, interviews with the actors and performance monitoring. In addition, the empirical evidence pointed to the establishment of relations of power and trust as intermediation mechanisms for understanding the routines. Finally, it was found that the consultants seek to understand the routines whereas your joint construction with several individuals involved, suggesting, then, that the understanding of organizational routines is socially built.

This research examines the relationship between race and exposure to online hate material. The utilization of websites, weblogs, newsgroups, online games, radio broadcasts, online newsletters and a myriad of other online platforms has proliferated race-based hate groups in the US (Shafer 2002). According to the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), the number of hate groups has been on the rise since the 1990s and continues to gain momentum with the advent of social media (Potok 2017). Exposure to separatist ideologies has propelled these radical rightwing groups into the mainstream by way of social media platforms, as they are "the most active producers of online hate material" (Costello, Hawdon, Ratliff, and Grantham 2016: pg. 313). That dissemination of radical rightwing ideologies, such as white supremacy, racial purity and racial solidarity, exists is not enough in understanding what individuals are exposed to race-based hate ideologies in online platforms. Exposure is the key to understanding the growth of these race-based hate groups and ways of countering the efforts to disseminate radical rightwing ideologies due to its relationship to hate group emergence and persistence. More so, understanding how these groups target individuals and recruit through social networking sites can provide insight into exposure. Exposure to hate material aids groups in recruiting new members and victimizing potential targets. In the same manner, exposure to hate material is victimization of those who are exposed. In a sample collected by Costello et al. (2016a), of those exposed to hate material online nearly half centered on race. Thus, it is tantamount that research be conducted examining the role that race plays in determining who is exposed to hate material online, and how individuals react to hate material based on race. This dissertation will examine the importance of exposure to hate. Specifically, this dissertation will analyze survey data gathered from the Online Extremism Survey using logistic regression analysis and linear regression to understand exposure to hate material online and routine activity theory. / Ph. D. / This dissertation examines the relationship between race and exposure to online hate material. Race-based hate groups have been using websites, weblogs, newsgroups, online games, radio broadcasts, online newsletters and other online sites to maintain a presence (Shafer 2002). According to the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), the number of hate groups has been on the rise since the 1990s and continues to grow because of social media (Potok 2017). Being exposed to belief systems differ from most others has allowed rightwing groups to become a part of the mainstream because of social media sites. These groups have been responsible for posting the most hate material online over all other types of groups (Costello, Hawdon, Ratliff, and Grantham 2016: pg. 313). It is not enough to understand that radical rightwing beliefs, such as white supremacy, racial purity and racial solidarity, exists. We must identify who is exposed to race-based hate messages in online worlds. Being able to understand who is exposed allows us to determine ways of stopping these efforts to disseminate radical rightwing ideologies. By understanding how these groups post material, and how they target people online will help us understand its relationship to hate group emergence and persistence. More so, understanding how these groups target individuals and recruit through social networking sites can provide insight into exposure. Exposure to hate material aids groups in recruiting new members and victimizing potential targets. In the same manner, exposure to hate material is victimization of those who are exposed. In a sample collected by Costello et al. (2016a), of those exposed to hate material online nearly half centered on race. Thus, it is very important that research be conducted examining the role that race plays in determining who is exposed to hate material online, and how individuals react to hate material based on race. This dissertation will examine the importance of exposure to hate. Specifically, this dissertation will analyze survey data gathered from the Online Extremism Survey using statistical methods to understand exposure to hate material online and routine activity theory.

Traditional online measurements of the chemical composition and other physicochemical properties (such as volatility and oxygenation) of particulate matter have relied on expensive and complex research-grade instrumentation based on mass spectrometry and/or chromatography. However, routine monitoring requires lower-cost alternatives that can be operated autonomously, and such tools are lacking. Routine monitoring of particulate matter, especially organic aerosol, relies instead on offline techniques such as filter collection that require significant operator effort. To address this gap, first, we built a new online semi-continuous aerosol chemical composition monitor, the "ChemSpot", that provides information on volatility-resolved organic carbon and degree of oxygenation along with sulfur content at relatively moderate costs. Autonomous operation of the ChemSpot instrument was demonstrated for four weeks alongside a mass spectrometer (an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor, or ACSM), and the results of the comparison were encouraging. Mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) were estimated to be 21% and 27% for aerosol organic carbon and equivalent sulfate (equivalent amount of sulfate for ChemSpot measured sulfur content). Chemspot-measured oxygen-to-carbon ratio (O:C) compared well with ACSM-measured O:C for moderate aerosol loadings. Second, we extended the capability of the ChemSpot instrument to provide volatility distributions of organic aerosols. A thermogram-based method was developed for the ChemSpot for volatility calibration and the calculation of volatility distributions. This work also highlighted the need for better observational constraints on vapor pressure values from structure-activity relationship based models. Finally, the ChemSpot was deployed at a biomass-burning experiment (Georgia Wildfire Simulation Experiment, G-WISE) to show the utility of this instrument in studying changes in volatility distributions of Biomass Burning Organic Aerosols (BBOA) produced from different biomass fuel types (samples from Blue Ridge and Coastal Plains eco-regions of the state of Georgia), different burn conditions (prescribed burning vs. wild burning) and simulated atmospheric aging. Significant changes in the volatility distributions of organic carbon were observed for the two biomass fuel types studied. Prescribed burning led to the formation of some higher volatility organic compounds in the aerosols compared to the wild burning case. A similar but more pronounced observation of the formation of higher volatility organics was observed after the simulated atmospheric aging of the BBOA samples. The formation of these higher volatility organics could be because of the presence of higher moisture content during the prescribed burning conditions. The successful completion of these objectives provides confidence that the ChemSpot could be a viable tool for long-term data collection of aerosol composition and volatility and in turn advancing aerosol science and helping policymakers devise strategies to curb air pollution. / Doctor of Philosophy / Aerosols are fine particles suspended in the air, either emitted directly or formed through chemical reactions in the atmosphere. A significant fraction of the aerosols is made of thousands of organic compounds, making it difficult to study their composition and properties. Aerosols have been found to have significant impacts on human health, atmospheric visibility, radiative balance, cloud formation and, climate change. These effects vary depending upon the composition of aerosols and their ability to remain in the particle phase or get vaporized to the gas phase (also known as volatility). Traditional automated measurements of aerosol composition and volatility often rely on either the direct use of complex research-grade instrumentation or offline measurements collecting samples on a filter followed by analysis utilizing the same research-grade instruments. These approaches can be extremely expensive and/or labor-intensive, often making collection of long term data unfeasible. Some lower-cost alternatives exist but do not provide enough information on aerosol chemical composition. Essentially, there is a lack of an automated aerosol composition monitor which can run without significant operator effort and provide valuable data at moderate costs. To address this need, first, we designed a new instrument "ChemSpot" that runs autonomously for extended periods of time. We also validated its performance against a time-tested research-grade instrument. Comparisons with the research-grade instrument were found to be satisfactory. Second, we developed a method to estimate the amount of organic carbon based on its ability to evaporate at different temperatures (termed volatility distribution). This work also highlighted the need to have better observational constraints on the vapor pressure data from different models accounting for the structure of these organic compounds. Finally, we deployed the ChemSpot instrument at a simulated wildfire experiment (Georgia Wildfire Simulation Experiment or G-WISE) to study the effects of different fuel types (samples from Blue Ridge and Coastal Plains eco-regions of the state of Georgia), different burn conditions (prescribed burning vs. wild burning) and simulated atmospheric reaction. Different fuel types and atmospheric reactions were found to have more significant effects on the aerosol composition and volatility distribution of the organic carbon. The successful completion of these objectives provides confidence that the ChemSpot instrument could be a viable tool for long-term data collection of aerosol composition and volatility and in turn advancing aerosol science and helping policy-makers devise strategies to curb air pollution.

Cette recherche s’attache à la relation entre une production artistique et sa place au sein de la routine du quotidien. La «routine» supposée inhibitrice de la création entraîne dans certaines situations une évolution de cette pratique alors «sous contrainte». D’une pratique répondant aux exigences de la transcendance, nous passons à une pratique en résistance. Cette pratique prend le quotidien pour objet, motif et contexte et le débride, le déplace. Il s’agit de penser de façon critique le devenir esthétique de l’œuvre que cette attitude entrave. Le créateur est partagé entre le choix de conserver sa pratique d’usage qu’il insère dans les intervalles du quotidien et celui de sacrifier l’intégrité de l’œuvre aux coupes nécessaires à la résistance. Les limites de la résistance à la routine sont exacerbées par une pratique plastique qui parasite le quotidien ; à l’artiste par intermittences succède l’artiste de l’intermittence ; à l’artiste au travail, succède l’artiste du travail. / This study focuses on the relationship between an artistic production and its place within the daily routine. The “routine” supposed to be inhibitory to the creation leads, in some situations, to an evolution of this practice then “under constraint”. From a practice responding to the requirements of transcendence, we move on to a practice of resistance. This practice takes daily life as its object, motif and context, and debrides it. It is a question of thinking critically about the aesthetic development of the work that this attitude hinders. The creator is divided between the choice to retain his usual practice that he tries to insert in the intervals of daily life and that of sacrificing the integrity of the work to the cuts necessary to achieve the resistance. The limits of the resistance to routine are exacerbated: by a plastic practice that parasites the daily: to the artist by intermittudes succeeds the artist of the intermittence; to the artist at work, succeeds the artist of work.