This dissertation deals with the community making practices of young Senegalese followers of the Muridiyya Sufi order (the Murids) in Brazil, a lesser-known destination for French-speaking West African migrants. The study offers an ethnographic exploration of everyday life among these Sufi Muslims in three Brazilian state capitals: Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, and São Paulo. The dissertation focuses on the contextual meanings and impacts of their public expressions of religiosity reflected in their dress codes, devotional musical performances, and chanting of African Sufi poetry. Senegal began its “Large Infrastructure Projects” in early 2000. The State sought to build a modern nation capable of attracting foreign investment and tourists through this economic plan. In the process, it brutally displaced many informal workers. The dissertation follows the trajectories of some of these informal workers from Senegal to Brazil. Drawing on twenty-one months of archival research and participant observation, I show how these African Muslim migrants adjust their professional skills and religious rituals to strategically bring Islam into the Brazilian public sphere amidst a global climate of Islamophobia and the rise of right-wing politicians. By shifting the focus of analysis away from simplistic tropes of migrants’ suffering, my research finds that these Senegalese migrants respond to racism by creating a public religious identity centered on Muslim ethics. They contrast this image with prevailing understandings of Africanness in Brazil, which are entwined with slavery and non-Islamic forms of spirituality. Ultimately, this dissertation highlights the tensions that arise as these young Black Muslims seek to live an ethical life under capitalism and against Brazil’s racial politics. / 2025-09-18T00:00:00Z

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-08-02T16:53:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andressa Gazzana Reis_.pdf: 1361839 bytes, checksum: 60874ec9658f359ec4d8f02d867417e9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-02T16:53:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andressa Gazzana Reis_.pdf: 1361839 bytes, checksum: 60874ec9658f359ec4d8f02d867417e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-28 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / Os movimentos migratórios são fenômenos recorrentes na sociedade, devido à necessidade dos indivíduos de se deslocarem para outros territórios em busca de dos mais diferentes motivos. Fluxos que se tornam visíveis, em grande escala e em diferentes contextos, muitas vezes a partir das matérias publicadas pelos diferentes veículos de comunicação. Assim, considerando o campo do social, as questões imigratórias, a imprensa e o estado do Rio Grande do Sul como ponto de partida, o presente trabalho busca compreender como o jornal Zero Hora constrói discursivamente os imigrantes haitianos e senegaleses que se encontram presentes no Rio Grande do Sul, entre o período de 2014 e 2015. Com base na análise realizada, foi possível verificar que o jornal estabelece diferentes construções discursivas relacionadas a esses indivíduos, a partir da fala de diferentes atores – sejam eles representantes do setor público, do setor privado ou da sociedade civil. Discursos sociais envoltos por uma gramática étnico-racial, voltada para a conquista de uma vida melhor em um novo território. / Migratory movements are recurrent phenomena throughout time, due to the need of individuals to move to other territories in search of different motivations. They are flows that become visible, on a large scale and in different contexts, frequently owing to the news published by the different media. Thus, considering the social area, the immigration thematic, the press and the state of Rio Grande do Sul as its basis, the present research seeks to understand how the Zero Hora newspaper discursively constructs the Haitian and Senegalese immigrants who were living in Rio Grande do Sul during the period of 2014 and 2015. Based on the analysis conducted, it was possible to verify that the newspaper establishes different discursive constructions related to these individuals, based on the speeches of different actors – being they representatives of the public sector, of the private sector or from the civil society. Social discourses surrounded by an ethnic-racial grammar, focused on the achievement of a better life in a new territory.

Senegal’s leading role in the development of African modernism in the 1960s is well known. Lesser-known is that, a century earlier, photography first arrived and took root in Senegal before circulating across French West Africa. This dissertation focuses on the genre of photographic portraiture in a country that did not have sculptural or masquerade traditions. It studies the ways in which photography accommodated and fostered new social and artistic practices and identities in Senegal between 1860—when the first studio opened in Saint Louis, the historical capital—and the 1960s, when photography became a “social imperative,” to use Geoffrey Batchen’s description (2001). The first chapter discusses cartes-de-visite commissioned as early as the 1860s by the first Senegalese patrons. In the course of this discussion, I challenge unilateral conceptions of photography as an apparatus of ideological control monopolized by the colonial authority. Chapter Two argues that Islam—the predominant religion in Senegal since the late nineteenth century—facilitated the popularity of the genre of portraiture through the circulation of devotional images in the form of lithographs, glass painting and photographs between the 1890s and 1920s. Chapter Three focuses on two photo series by amateur photographers from Saint Louis in the interwar period. I argue that these snapshots delineate the birth of a new subjectivity that neither mimicked French culture, nor conformed to Wolof customs. The last chapter juxtaposes the work of Mama Casset and Oumar Ka, two studio photographers working in the 1960s and 70s, in the capital and the rural interior of the country, respectively. In doing so I revisit the association between photography’s modernity and urban living, and propose that modernity can also be linked with “rural” tastes and styles. Rather than interpret it as either a “foreign” or “local” technology, this dissertation traces the fluctuations of photography’s significance in a dialectic relation with European, Islamic, American, African and Indian sources, revealing the nature of the medium as a multiplier of visions. Given Senegal's privileged status within La Grande France, this analysis will contribute to our understanding of the relationship between photography and modernity in Africa and beyond.

This thesis is concerned with inscriptions of gender and space in the novels of two African women writers, Mariama Bâ and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, particularly Bâ’s So Long a Letter (1981) and Scarlet Song (1986) and Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus (2004) and Half of a Yellow Sun (2006). The exploration of representations of gendered identity is thus integrated with an awareness of space/place. By exploring the demarcation and enunciation of space within my chosen texts, I hope to provide new perspectives on the question of gendered identities and relations. The theorizing of gender identities and relations thus gains a new orientation from its application in relation to the theorizing of space and spatiality. As many theorists have argued, space is an important aspect to consider because it is not a neutral site: it becomes invested with meanings and encodes particular values and relations of power which can be contested and negotiated. This is particularly evident when looking at questions of gender identity, roles and relations. ‘Geographies of gender’ are established not only in the coding of spaces as ‘masculine’ and feminine’ but also in the kinds of sociality which they encourage and the power-relations they encode. If space is central to masculinist power, it is also important in the development of feminine resistance. Drawing on a range of theorists, I endeavour to pursue a gendered analysis of space/place through a reading of particular locations (the home, the street, the village) as expressive of power relations, gender identities and roles. I also consider how space/place is differently experienced and inhabited by men and women as well as how dominant constructions of space/place, which are also invested with meaning and power relations, come to be negotiated or contested. In all four novels explored in this thesis, the home is revealed as a dominant site of inscription, a space which tends to reflect and reinforce dominant social identities and roles. In this sense, the home is often figured as a site of patriarchal and gendered oppression, a central domain in which normative definitions of gender are established and reinforced. What is also clear, however, is that way in which the home also becomes a site for the contestation and renegotiation of gender identities and roles, a place where conventional identities can be challenged and new identities explored. In this sense, the home is revealed as a major site of contestation in which the tensions between different experiences and interpretations of space based on contrasting cultural definitions of power relations, gender identities and roles are played out. If the ordering of space is an important means of securing dominant gender relations, it also provides the means for negotiation and resistance. This is reflected not only the alternative ii examples of home explored in these novels but also in liberating spaces such as the school, the beach and the university. In the destabilisation and destruction of the home, the links between self and place becomes apparent as new identities are formed and conventional roles are redefined.

The challenging living conditions of many Senegalese families, and the absence of a providing spouse, have led women to covet new economic opportunities, such as microcredit loans. These loans offer Senegalese women the possibility to financially support their households and become active participants in their economies by starting or sustaining their micro businesses. The study takes place in Grand-Yoff, an overpopulated peri-urban area of the Senegalese capital city Dakar, where most people face daily survival issues. This research examines the impact of microcredit activities in the household of Senegalese female loan recipients in Grand-Yoff by examining socio-economic indicators, in particular outcomes of health, education and nutrition. The research total sample is constituted of 166 female participants who engage in microcredit activities. The research combines both qualitative and quantitative methods. Data for the study were gathered through interviews, surveys, participant observation, focus-groups with the study participants and some of their household members, and document analysis. While some women in the study make steady profits from their business activities, others struggle to make ends meet from their businesses’ meager or unreliable profits. Some study participants who are impoverished have no choice but to invest their loans directly into their households’ dire needs, hence missing their business prerogative. Many women in the study end up in a vicious cycle of debt by defaulting on their loans or making late payments because they do not have the required household and socio-economic conditions to take advantage of these loans. Therefore, microcredit does not make a significant impact in the households of the poorest female participants. The study finds that microcredit improves the household well-being - especially nutrition, health and education - of the participants who have acquired significant social capital such as a providing spouse, formal education, training, business experience, and belonging to business or social networks. The study finds that microcredit’s household impact is intimately tied to the female borrowers’ household conditions and social capital. It is recommended that microcredit services and programs offer their female clients assistance and additional basic services, financial guidance, lower interest rates, and flexible repayment schedules.

Les transferts d’argent des émigrés attirent l’intérêt des organismes internationaux qui les considèrent comme une manne financière à mettre au service du développement des pays d’origine. Ils constituent également un objet d’étude qui occupe une place centrale dans la littérature scientifique notamment dans le domaine de l’économie. Dans cette thèse, les transferts d’argents seront considérés dans une perspective socio-anthropologique, mettant en perspective les remises des émigrés par rapport au processus d’individualisation à l’oeuvre en situation migratoire et dans les sociétés africaines. Les enquêtes par entretien semi-directif réalisées qui viennent en appoint des observations classiques et netnographiques permettent de mettre en évidence le sens que les émigrés accordent à l’aide financière individuelle et collective qu’ils apportent à leurs proches, les différentes stratégies qu’ils mettent en place pour en contrôler l’usage, et les interprétations qu’ils font des normes de redistribution communautaire. / The remittances of migrants attract the interest of international organizations which consider them a financial windfall for the development of countries of origin. They are also an object of study which occupies a central place in the scientific literature, especially in the field of economics. In this thesis, remittances are considered from a socio-anthropological perspective, putting into perspective the remittances of emigrants in relation to the process of individualisation at work in migratory situation and in African societies.Semi-directive interviews carried out in addition to classical and netnographic observations make it possible to highlight the meaning that the emigrants give to the individual and collective financial assistance they provide to their family, the different strategies employed by the emigrants to control the use of remittances, and their own interpretations of the standards of community redistribution.

L‟objectif de toute analyse économique sur l‟offre de travail, est en général, de mieux cerner les problématiques liées à l‟emploi permettant de décliner des politiques en direction du marché du travail. Cette thèse n‟échappe pas à cet objectif bien qu‟elle soit orientée vers les femmes. A partir des analyses développées dans cette thèse, nous avons apporté un nouvel éclairage sur les facteurs déterminants qui poussent ou empêchent la femme sénégalaise à intégrer le marché du travail. Les approches théoriques développées, nous ont conduit à considérer la nature des relations conjugales, les différentes perceptions du travail et des obligations familiales correspondants à différents types de comportements féminins d‟offre de travail. Le comportement d‟offre de travail de la femme sénégalaise est ainsi influencé par des caractéristiques individuelles telles que l‟âge, le niveau d‟éducation, et des caractéristiques familiales courantes telles que la présence d‟enfant(s) de moins de 5ans dans le ménage, la présence d‟un conjoint (statut matrimonial), le revenu du conjoint, la taille du ménage, le statut monétaire matérialisé par la pauvreté, le versement de transferts à des descendants ou ascendants.Par le biais de la modélisation logistique dichotomique et multinomiale, nous avons montré que le niveau d‟éducation est positivement corrélé à la participation des femmes sur le marché du travail et constitue de surcroît, un ticket d‟entrée dans le secteur public. Contrairement au statut matrimonial (être mariée), la présence d‟enfants de moins de 5 ans et le revenu du conjoint ne semblent pas être un obstacle à l‟intégration des femmes sur le marché du travail, mais cette présence d‟enfant semble orienter les sénégalaises vers le secteur informel au détriment des autres secteurs (public et privé formel). Ce qui est souvent motivé par les conditions de travail plus flexibles dans ce secteur permettant aux femmes de concilier activités économiques et obligations familiales. Par ailleurs, les femmes appartenant aux ménages pauvres semblent être plus disposer à offrir du travail que celles appartenant aux ménages non pauvres, mais elles ont moins de chances d‟être dans le secteur public, le secteur privé formel et dans une moindre mesure dans les ambassades et ONG que dans l‟informel par rapport à celles qui ne sont pas pauvres. / The objective of any economic analysis of the elabor supply is generally to better understand issues related to employment allowing formulating policies towards the labor market. This thesis is not an exception to this objective although it focuses exclusively on women. From the analysis of the present thesis, we have shed new light on the main factors driving or inhibiting the senegalese woman to enter the labor market. The theoretical approaches developed have led us to consider the nature of marital relationships, the different perceptions of work and family obligations corresponding to different types of female behavior of labor supply. Through a dicotomous and multinomial logit model, we have shown that the behavior of labor supply of senegalese women is influenced by individual characteristics such as the age and education level, and standard family characteristics such as the presence of under 5 years old child/children in the household, the presence of a spouce (marital status), the income of the spouse, the householf size, the monetary status indicated by the poverty, the remittances to descendants or ascendants.

L'imposant réseau karstique de Montmaurin situé à l’extrémité occidentale du chaînon des Petites Pyrénées, renfermait plusieurs grottes. Aujourd'hui, seulement huit cavités ont échappé à l'exploitation des carriers. Malgré la dispersion des collections, l’industrie lithique des fouilles de L. Méroc et R. Cammas (1946-1962) dans les grottes de Montmaurin a pu bénéficier d’un inventaire et de l’étude de l’intégralité des niveaux acheuléens et moustériens. L’étude techno-typologique et pétroarchéologique menée lors de ce travail de recherche montrent des spécificités inhérentes aux grottes de Montmaurin. Les caractéristiques de ce que nous proposons de nommer « le complexe de Montmaurin » dégage une spécificité dans les contreforts pyrénéens. Ce « complexe » possède une certaine unité typologique et technologique. Le cortège lithologique est composé de galets de quartzite de lydienne de quartz etc. qui proviennent des affluents de la Garonne et de silex pré-pyrénéen. Les territoires d’acquisition des ressources minérales sont plus ou moins vastes, d'une centaine de mètres à environ 80 kilomètres. L'application de la méthode d'étude des grottes de Montmaurin sur des sites sénégalais a donné des résultats significatifs : approvisionnement local en matière première avec une utilisation de galets ; traitement différentiel de la matière, changement dans le choix, orienté vers les roches siliceuses ; abandon du macro-outillage et diversification des matières, pour les étendre sur l'ensemble des sites Acheuléens du Sénégal et plus largement en Afrique de l'Ouest, afin d'établir une nouvelle séquence de référence en Afrique occidentale de l’Early Stone Age, jusqu'au Later Stone Age. / The huge karstic network of Montmaurin is located at the western end of the chain of the Petites Pyrenées, and contained several caves. There are only eight caves that have escaped the exploitation of quarrymen. Despite the dispersion of the collections, the lithic industry of the L. Meroc and R. Cammas' excavations in the Montmaurin caves benefited from an inventory and the study of the Acheulean and Mousterian collections.The techno-typological and petro-archaeological study conducted during this research shows the specificities inherent to the Montmaurin caves. The characteristics of what we propose to call "the Montmaurin complex" have a specificity in the Pyrenean foothills. This "complex" has a typological and technological unity. The lithological procession is composed of pebbles quartzite lydian quartz. that come from the tributaries of the Garonne and pre-Pyrenean flint. The acquisition territories of mineral resources are more or less vast, from a hundred meters to about 80 kilometers. We applied this method to Senegalese sites yielded significant results: local supply of raw material with a use of pebbles, a differential of the raw material, change in the choice, oriented towards siliceous rocks, abandonment of macro-tools and diversification. These results allow us to propose the application to Acheulean sites in Senegal and widely in West Africa, for establishing a new reference sequence in West Africa from Early Stone Age to Later Stone Age.

Esta dissertação versa sobre as estratégias e trajetórias de trabalho apresentadas por imigrantes senegaleses e haitianos na cidade de Porto Alegre – Rio Grande do Sul, entre os anos de 2010 e 2016. Os fluxos haitiano e senegalês estão inseridos na nova onda migratória para o Brasil, que ingressou no país a partir de 2010 e teve o seu boom nos anos de 2013 e 2014. A partir de 24 entrevistas semiestruturadas – 11 com haitianos, 12 com senegaleses e uma com uma profissional de um dos principais centros de atendimento à população migrante do estado – foi constatado que ambas as nacionalidades apresentaram similitudes nas trajetórias de trabalho, como as atividades desempenhadas no trabalho formal; as más condições de trabalho e o preconceito existente na sociedade local. Ademais, o contexto de crise econômica no período da pesquisa empírica e as suas consequências no trabalho dos imigrantes, bem como os vínculos com o país de origem, também foram influentes nas trajetórias de ambos os imigrantes. No entanto, observamos dois aspectos que se destacaram entre os haitianos e senegaleses em Porto Alegre que estão envolvidos em suas distintas estratégias de trabalho: a rede de contatos dos senegaleses e a importância da legalidade para os haitianos. / This thesis discusses the labour trajectories and strategies presented by Senegalese and Haitian immigrants in the city of Porto Alegre - Rio Grande do Sul, between 2010 and 2016. The Haitian and Senegalese flows are inserted in the new migratory wave to Brazil, which started in 2010 and had its boom between 2013 and 2014. From 24 semi-structured interviews - 11 with Haitians, 12 with Senegalese and one with a professional from one of the main centers of assistance to the migrant population in the State of Rio Grande do Sul - it was found that both nationalities showed similarities in the labour trajectories, such as the activities performed in the context of formal labour market; the poor working conditions and the prejudice that exists in the local society. In addition, the context of economic crisis in the period of the empirical research and its consequences on the work of immigrants, as well as the ties with the country of origin, were also influential in the trajectories of both immigrant groups. However, we note two aspects that stood out among the Haitians and Senegalese in Porto Alegre which relate to their distinct labour strategies: the network of contacts of the Senegalese and the importance of legality for the Haitians.

Submitted by Cristiane Chim (cristiane.chim@ucpel.edu.br) on 2018-08-31T12:01:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula Dittgen da Silva.pdf: 2088679 bytes, checksum: fc2d78159db0d0a674c90fa6717596f3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-31T12:01:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula Dittgen da Silva.pdf: 2088679 bytes, checksum: fc2d78159db0d0a674c90fa6717596f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-21 / This dissertation presents as a central premise the analysis of the legal recognition and social esteem of the Senegalese immigrant in the southernmost part of Rio Grande do Sul, especially in the municipalities of Pelotas and Rio Grande. The concepts and theory of recognition from which the research rested upon derive from the writings of Axel Honneth in the book "The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts". Grounded on this approach, a theoretical framework is built to support a migratory policy that promotes social justice, which can be adopted at the municipal level, an area that is essential for the realization of the rights of the aforementioned group. Thus, a research is carried out around the Brazilian legislation and policies that dealt and deal with the migratory issue in the country, making it possible to estimate the degree of legal recognition of the Senegalese immigrant in its formal aspect. In addition to the abovementioned, we present the results of an empirical research that seeks to demonstrate the vision of the mentioned immigrants with respect to Brazilian laws and policies. The social esteem of this group is established from the categories that have been identified as socially relevant values that form, in Brazilian society, the axiological set that composes the social recognition of the Senegalese in Brazil, namely: the slavery of blacks in the country, racism, the locus of the African descendants in Rio Grande do Sul, territoriality, and xenophobia. Data collected from empirical research within Pelotas and Rio Grande help to identify the contours and intensity of this sphere of recognition. Finally, we investigate the need for the materialization of rights for effective legal recognition, as well as the possible strategies for raising the social recognition of a group. Considering the possibility that the increase of recognition in the legal sphere can influence the social esteem of the group affected by it, feasible paths are ultimately drawn for the construction of focused migratory policies of municipal scope capable of transforming the reality of the Senegalese immigrants, increasing their legal and social recognition. / Esta Tese apresenta como tema central a análise do reconhecimento jurídico e da estima social do imigrante senegalês no extremo sul do Rio Grande do Sul, especialmente nos municípios de Pelotas e de Rio Grande. Os conceitos e teoria do reconhecimento a partir dos quais se elaborou o roteiro da pesquisa são decorrentes dos escritos de Axel Honneth na obra “Luta por Reconhecimento: a gramática moral dos conflitos sociais”. A partir da referida abordagem, se constrói um arcabouço teórico capaz de fundamentar uma política migratória promotora de justiça social, possível de ser adotada em âmbito municipal, esfera que se compreende essencial para a concretização de direitos desse grupo. Assim, é realizada uma pesquisa em torno da legislação e políticas brasileiras que trataram e tratam a questão migratória no país, possibilitando a aferição do grau de reconhecimento jurídico do imigrante senegalês em seu aspecto formal. Além do aludido, traz-se os resultados de uma pesquisa empírica que busca demonstrar a visão dos mencionados imigrantes no tocante às leis e políticas brasileiras. A estima social desse grupo é averiguada a partir das categorias que foram identificadas como valores socialmente relevantes que formam, na sociedade brasileira, o conjunto axiológico que compõe o reconhecimento social dos senegaleses no Brasil, quais sejam: a escravidão dos negros no país, o racismo à brasileira, o papel do negro no Rio Grande do Sul, a territorialidade e a xenofobia. Os dados colhidos de pesquisa empírica com munícipes de Pelotas e Rio Grande auxiliam na identificação dos contornos e intensidade dessa esfera de reconhecimento. Por fim, investiga-se a necessidade de materialização de direitos para o efetivo reconhecimento jurídico, assim como as possíveis estratégias para a elevação do reconhecimento social de um grupo. Diante da possibilidade de que o aumento de reconhecimento na esfera jurídica possa influenciar a estima social do grupo afetado por aquele, traça-se ao final caminhos viáveis para a construção de políticas migratórias de âmbito municipal, focalizadas, capazes de transformar a realidade dos imigrantes senegaleses, aumentando o seu reconhecimento jurídico e social.