[pt] Um gerador de pasta de gelo foi desenvolvido para o estudo experimental de suas características de transferência de calor. Uma das características da pasta de gelo é que pode ser bombeada como qualquer líquido. O gerador de pasta de gelo é um evaporador, do tipo trocador de calor de superfície raspada com intensificação mecânica de transferência de calor. Foi estabelecida a influência de vários parâmetros na transferência de calor no gerador de pasta de gelo: a vazão mássica, a velocidade de rotação do raspador, a temperatura da parede na interface, a temperatura de operação da solução aquosa, entre outros. Estudou-se tanto a transferência de calor com ou sem mudança de fase. Utilizaram-se soluções aquosas de etanol com diferentes concentrações. A pasta de gelo era produzida continuamente sem acumulação no evaporador. O gerador era parte de um sistema integral contendo os seguintes componentes: o sistema de medição da fração de gelo on-line, através da medição da massa específica da pasta de gelo; uma bomba helicoidal de cavidade progressiva, que permitia controlar a vazão, por meio de um variador de freqüência; um aquecedor elétrico, atuando como carga térmica, com a possibilidade de variar a capacidade desta carga térmica e, com isto, o controle da temperatura de operação do sistema; e o sistema de aquisição de dados. Foi estabelecido um modelo para determinar, experimentalmente, o número de Nusselt e, por conseguinte, o coeficiente interno de transferência de calor da pasta de gelo. Utilizou-se uma unidade condensadora convencional, com R22 como fluido refrigerante. A pasta de gelo resultante era bombeada continuamente em um circuito fechado, assegurando o estudo de um fluido homogeneamente distribuído, visto que o circuito não permitia a acumulação de pasta de gelo. Os sistemas de geração de pasta de gelo apresentam potencial para reduzir significativamente os custos de capital inicial e operação, quando comparados com tecnologias de sistemas de termoacumulação estáticos de gelo ou dinâmicos, como o ice harvesting. / [en] An ice slurry generator for was developed for the experimental study of its heat transfer characteristics. One of the main characteristic of ice slurry is that it can be pumped as any liquid. The ice slurry generator is an evaporator, with mechanical heat transfer enhancement, by surface scraping. The dependence of several parameters on heat exchanger performance was established. They included: mass flow rate, scraped rotational velocity, surface temperature, solution operating temperature. Single and two-phase flow was studied. Aqueous ethanol solutions, of different concentrations, were used. Ice slurry was produced on a continuous basis. The experimental apparatus consisted of the heat exchanger itself, an on-line ice mass fraction measurement device, a helicoidal positive displacement variable flow rate pump, an electrical heater, the data acquisition system and a R22 condensing unit. The ice slurry was pumped continuously on a closed circuit, providing a homogeneous fluid, as no accumulation of ice was possible. Ice slurry systems have the potential of significant reduction on capital and maintenance costs, when compared to traditional technologies, static or dynamic, of ice thermoaccumulation.

Secondary working fluids (secondary refrigerants, heat transfer fluids, antifreezes, brines) have long been used in various indirect re-frigeration and heat pump systems. Aqueous solutions (water solu-tions) have long been used as single phase (liquid only) secondary working fluids for cooling in supermarkets, ice rinks, heat recovery systems, heat pumps and other applications. However, aqueous solutions are increasingly used also for freezers in supermarkets and other applications in low temperature refrigeration. Of importance when comparing different secondary working fluids for indirect systems are the following basic thermophysical properties: freezing point, density, viscosity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. Reliable data of these properties are needed to choose suitable fluid and to make technical calculations of an indirect refrigeration or heat pump system. The main intention of this work has been to select thermophysical property data with good or acceptable technical accuracy of a number of aqueous solutions that can be used by the refrigeration and heat pump industry, rather than focusing on a limited number of property values or scientifically very accurate measuring techniques. A thorough literature search was in view of this made to find the most reliable property values of aqueous solutions. Detailed literature references are given for thermo-physical properties of the following aqueous solutions, without other additives: Ethylene and propylene glycol, ethyl and methyl alcohol, glycerol, ammonia, potassium carbonate, calcium, lithium, magnesium and sodium chlorides as well as potassium acetate and potassium formate. Some laboratory measurements were made of most of the fluid types when literature values were incomplete or deemed unreliable. Methods used are briefly described and results are given. Much of the work was reported on in the Engineering Licentiate Thesis: Thermophysical properties of liquid secondary refrigerants, A Critical Review on Literature References and Laboratory Measure-ments (Melinder 1998a). That material forms the basis for the charts and tables used in the IIR-publication Thermophysical properties of liquid secondary refrigerants (Melinder, 1997). The present thesis reports on an update made since 1998, including re-view work done on two additional fluids not covered in Melinder (1998a). The thesis describes how the selection of property values results in tables and charts intended for the industry. Coefficients for poly-nomial equations are generated from these property values using a Matlab program and this material is intended as a useful tool for computer treatment. Aqueous solution of ethyl alcohol is used as example to see how this process is made. This choice of fluid can also be seen as a test of this method, as the basic thermophysical properties of aqueous solutions of ethyl alcohol present more chal-lenges than the other fluids examined. A comparison is made of a few types of aqueous solutions used as secondary working fluids for two types of applications. The first example is bedrock heat pumps and the second is cooling cabinets in a supermarket. An effort is made to see how the additive con-centration affects the thermal performance. Most aqueous solutions used as single-phase secondary fluids can also be used as ice slurry, a fluid consisting of liquid and ice where small ice crystals are produced, usually with some type of ice generator. The ice crystals are then transported to the cooling object from which heat is removed when ice crystals melt. This results in less temperature change in the cooling object and makes it also possible to reduce the volume flow rate and to use smaller pipe dimensions in the system. In order to choose a secondary fluid for ice slurry use and to make correct technical calculations of the ice slurry system there is a need to examine and evaluate thermo-physical properties and other aspects of ice and of the aqueous solution used. For dimensioning purposes it is of interest to estimate ice mass fraction and enthalpy values and enthalpy-phase diagrams can serve that purpose. This thesis presents enthalpy-phase diagrams made by author that besides isotherms contain lines with ice fraction and lines connecting enthalpies at freezing point and 1, 2, etc. to 10 K below the freezing point curve. / QC 20100609

Aqueous solutions of organic or inorganic salts are used as secondary refrigerants in indirect refrigeration systems to transport and transfer heat. Water is known for its corrosive character and secondary refrigerants based on aqueous solutions have the same tendency. The least corrosive from the aqueous solutions are glycols and alcohols. Salt solutions, such as chlorides and potassium salts, are much more corrosive. Nevertheless, it is possible to minimize corrosion risks at the beginning stage while designing system. Proper design can significantly help in improving system performance against corrosion. There are several aspects which need to be taken into account while working with secondary refrigerants: design of system, selection of secondary refrigerant, proper corrosion inhibitors, compatible materials used to build the installation and proper preparation of system to operation. While choosing proper materials it is advised to avoid the formation of a galvanic couple to reduce the risk of the most dangerous type of corrosion. Oxygen present in installation is another important factor increasing the rate of corrosion. Even small amounts of oxygen can significantly affect the system lifetime. The methods of cleaning, charging the system with refrigerant, and deaeration procedures are extremely important. The purpose of this thesis work is to present the problems of corrosion occurring in the indirect systems with secondary refrigerants. The thesis describes the mechanism of corrosion and its different types, most commonly used materials in installation, different corrosion inhibitors used to protect system. This thesis also lists the available secondary refrigerants on the market and briefly describes them. Further, it describes the important aspects related with designing, preparing and maintaining of indirect systems. This thesis is giving some clues and shows what should be done in order to reduce risks of corrosion. / Effsys 2 P2 project