Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (May 2, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2015 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT :This study arose due to the costly and harmful effect that negative behaviours have on organisations and society alike. This study is therefore undertaken to understand the determinants of these negative behaviours as well as to identify constructs that can defer these types of behaviour. The aim of the study was to study the constructs that is expected to significantly affect the occurrence of counterproductive workplace behaviours (CWB) in South African organisations. Therefore the purpose was to investigate the relationship between leader integrity, ethical leadership, interactional justice, leader trust and CWB. A theoretical model was subsequently developed to explain the structural relationships between the latent variables and counterproductive behaviours. Propositions were formulated regarding the postulated relationships found between these variables in the literature study. These hypotheses were tested to determine the validity of these propositions to subsequently test the proposed structural model. The sample encompassed employees from four organisations in the Western Cape. The respondents completed the Leader Trust Scale (LTS), the Justice Scale, Leadership of Ethics Scale (LES), Ethical Integrity Test (EIT) and the Deviance Scale. The proposed hypotheses and structural model were empirically tested by means of Partial Least Squares Analysis (PLS). These analyses included reliability analysis to determine the reliability of all the measurement scales. Satisfactorily reliability were found for all measurement scales. The structural model and the hypothesised relationships were analysed by means of the PLS path coefficients, R Square values and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. The results indicated that support could be found for the relationship between leader integrity and ethical leadership, leader integrity and interactional justice, leader integrity and leader trust, ethical leadership and interactional justice, and leader trust and interactional justice. Only partial support was found for the relationship between ethical leadership and leader trust, leader trust and CWB, interactional justice and CWB, ethical leadership and CWB and leader integrity and CWB. Subsequently conclusions were made from the results as well as recommendations made for future research. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Hierdie studie het ontstaan as gevolg van die duur en skadelike effek wat negatiewe gedrag op beide organisasies en die samelewing het. Die studie is dus uitgevoer om die oorsake van hierdie negatiewe gedrag te begryp sowel as om konstrukte te identifiseer om hierdie tipes gedrag uit te skakel. Die doel van die studie was om konstrukte te ondersoek wat waarskynlik ‘n substansiële invloed op die verskynsel van teenproduktiewe gedrag in organisasies in Suid-Afrika kan hê. Die doel was dus om die verband tussen leier-integriteit, etiese leierskap, interaksionele geregtigheid, leier-vertroue en teenproduktiewe gedrag te ondersoek. ‘n Teoretiese model is ontwikkel om die strukturele verband tussen die latente veranderlikes en teenproduktiewe gedrag te verduidelik. Hipoteses is geformuleer rakende die gepostuleerde verwantskappe tussen hierdie veranderlikes soos in die literatuurstudie geïdentifiseer. Hierdie hipoteses is getoets om die geldigheid van hierdie proposisies te bepaal om uiteindelik die voorgestelde strukturele model te toets. Die steekproef is saamgestel uit werknemers van vier organisasies in die Wes-Kaap. Die proefpersone het die Leader Trust Scale (LTS), die Justice Scale, die Leadership of Ethics Scale (LES), die Ethical Integrity Test (EIT) en die Deviance Scale voltooi. Die voorgestelde hipoteses en strukturele model is empiries getoets deur middel van Partial Least Squares (PLS) ontleding. Hierdie analises sluit in ‘n betroubaarheidsanalise om die betroubaarheid van die metingskale te bepaal. Bevredigende betroubaarheid is vir al die metingskale gevind. Die strukturele model en die gepostuleerde hipoteses is ontleed deur middel van PLS path coefficients, R Square values en Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. Die resultate het aangedui dat ondersteuning gevind is vir die verband tussen leier-integriteit en etiese leierskap, leier-integriteit en interaksionele geregtigheid, leier-integriteit en leier-vertroue, etiese leierskap en interaksionele geregtigheid, en leier-vertroue en interaksionele geregtigheid. Slegs gedeeltelike ondersteuning is gevind vir die verband tussen etiese leierskap en leier-vertroue, leier-vertroue en teenproduktiewe gedrag, interaksionele geregtigheid en teenproduktiewe gedrag, etiese leierskap en teenproduktiewe gedrag, en leier-integriteit en teenproduktiewe gedrag. Daarna is afleidings gemaak op grond van die resultate, sowel as aanbevelings gemaak vir toekomstige navorsing.

Despite their relevance to multicultural issues in counseling psychology, religion and spirituality (R/S) issues have been largely neglected in counseling and psychology training programs (Brawer, Handal, Fabricatore, Roberts, & Wajda-Johnston, 2002; Russel & Yarhouse, 2006; Schulte, Skinner & Clairborn, 2002). This study presents the initial validity and reliability estimates of the Scale of Comfort with Integrating Religion/Spirituality in Counseling (SCIRSC), a self-reported measure to assess the comfort level of counselors-in-training with integrating R/S in their clinical practices. Three hundred participants from clinical and counseling graduate psychology training programs participated in this study. The exploratory factor analysis resulted in 5 factors: R/S Self-Disclosure, R/S Interventions, R/S Reflection, R/S Supervision and Consultation, and R/S Exploration. The SCIRSC was positively correlated with measures of R/S training (RSTS; Wang et al., 2008), R/S competency (Wang et al., 2008), and R/S practice habits in counseling (PHP; Wang et al., 2008), and was not correlated with a measure of impression management (BIDR; Paulhus, 1991). High internal consistency was also found in the total SCIRSC scale and its five subscales. A discussion of how this scale can add to the research and practice regarding the incorporation of R/S in counseling is provided.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF CHRISTIAN H. BRYANT, for the Master of Arts degree in PSYCHOLOGY, presented on 12 NOVEMBER 2009, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: AN EXAMINATION OF THE PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE ATTITUDES TOWARD BLACK MALES SCALE MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Kathleen Chwalisz This survey-based study was conducted in order to examine the utility of the Attitudes Toward Black Males Scale (ATBM; Bryson, 1998). The sample included 224 undergraduate students from a Midwestern university. A principal components analysis was conducted in order to assess the consistency of the current factor structure of the ATBM with the eight-factor structure proposed in Bryson's (1998) scale construction study. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between the ATBM and other general and Black-specific racial attitude measures in order to assess the construct validity of the ATBM scale. The results of this study did not support the factor structure of the ATBM as identified by Bryson (1998). Therefore, the utility of the Attitudes Toward Black Males Scale is called into questions as an assessment of general racial attitudes toward Black men based on findings with the current sample.

With the significant potential of microalgae as a major biofuel source of the future, a considerable scientific attention is attracted towards the field of biotechnology and bioprocess engineering. Nevertheless the current photobioreactor (PBR) design methods are still too empirical. With this work I would like to promote the idea of designing a production system, such as a PBR, completely \emph{in silico}, thus allowing for the in silico optimization and optimal control determination. The thesis deals with the PBR modeling and simulation. It addresses two crucial issues in the current state-of-the-art PBR modeling. The first issue relevant to the deficiency of the currently available models - the incorrect or insufficient treatment of either the transport process modeling, the reaction modeling or the coupling between these two models. A correct treatment of both the transport and the reaction phenomena is proposed in the thesis - in the form of a unified modeling framework consisting of three interconnected parts - (i) the state system, (ii) the fluid-dynamic model and (iii) optimal control determination. The proposed model structure allows prediction of the PBR performance with respect to the modelled PBR size, geometry, operating conditions or a particular microalgae strain. The proposed unified modeling approach is applied to the case of the Couette-Taylor photobioreactor (CTBR) where it is used for the optimal control solution. The PBR represents a complex multiscale problem and especially in the case of the production scale systems, the associated computational costs are paramount. This is the second crucial issue addressed in the thesis. With respect to the computational complexity, the fluid dynamics simulation is the most costly part of the PBR simulation. To model the fluid flow with the classical CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) methods inside a production scale PBR leads to an enormous grid size. This usually requires a parallel implementation of the solver but in the parallelization of the classical methods lies another relevant issue - that of the amount of data the individual nodes must interchange with each other. The thesis addresses the performance relevant issues by proposing and evaluation alternative approaches to the fluid flow simulation. These approaches are more suitable to the parallel implementation than the classical methods because of their rather local character in comparison to the classical methods - namely the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) for fluid flow, which is the primary focus of the thesis in this regard and alternatively also the discrete random walk based method (DRW). As the outcome of the thesis I have developed and validated a new Lagrangian general modeling approach to the transport and reaction processes in PBR - a framework based on the Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and the model of the Photosynthetic Factory (PSF) that models correctly the transport and reaction processes and their coupling. Further I have implemented a software prototype based on the proposed modeling approach and validated this prototype on the case of the Coutte-Taylor PBR. I have also demonstrated that the modeling approach has a significant potential from the computational costs point of view by implementing and validating the software prototype on the parallel architecture of CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture). The current parallel implementation is approximately 20 times faster than the unparallized one and decreases thus significantly the iteration cycle of the PBR design process.

Extratropical cyclones are responsible for a substantial portion of midlatitude climate variability and contribute to widespread impacts. The characteristics of extratropical cyclones, such as their spatial distribution and intensity, are thought to be dependent on the large scale circulation. The relationship between cyclone characteristics and modes of large-scale climate variability has been investigated in previous studies, but interactions between modes of climate variability have largely been ignored. Since extratropical cyclone characteristics may be related to interactions between phases, quantifying these relationships is an important step in improving the climatology of extratropical cyclones. The goal of this study is to quantify relationships between modes of climate variability and characteristics of strong cyclones in the contiguous United States. Using historical sea-level pressure data, cyclone intensity, frequency, and spatial distribution are investigated using a cyclone definition that combines the requirement for low pressure (1000 hPa or lower) and positive (cyclonic) vorticity. The large scale modes of climate variability considered include El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific North American (PNA) mode, and the Arctic Oscillation (AO). The analysis is divided into three phases focusing on (1) establishing a background cyclone climatology within the study area, (2) quantifying differences in cyclone characteristics between the positive and negative phases of the individual modes of climate variability, and (3) examining the interactions between the modes of climate variability as they relate to extratropical cyclone characteristics. The results are expected to provide an improved baseline for evaluation of coupled climate models and also have the potential to improve seasonal climate predictability.

In this work I illustrate the ways in which power structures function in operationalizing geographies of resistance in two particular carceral spaces. Specifically I examine the social organization and internal power relations present within hunger striking prison populations at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba and at Pelican Bay State Prison in Crescent City, California. I show that the Guantanamo hunger strikes are minimally organized with non-binding power structures, while the Pelican Bay hunger strikes have had greater levels of commitment, and have been more sophisticated in organization. I consider the relationships that exist between power, identity and violence within these hunger strike resistance movements. I contextualize these phenomena within a biopolitical framework that transgresses more traditional definitions of biopolitics; as opposed to conceptualizing biopolitics as a technology of power manifested by the state, I argue that oppressed populations, such as prisoners, construct their own power by regulating their own ‘vital biological processes’.

As crenças conjugais podem ser entendidas como um conjunto de ideias acerca de como o casamento e o cônjuge devem ser. Observa-se que os padrões de crenças mantidos em relação ao casamento interferem na qualidade conjugal, de modo que crenças realistas estariam vinculadas a relações mais satisfatórias e crenças irrealistas estariam associadas à insatisfação com o casamento. Assim, evidencia-se a importância de conhecer quais os estilos de crenças mantidos no casamento, o que traz à tona a questão da avaliação. Em âmbito internacional foram identificados alguns instrumentos criados e validados para a avaliação de elementos cognitivos influentes nas relações entre casais. Todavia, no cenário nacional verificou-se a ausência de instrumentos sobre crenças no casamento construídos e validados para a população brasileira. Dessa lacuna metodológica surgiu o interesse de criar um instrumento de avaliação das crenças no casamento. Desse modo, o presente estudo objetivou a construção e a validação da Escala de Crenças Conjugais (ECC). Para tanto, esta pesquisa foi composta por dois estudos: 1) Estudo I Construção da Escala de Crenças Conjugais (ECC); 2) Estudo II Validação da Escala de Crenças Conjugais (ECC). O Estudo I correspondeu à criação da ECC, com a realização de entrevistas e pesquisa na literatura para obtenção das crenças mais comuns sobre o casamento, seguida pela avaliação da validade de conteúdo dos itens da ECC. Desse primeiro estudo, resultou uma versão da ECC composta por 33 itens, dentre crenças conjugais realistas e irrealistas. O Estudo II correspondeu à validação de construto da ECC. Para tanto a versão da escala resultante do Estudo I foi aplicada numa amostra de 333 participantes, com escolaridade a partir do ensino fundamental completo, dentre homens e mulheres, solteiros e casados. Para verificar a validade de construto da ECC foram realizados testes de análise fatorial (AF), em que o método escolhido para este estudo foi o método de máxima verossimilhança com rotação quartimax. Os resultados da AF revelaram a existência de dois Fatores para a ECC identificados como Comunicação Interpessoal e Compromisso (CIC) e Papéis Sociais (PS). Após a obtenção dos Fatores foi realizada a análise da consistência interna de cada Fator por meio do cálculo do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach (α), em que constatou-se que ambos os Fatores apresentaram níveis satisfatórios de confiabilidade: CIC (α = 0,81) e PS (α = 0,70). Testes adicionais acerca de eventuais contrastes nos resultados de acordo com as características da amostra também foram realizados, por meio do Teste t de Student, verificando-se que na amostra deste estudo, os indivíduos mais jovens apresentaram níveis mais elevados no Fator 2 (PS), os indivíduos que haviam concluído um curso superior possuíam níveis mais elevados no Fator 1 (CIC) e os indivíduos solteiros apresentaram níveis mais elevados no Fator 2 (PS). Os dois estudos resultaram numa medida inédita de avaliação das crenças conjugais a ser utilizada em pesquisas brasileiras. Espera-se que a ECC possa ser útil no estudo das relações entre casais, possibilitando a realização de novas pesquisas e quiçá novas intervenções terapêuticas. / The marital beliefs can be understood as a set of ideas about how marriage and the spouse should be. It is observed that the patterns of beliefs held about marriage interfere with marital quality, so that realistic beliefs were linked to more satisfying relationships and unrealistic beliefs were associated with dissatisfaction with the marriage. Thus it is clear the importance of knowing which types of beliefs are held in a marriage, which raises the question about the evaluation. At the international level have been identified and validated instruments designed to evaluate cognitive elements influence the relationship between couples. However, on the national scene there is a lack of belief in marriage on instruments constructed and validated for the Brazilian population. With this methodological gap, there is the interest of creating an instrument for assessing beliefs in marriage. Thus, this study aimed at the construction and validation of the Marital Beliefs Scale (MBS). For this purpose, this research consisted of two studies: 1) First study - Construction of Marital Beliefs Scale (MBS), 2) Second study - Validation of the Marital Beliefs Scale (MBS). The first study corresponded to the creation of the MBS, with interviews and literature search to obtain the most common beliefs about marriage, followed by the evaluation of the content validity in MBS. This first study resulted in a version of the MBS included 33 items, among marital realistic and unrealistic beliefs. The second study was the construct validity of the MBS. For this purpose, was applied a sample of 333 participants using the scale of the first study. This sample covered education levels from complete elementary school, among men and women, married and single.To verify the construct validity of the MBS, tests were performed using the factor analysis (FA). In the FA were used the maximum likelihood method and the quartimax rotation. The results showed the existence of two significant factors identified as Interpersonal Communication and Commitment (ICC) and Social Role (SR). After obtaining these two factors, then the internal consistency was evaluated through Cronbach's alpha (α), where been observed satisfactory levels of reliability: ICC (α = 0.81) and SR (α = 0.70). Additional tests were also applied in relation to any contrasts within the results according to the characteristics of the sample, through the Student's t test. It was verified that the sample in this work: (a) younger subjects showed higher levels in Factor 2 (SR), (b) subjects who had completed a college degree had higher levels in Factor 1 (ICC); and (c) unmarried individuals showed higher levels in Factor 2 (SR). Both studies resulted in an unprecedented step for the evaluation of marital beliefs to be used in Brazilian studies. It is expected that the MBS can be useful in the study of relationships between couples, enabling new researchs and perhaps new therapeutic interventions.

Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete due to chloride ingress is one of the main causes of the deterioration of reinforced concrete structures, particularly in marine environments. It is therefore important to develop a reliable prediction model of chloride ingress into concrete, which can be used to predict the chloride concentration profiles accurately to help to assess the service life for reinforced concrete structures. Cementitious materials are porous media with a highly complex and active chemical composition. Ionic transport in cementitious materials is a complicated process involving mechanisms such as diffusion, migration, ionic binding, adsorption and electrochemical interactions taking place in the pore solution of the materials. The process is dependent on not only the microstructural properties of the materials such as porosity, pore size distribution and connectivity but also the electrochemical properties of the pore solution including ionic adsorption and ion-ion interactions. This thesis presents a numerical study on the multi-component ionic transport in concrete with the main focus on the microscopic scale. This study first investigated the impact of the Electric Double Layer (EDL) on the ionic transport in cement-based materials. The EDL is a well-known phenomenon found in porous materials, which caused by the surface charges at the interface between solid surfaces and pore solutions. The numerical investigation is performed by solving the multi-component ionic transport model with considering the surface charges for a cement paste subjected to an externally applied electric field. The surface charge in the present model is taken into account by modifying the Nernst-Planck equation in which the electrostatic potential is dependent not only on the externally applied electric field but also on the dissimilar diffusivity of different ionic species including the surface charges. Some important features about the impact of surface charge on the concentration distribution, migration speed and flux of individual ionic species are discussed. Then a new one-dimensional numerical model for the multi-component ionic transport in concrete to simulate the rapid chloride migration test is proposed. Advantages and disadvantages of the traditional methods used to determine the local electrostatic potential, i.e. electro-neutrality condition and Poisson’s equation, are illustrated. Based on the discussion a new electro-neutrality condition is presented, which can avoid the numerical difficulties caused by the Poisson’s equation, and remain the non-linearity of the electric field distribution. This model with the new electro-neutrality condition is employed to simulate the RCM test to prove its applicability. The new model is promising in solving the multi-component ionic transport problems especially in microscopic scale. Lastly, a one-dimensional numerical investigation on the chloride ingress in a surface-treated mortar with considering the penetration of sealer induced porosity gradient was performed. The numerical model was carefully treated to apply governing equations of ionic transport to this situation of two pore structures, with every parameter clearly defined on the microscopic scale.

abstract: Legal cynicism, a concept that reflects how individuals feel about the law, can be linked to different theoretical traditions. However, inconsistencies in the way legal cynicism is operationalized abound. This study aimed to develop a more complete and psychometrically-sound measure of legal cynicism. Factor-analytic procedures were used on a sample of 502 undergraduate university students to create the scale and to test its directional accuracy. Using promax-rotated principal-axis factor analysis, a 4 dimensional factor structure emerged—legal apathy, legal corruption, legal discrimination, and low legal legitimacy. The 21-item scale has a high level of internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .85; mean inter-item r = .58). Results from ordinary least squares regression models confirmed that the multidimensional legal cynicism scale is significantly correlated with criminal offending (β = .34, p < .001), net of low self-control and demographic characteristics. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Criminal Justice 2015