Male stereotyping together with perception of women as inferior is hindering recognition of women in senior managerial positions. Through pervious studies regarding female leadership, conducted all over the world, the theme of women being treated differently than males is fundamentally central to all the conclusions. Not many studies relating to this topic have been conducted in South Africa and yet we are in the forefront when it comes to identifying the need to develop women into positions where they can add value on various levels. Some of the issues have even been captured in legislation. However, despite government’s intervention, it is crucial that women take ownership of their own destiny. Unless women can prove that they can add value in the positions that they are appointed, they will not be seen as leaders. To be a successful leader an individual must have certain skills and traits. Some of these can be developed over time, however the individual must first admit that there is a need and identify the area in which personal growth must take place, before a plan can be implemented. Once this point has been reached, a self-management plan can be developed by the individual to align his / her objectives. There are various components to the self-management plan and such a plan cannot always be duplicated, but the focus areas can overlap. If an individual can identify a mentor and enter into a mentoring program, it can give such an individual a huge advantage. Internal and external factors play a role in the development and implementation of a self-management plan. The problem is that one does not always have much control over these elements. Some of these elements include the corporate culture of the organisation in which females functions and the manner in which a female is able to balance work-life. This study determined that males and females agree that female managers add as much value as male managers. Further to the above, it has become evident that A Botha 344-123-44 iv males have different perceptions relating to the issues of how women are experiencing the work environment and the implementation of policies that relate to employment equity. The impact of perception must not be excluded since it can have the effect that people distinguish between leadership skills and traits on different levels. Unless female leaders can make male leaders realise that they experience the work environment and the implementation of policies that relate to employment equity differently than the manner in which males perceive it, they will not be able to get males to change the situation, since males believe that there are nothing wrong with the current situation. This brings one back to the change in culture and the issue that as a result of male dominance in the work place, it is also the males that determine the current culture. It is therefore important for females to take responsibility of the situation and where necessary change the perceptions of males to ensure that as women they are not hindered from receiving the recognition that they deserve.

<p>Autonomic computing is a paradigm that aims at reducing administrative overhead by using autonomic managers to make applications self-managing. To better deal with large-scale dynamic environments; and to improve scalability, robustness, and performance; we advocate for distribution of management functions among several cooperative autonomic managers that coordinate their activities in order to achieve management objectives. Programming autonomic management in turn requires programming environment support and higher level abstractions to become feasible.</p><p>In this thesis we present an introductory part and a number of papers that summaries our work in the area of autonomic computing. We focus on enabling and achieving self-management for large scale and/or dynamic distributed applications. We start by presenting our platform, called Niche, for programming self-managing component-based distributed applications. Niche supports a network-transparent view of system architecture simplifying designing application self-* code.  Niche provides a concise and expressive API for self-* code. The implementation of the framework relies on scalability and robustness of structured overlay networks. We have also developed a distributed file storage service, called YASS, to illustrate and evaluate Niche.</p><p>After introducing Niche we proceed by presenting a methodology and design space for designing the management part of a distributed self-managing application in a distributed manner. We define design steps, that includes partitioning of management functions and orchestration of multiple autonomic managers. We illustrate the proposed design methodology by applying it to the design and development of an improved version of our distributed storage service YASS as a case study.</p><p>We continue by presenting a generic policy-based management framework which has been integrated into Niche. Policies are sets of rules that govern the system behaviors and reflect the business goals or system management objectives. The policy based management is introduced to simplify the management and reduce the overhead, by setting up policies to govern system behaviors. A prototype of the framework is presented and two generic policy languages (policy engines and corresponding APIs), namely SPL and XACML, are evaluated using our self-managing file storage application YASS as a case study.</p><p>Finally, we present a generic approach to achieve robust services that is based on finite state machine replication with dynamic reconfiguration of replica sets. We contribute a decentralized algorithm that maintains the set of resource hosting service replicas in the presence of churn. We use this approach to implement robust management elements as robust services that can operate despite of churn.</p><p> </p> / QC 20100520

New Zealand is currently in the midst of a diabetes epidemic and it has become clear that the increasing prevalence of obesity and a sedentary lifestyle are inextricably linked to this escalating health crisis. Extensive research has long made clear that people of all ages can enhance their health by incorporating moderate levels of physical activity as part of their normal daily routine and physical activity is now recognised as a major therapeutic modality for type 2 diabetes. Despite such evidence, most people in the western world do not engage in sufficient regular physical activity and there remains a paucity of evidence that elucidates effective methods of achieving the required behaviour change over time. This study set out to demonstrate meaningful correlations between the psychosocial constructs optimism, exercise self-efficacy, goal-directness, stage of change, anxiety and depression, the biochemical measures HbA1c and BMI and also the behavioural outcomes of general physical activity and physical exercise participation, all within a newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic population. Participants (n=30, newly diagnosed adults with type 2 diabetes; mean age 61.46 years; BMI 31.43 Kg/m²[range 18.8-50.95 Kg/m²]) were recruited from attendees of the Christchurch Diabetes Centre's education seminars. The recruitment strategy was designed to search out diabetic patients as near as practicable to the point in time when they first became cognisant of their disease state. A battery of instruments was assembled into a researcher-administered retrospective questionnaire and this was completed with all subjects at baseline and again at six month follow-up. Additional data comprised subject's demographics and selected bio-chemical measures (subject height, weight, and blood Haemoglobin A1c). Descriptive, correlational and qualitative statistics were evaluated. The level of physical activity reported was significantly less than is required to facilitate the biochemical and psychological changes that are generally considered necessary to support optimal health. On average, study participants did not perform their planned physical activity tasks as well as they might have, despite being relatively optimistic and goal-directed at baseline. Many participants clearly indicated an inadequate understanding of exercise modalities and the intensity, duration and frequency of physical activity required to support optimal health. Generally, participants tended to overestimate their physical activity levels. Exercise self-efficacy emerged as an especially important psychological construct, and one that appeared to be among those central to the participants' relationships with physical activity and exercise. The study group demonstrated a relatively high prevalence of low level anxiety and depression, and even at these sub-clinical levels, anxiety and depression were significantly inversely related to optimism, goal-directness, goal-attainment, exercise self-efficacy and stage of change. The study findings illuminate the wide contextual variability among patients who are suffering from the same chronic condition. Further, the implications of conducting detailed pre-assessments of patients' personal characteristics and their psychological profiles, in order to guide intervention tailoring, are also outlined and discussed. Areas for future research are highlighted. In conclusion, meso and macro-level policy implications are discussed, with reference to an array of the broader determinants of health.

Problem statement: As a result of the aging population, the number of people living with chronic disease has increased to almost 50% (CDC, 2004). Two of the main goals in treating patients with chronic diseases are to provide seamless care from setting to setting and prevent disability in the older adult. Many have proposed the use of electronic personal health record systems (PHRs) in the self-management process, but adoption remains low. The purpose of this research was to validate and test an explanatory model of the barriers and facilitators to older adults' adoption of personal health records for self-managing chronic illnesses. The long range goal of the research is to use the explanatory model to develop interventions that will maximize the facilitators and minimize the barriers to adoption. Methods: A preliminary attempt to capture the essential barriers and facilitators that predict adoption of PHRs among older adults with chronic illness was synthesized from the literature. In Phase One of the study, the model was integrated from existing literature and validated using a Delphi method. In Phase Two of the study, the model was pilot tested and refined for future investigations. Findings: The results of this study validated the Personal Health Records Adoption Model (PHRAM) and a preliminary instrument that measured barriers and facilitators to the adoption of PHRs in older adults who are self managing chronic illness. Additional findings indicate that while seniors are seeking options to manage their health and have expressed an interest in using Internet-based PHRs, they may require assistance to gain access to PHRs. Implications: The potential for PHRs to increase patient autonomy and reduce for disability and the resulting negative health consequences needs further investigation as we move into the next era of healthcare delivery. The results of this study provided the foundation for continued theoretically-based research in this area.

Class of 2017 Abstract / Objectives: Specific Aim 1: Pharmacist will use pharmacological pain self-management strategies over non- pharmacological strategies. Specific Aim 2: Pharmacist pain self-management strategies will differ based on whether or not the pharmacist has chronic pain. Specific Aim 3: Pharmacist pain self-management strategies will differ across age. Specific Aim 4: Pharmacist pain self-management strategies will differ across gender. Methods: A survey was sent to all pharmacists with an email address registered with the State Board of Pharmacy in a single Southwestern state. The survey asked about characteristics of pain, strategies for managing pain, outcomes, and demographics. The primary outcome was severity of pain after treatment. Results: Responses were received from 417 pharmacists; 219 reported acute, 206 reported chronic pain, and 55 reported no pain. The chronic pain group was more likely to have a disability with poor/fair health status (P<0.006) and to report higher levels of pain before treatment (6.9 versus 5.8). Both groups reported similar relief from all strategies (76% versus 78% ; P equals 0.397), but the chronic pain group reported higher levels of pain after treatment (3.2 versus 2.0), less confidence in pain management, and less satisfaction (P less than 0.004). Conclusions: Age and gender did not affect the use of specific pain management strategies or the amount of pain relief received from all strategies used by participants with either acute or chronic pain. However, participants with chronic pain had higher levels of pain before and after treatment.

Male stereotyping together with perception of women as inferior is hindering recognition of women in senior managerial positions. Through pervious studies regarding female leadership, conducted all over the world, the theme of women being treated differently than males is fundamentally central to all the conclusions. Not many studies relating to this topic have been conducted in South Africa and yet we are in the forefront when it comes to identifying the need to develop women into positions where they can add value on various levels. Some of the issues have even been captured in legislation. However, despite government’s intervention, it is crucial that women take ownership of their own destiny. Unless women can prove that they can add value in the positions that they are appointed, they will not be seen as leaders. To be a successful leader an individual must have certain skills and traits. Some of these can be developed over time, however the individual must first admit that there is a need and identify the area in which personal growth must take place, before a plan can be implemented. Once this point has been reached, a self-management plan can be developed by the individual to align his / her objectives. There are various components to the self-management plan and such a plan cannot always be duplicated, but the focus areas can overlap. If an individual can identify a mentor and enter into a mentoring program, it can give such an individual a huge advantage. Internal and external factors play a role in the development and implementation of a self-management plan. The problem is that one does not always have much control over these elements. Some of these elements include the corporate culture of the organisation in which females functions and the manner in which a female is able to balance work-life. This study determined that males and females agree that female managers add as much value as male managers. Further to the above, it has become evident that A Botha 344-123-44 iv males have different perceptions relating to the issues of how women are experiencing the work environment and the implementation of policies that relate to employment equity. The impact of perception must not be excluded since it can have the effect that people distinguish between leadership skills and traits on different levels. Unless female leaders can make male leaders realise that they experience the work environment and the implementation of policies that relate to employment equity differently than the manner in which males perceive it, they will not be able to get males to change the situation, since males believe that there are nothing wrong with the current situation. This brings one back to the change in culture and the issue that as a result of male dominance in the work place, it is also the males that determine the current culture. It is therefore important for females to take responsibility of the situation and where necessary change the perceptions of males to ensure that as women they are not hindered from receiving the recognition that they deserve.

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / Ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the leading causes of death and disability globally, accounting for a combined 15 million deaths. Disability following a stroke is complex and multidimensional. Disability and functioning post stroke can be conceptualized within the framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The involvement of the individual in their rehabilitation and recovery is essential. Therefore, it is a necessity for individuals, particularly in a low resource setting to engage in selfmanagement activities. Bandura’s social cognitive theory based on self-efficacy, forms the basis of self-management programmes. Self-management relates to one’s ability to manage one’s consequences post stroke, and self-efficacy has been proven to be pivotal in the management and improvement of long-term conditions. The aim of the study was to explore the self-management strategies employed by stroke survivors in the Western Cape, South Africa through an exploratory, qualitative design. Prior to the commencement of the data collection phase, ethical clearance was sought from the University of the Western Cape Research Ethics Committee. Participants were recruited from an urban and rural area in the Western Cape. An interview guide was developed based on previous literature. Interview questions were related to 1) what self-management strategies were adopted to address activity limitations and participation restrictions and 2) strategies used to address environmental challenges.

Conflict resolution education tends to emphasize the analysis of conflict dynamics, and skills for communication and problem-solving. The role of emotions, and practical strategies for one’s own emotional self-management have received less attention. Emotional dysregulation in conflict may interfere with the use of learned conflict resolution skills, thus reducing transfer of learning. The study explored the possible influence of mindfulness practice on emotional self-management, and subsequent transfer of learning in interpersonal conflict. This modified qualitative case study involved 15 adult undergraduate students in the researcher’s class on “Managing Conflict.” Mindfulness practice was included in every class, and subjects kept a journal on their frequency of out-of-class practice. Subjects were interviewed before the start of the class on their ways of handling conflict, and were asked to describe a recent conflict they had been involved in. A post-class interview asked the same questions, as well as exploring subjects’ experience of mindfulness. Findings revealed that for this group of subjects, frequency of mindfulness practice had little influence on emotional self-management or transfer of learning. However, subjects’ stance toward mindfulness, a qualitative descriptor, appeared to positively influence both emotional self-management and transfer of learning. Stance toward mindfulness was described as focusing on either self-soothing or self-awareness. Subjects reporting a self-awareness stance were more likely to report managing their emotions in conflict, regardless of whether their dominant emotion in a conflict was anger or fear. They were also more likely to report transfer of learning (specifically, the ability to identify causes of conflict and the other party’s needs, to use receptive communication skills, and to incorporate mindful awareness in the negotiation process). Self-awareness appeared to be a foundational capacity that supported emotional self-management and transfer of learning for this group of subjects. Possible implications for the field of conflict resolution, and directions for future research, are discussed.

Abstract Introduction: Diabetes type 1 is a chronic autoimmune disease requiring lifelong insulin therapy. Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common endocrine disorders affecting children and adolescents and the disease is often accompanied by severe complications. Treatment of type 1 diabetes is greatly facilitated by self-motivation to achieve good self-care and thereby reduce the risk of complications. It is important with good treatment and support to reach young people with type 1 diabetes for them to accept their illness and learn to live with it. Purpose: The purpose of this literature study is to describe the support young people with type 1 diabetes may need to live with their disease. Method: Literature review made up of current scientific journal articles and scientific reports published the last 10 years. The articles were searched on the databases PubMed and Cinahl. Results:  Sixteen articles were found. In the analysis of the articles, 5 themes emerged: support from parents and family, support from healthcare, support from friends and support from others with diabetes. The result of the literature study shows that young people need positive support and feedback to manage their illness and self-care. Conclusions: The teenagers with type 1 diabetes need support to manage their illness. This is achieved through a good communication from health care, parents, family, friends and groups, and this in turn leads to a personal development which increases knowledge and gives them experience to take responsibility in their own care.

O presente estudo tem por objeto a organização do trabalhador do setor habitacional da Construção Civil em cooperativas de trabalho. Partimos dos pressupostos do cooperativismo - constituição democrática, autogestão, vantagens fiscais em relação a outros tipos de empresa e predileção do Estado prevista em lei -, para compreender quais características do modo de produção capitalista do setor interferem na formação, organização do trabalho e inserção no mercado das cooperativas de trabalhadores. Para tanto, buscamos compreender as razões da formação e da manutenção de uma base manufatureira de produção no setor - pautada na divisão intelectual e na precarização do trabalho e suas possíveis influências e distorções na organização do trabalho no sentido original de uma cooperativa. Também analisamos a atual organização do mercado de trabalho - marcada pela sub-contratação, terceirização de serviços e conseqüente suspensão de direitos trabalhistas adquiridos - buscando entender como o capital tem se utilizado das cooperativas e de seus princípios organizacionais. Por fim, levantamos possibilidades emancipadoras do trabalhador cooperativado na Construção Civil, bem como o papel que caberia ao arquiteto nesse processo. / The object of this study is the organization of the labour force of the house building sector in cooperatives. We started with the principles of cooperative work democratic constitution, self management, lower taxes than in other enterprises, and State support established by law -, to understand which characteristics of the capitalist mode of production interfere with the formation and the organization of labour and the insertion of the cooperatives in the market. To this effect, we sought to understand the reasons of the formation and upkeep of a production basis in manufacture of this sector based on the intectual division and precarious nature of labour and their eventual influences and distortions in labour organization in the original sense of a cooperative. We also analised the current organization of the labour market wrought by sub-contracting, outsourcing and consequent suspension of labour rights trying to understand how capital uses the cooperatives and its principles. Finally, we surveyed the emancipatory possibilities of cooperative work in the building industry, as well as the role Architects in this process.