Intracellular redox potential (IRP) is a measure of how oxidising or reducing the environment is within a cell. It is a function of numerous factors including redox couples, antioxidant enzymes and reactive oxygen species. Disruption of the tightly regulated redox status has been linked to the initiation and progression of cancer. However, there is very limited knowledge about the quantitative nature of the redox potential and pH gradients that exist in cancer tumour models. Multicellular tumour spheroids (MTS) are three-dimensional cell cultures that possess their own microenvironments, similar to those found in tumours. From the necrotic core to the outer proliferating layer there exist gradients of oxygen, lactate, pH and drug penetration. Tumours also have inadequate vasculature resulting in a state of hypoxia. Hypoxia is a key player in metabolic dysregulation but can also provide cells with resistance against cancer treatments, particularly chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The primary hypoxia regulators are HIFs (Hypoxia Inducible Factors) which under low O2 conditions bind a hypoxia response element, inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation and upregulating glycolysis which has two significant implications: the first is an increase in levels of NADPH/NADH, the main electron donors found in cells which impacts the redox state, whilst the second is a decrease in intracellular pH (pHi) because of increased lactate production. Thus, redox state and intracellular pHi can be used as indicators of metabolic changes within 3D cultures and provide insight into cellular response to therapy. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) provides a real-time, high resolution method of measuring pHi and IRP in cell culture. It allows for quick and potentially portable analysis of MTS, providing a new platform for monitoring response to drugs and therapy in an unobtrusive manner. Redox and pH-active probes functionalised to Au nanoshells were readily taken up by prostate cancer cell lines and predominantly found to localise in the cytosol. These probes were characterised by density functional theory and spectroelectrochemistry, and their in vitro behaviour modelled by the chemical induction of oxidative and reductive stress. Next, targeting nanosensors to different zones of the MTS allowed for spatial quantification of redox state and pHi throughout the structure and the ability to map the effects of drug treatments on MTS redox biology. The magnitude of the potential gradient can be quantified as free energy (ΔG) and used as a measurement of MTS viability. Treatment of PC3 MTS with staurosporine, an apoptosis inducer, was accompanied by a decrease in free energy gradients over time, whereas treatment of MTS with cisplatin, a drug to which they are resistant, showed an increase in viability indicating a compensatory mechanism and hence resistance. Finally, using this technique the effects of ionising radiation on IRP and pHi in the tumour model was explored. Following exposure to a range of doses of x-ray radiation, as well as single and multi-fractionated regimes, IRP and pHi were measured and MTS viability assessed. Increased radiation dosage diminished the potential gradient across the MTS and decreased viability. Similarly, fractionation of a single large dose was found to enhance MTS death. This novel SERS approach therefore has the potential to not only be used as a mode of drug screening and tool for drug development, but also for pre-clinical characterisation of tumours enabling clinicians to optimise radiation regimes in a patient-specific manner.

Ces travaux de thèse portent sur les phénomènes d’amplification du signal de diffusion Raman par effet de surface et par effet de pointe. Des réseaux de motifs métalliques de taille nanométrique arrangés spatialement ont été fabriqués par la méthode de transfert Langmuir-Blodgett et par lithographie à faisceau d’électrons. De telles structures de géométries contrôlées déposées à la surface de lamelles de microscope ont été développées afin d’amplifier le signal Raman de molécules adsorbées par effet SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy). Ces nanostructures triangulaires en or de taille proche de la longueur d’onde ont des bandes de résonance plasmon dans le domaine spectral visible. En utilisant une source de laser appropriée dans ce domaine spectral, les facteurs d’amplification Raman d’une couche mono-moléculaire d’un dérivé azobenzène sont de plusieurs ordres de grandeur, et ce pour les deux techniques de nano-lithographie employées. Afin de compléter ces premiers résultats, des réseaux de fils d’or avec de grands facteurs de forme ont été fabriqués. Ces derniers montrent des résonances plasmons multipolaires et des facteurs d’amplification de l’ordre de 105. Les techniques de microscopie en champ proche ont également été développées afin de localiser précisément l’exaltation Raman et d’accroitre la résolution spatiale de mesures Raman. Des pointes métalliques en or de taille nanométrique ont ainsi permis d’amplifier localement le signal de diffusion de molécules placées à leur proximité par effet TERS (Tip Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy). Les développements logiciels et mécaniques entre un microscope confocal Raman et un microscope à force atomique ont été implémentés afin de contrôler simultanément les deux instruments. Ce montage expérimental a été appliqué à l’étude de nanofils semi-conducteurs de nitrure de gallium permettant de suivre leur signal vibrationnel avec une résolution spatiale inférieure à 200 nm. / This thesis work focuses on Raman scattering enhancements by metallic nanostructures. In the first part of this work, arrays of metallic patterns with nanometer dimensions were fabricated by the Langmuir-Blodgett deposition technique and electron-beam lithography. Such structures made of gold were fabricated onto microscope slides with the goal to enhance the Raman signal through SERS effect (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy). These patterns formed by an assembly of triangular nanostructures with sizes of hundreds of nanometers, exhibit plasmon resonance bands in the visible spectral region. By using an appropriate excitation laser source with respect to the plasmon frequency, Raman enhancement factors of a monolayer were found to be of several order of magnitude for both Langmuir-Blodgett and electron-beam lithography platforms. To further complement these results, gold wires arrays with large aspect ratio made by electron-beam lithography showed multipolar plasmon resonances with enhancement factors up to 105. In the second part of this thesis, near-field Raman microscopy has been developed with the aim to localize precisely the Raman enhancement and improve spatial resolution of Raman measurements. Atomic force microscopy gold tips have been used to locally enhance scattering signal of molecules in close proximity to the tip opening new opportunities. This approach known as TERS (Tip Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy) is of significant interest to probe nanomaterials, nanostructures or monolayers. Software and mechanical developments have been made between a confocal Raman microscope and an atomic force microscope to control simultaneously both instruments. This experimental setup was used to characterize gallium nitride semi-conductors nanowires with spatial resolution better than 200 nm.

In this study, silver nanorods and nanospheroids were prepared both in aqueous solution and on the surface of glass slides through seed-mediated growth approach at room temperature and used as a surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate. The synthesis of metallic nanorods was started with the production of silver nanospheres as seed utilizing sodium borohydride and trisodium citrate as reducing and capping agents, respectively. These seeds were then added to a growth solution containing additional silver salt, ascorbic acid and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB.) Nanorod preparation conditions were first optimized in solution phase. The plasmon absorption of the formed nanocrystals was monitored by UV-Visible spectrometry. The largest red shift in the longitudinal plasmon resonance absorption of silver nanostructures was tried to be achieved in order to realize the highest electromagnetic enhancement in Raman measurements. The images of the formed nanorods were recorded using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The optimized colloidal growth conditions were adopted for the growth of nanorods on the surface of the glass substrate. Sol-gel coated glass slides were used in order to increase the porosity on the surface for an effective seeding process. We reported the development of a novel SERS substrate prepared by growing silver nanorods directly on the surface of glass surface without using any linker molecule. The SERS performances of the nanorod growth surfaces were evaluated with crystal violet (CV), brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) and benzoic acid (BA). Some modifications such as the increase in the AgNO3 concentration in the growth solution and the addition of hydrocarbons to the growth solution were investigated for the enhancement of the SERS signal. The intense spectra obtained for the model compounds demonstrated the efficiency of the prepared substrate for the SERS enhancement and its potential as a SERS detection probe for chemical and biological analysis.

The objectives of the work presented were to 1) fabricate reproducible nanorod array SERS substrates, 2) detection of bacteria using nanorod substrates, 3) detection of DNA hybridization using nanorod substrates and 4) critically evaluate the sensing method. Important findings from this work are as follows. A novel method for batch fabrication of substrates for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been developed using a modified platen machined to fit in a commercial electron beam evaporator. The use of this holder enables simultaneous deposition of silver nanorod (AgNR) arrays onto six microscope slide substrates utilizing glancing angle deposition. In addition to multiple substrate fabrication, patterning of the AgNR substrates with 36 wells allows for physical isolation of low volume samples. The well-to-well, slide-to-slide, and batch-to-batch variability in both physical characteristics and SERS response of substrates prepared via this method was nominal. A critical issue in the continued development of AgNR substrates is their stability over time, and the potential impact on the SERS response. The thermal stability of the arrays was investigated and changes in surface morphology were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction and correlated with changes in SERS enhancement. The findings suggest that the shelf-life of AgNR arrays is limited by migration of silver on the surface. Continued characterization of the AgNR arrays was carried out using fluorescent polystyrene microspheres of two different sizes. Theory suggests that enhancement between nanorods would be significantly greater than at the tops due to contributing electromagnetic fields from each nanostructure. In contrast to the theory, SERS response of microspheres confined to the tops of the AgNR array was significantly greater than that for beads located within the array. The location of the microspheres was established using optical fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. The application of SERS to characterizing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses is an active area of investigation. AgNR array-based SERS substrates have enabled detection of pathogens present in biofluids. Specifically, several publications have focused on determining the spectral bands characteristic of bacteria from different species and cell lines. Studies were carried out on three strains of bacteria as well as the medium in which the bacteria were grown. The spectra of the bacteria and medium were surprisingly similar, so additional spectra were acquired for commonly used bacterial growth media. In many instances, these spectra were similar to published spectra purportedly characteristic of specific bacterial species. In addition to bacterial samples, nucleic acid hybridization assays were investigated. Oligonucleotide pairs specifically designed to detect respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in nasal fluids were prepared and evaluated. SERS spectra acquired on oligos, alone or in combination, contain the known spectral signatures of the nucleosides that comprise the oligo. However, spectra acquired on an oligo with a 5'- or 3' thiol were distinctly different from that acquired on the identical oligo without a thiol pendant group suggesting some control over the orientation of the oligo on the nanorod surface. The signal enhancement in SERS depends markedly upon the location of the probe relative to the substrate surface. By systematic placement of nucleotide markers along the oligo chain, the point at which the nucleotide disappears from the spectrum was identified. The overall findings for AgNR SERS substrates suggest that the applicability of SERS for detecting nucleic acid hybridization is limited. The strong distance dependence coupled with the lack of substrate stability at temperatures required for annealing oligos during hybridization suggest that AgNRs are not the platform to use for hybridization assays.

Nanoscience dominates virtually every field of science and technology in the 21st century. Nanoparticles are of fundamental interest since they possess unique size- dependent properties (optical, electrical, mechanical, chemical, magnetic etc.), which are quite different from the bulk and the atomic state. Bimetallic nanoparticles are of particular interest since they combine the advantages of the individual monometallic counterparts. The present study focuses on bimetallic nanoparticles containing gold as one of the constituents. Au-Pd, Au-Pt and Au-Ag bimetallic/alloy nanoparticles have been prepared by four different synthetic methods, and characterised by a variety of techniques, with an emphasis on Au-Ag alloy systems in the solution phase as well as in the form of nanostructured films on solid substrates. Au- Ag alloy nanoparticles have been used to demonstrate two different applications. The first is the use of Au-Ag monolayer protected alloy clusters in demonstrating single electron charging events in the solution phase as well as in the dry state. Single electron transfer events involving nanosized particles are being probed extensively due to their potential applications in the field of electronics. The second is an analytical application, involving the use of trisodium citrate capped Au-Ag alloy hydrosols as substrates for surface enhanced Raman and resonance Raman scattering [SE(R)RS] studies. The sols have been used for single molecule detection purposes. Various organic molecules such as quinones, phthalocyanines and methyl violet have been self- assembled in a stepwise manner on the nanoparticulate as well as bulk Au, Ag and Au-Ag surfaces, and characterised extensively by spectroscopic, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical techniques.

Raman spectroscopy is a promising technique because it contains abundant vibrational chemical information. However, Raman spectroscopy is restricted by its small scattering cross section, and many techniques have been developed to amplify Raman scattering intensity. In this dissertation, I study two of these techniques, coherent Raman scattering and surface enhanced Raman scattering and discuss their properties. In the first part of my dissertation, I investigate two coherent Raman processes, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). In CARS project, I mainly focus on the molecular resonance effect on detection sensitivity, and I find the detection sensitivity can be pushed into 10 [micromolar] with the assistance of molecular resonance. Also, I am able to retrieve background-free Raman spectra from nonresonant signals. For SRS, we develop a new SRS system by applying spectral focusing mechanism technique. We examine the feasibility and sensitivity of our SRS system. The SRS spectra of standards obtained from our system is consistent with literature, and the sensitivity of our system can achieve 10 times above shot-noise limit. In second part of this dissertation, I study surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and related plasmonic effects. I synthesize different shapes of nanoparticles, including nanorod, nanodimer structure with gap and pyramids by template method, and study how electric field enhancement effects correlate to SERS by two photon luminescence (TPL). Also, I build an optical system to study optical image, spectra and particle morphology together. I find that SERS intensity distribution is inhomogeneous and closely related to nanoparticle shape and polarization direction. However, TPL and SERS are not completely correlated, and I believe different relaxation pathways of TPL and SERS and coupling of LSPR and local fields at different frequencies cause unclear correlation between them. / text

We have reported the optical properties of isolated gold nanowires and of nanowire arrays. Despite the advantages gold has to offer as it is less sensitive to oxidation and as an biocompatible metal, it has been scarcely studied than silver or semiconductors nanowires. We have made surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) studies on the isolated nanowires and nanowire arrays. Single molecule regime is attained and has been proven with the aid of two dye molecules that are co-deposited. The propagation of surface plasmons in these nanowires and their evolution with the excitation wavelength have been studied. We report a propagation distance of 3.8 µm which is longer than the values previously reported in literature. Nanowire arrays have been investigated with two dyes again to disentangle the various factors contributing to SERS. Polarization studies and the evolution of enhancement in the nanowires with the wavelength have been reported and explained with the aid of simulations obtained by the discrete dipole approximation (DDA). The scanning near field optical microscopy (SNOM) has been done to investigate the local field enhancements on the nanowire arrays. Two different polarizations and two excitation wavelengths have been used. The original idea of the technique includes the use of two illumination modes which serves two purposes. One, to map the regions of enhanced field and the other to study the propagation effects seen on the nanowire.

Η χρήση των πολυμερών στον τομέα της ιατρικής βιομηχανίας κερδίζει ολοένα και μεγαλύτερο έδαφος τα τελευταία χρόνια έχοντας ήδη κάνει ισχυρή την παρουσία τους σε ένα ευρύ πεδίο κλάδων της βιοϊατρικής όπως στη μηχανική ιστών, στην εμφύτευση ιατρικών συσκευών και τεχνητών οργάνων, στην προσθετική και την οφθαλμολογία, στην οδοντιατρική και την αποκατάσταση οστών, στη χημειοθεραπεία και σε ποικιλία άλλων ιατρικών εφαρμογών. Με τη χρήση πολυμερικών συστημάτων μεταφοράς δραστικών ουσιών καθίσταται ικανή η ελεγχόμενη αργή αποδέσμευση φαρμάκων στο σώμα καθώς και η στοχευμένη απελευθέρωσή τους σε σημεία όπου υπάρχουν φλεγμονές ή όγκοι. Τοιουτοτρόπως, χημειοθεραπείες με χρήση βιοπολυμερών ως διαμεσολαβητές, προβάλλουν ως δυνητικές υποψήφιοι στην αντιμετώπιση του καρκίνου του εγκεφάλου με ενθαρρυντικά αποτελέσματα. Συγκρινόμενη με την τυπική συστημική χημειοθεραπεία, η ενδοογκική απελευθέρωση φαρμάκου με τη χρήση βιοπολυμερών θεωρητικώς παρουσιάζει αρκετά πλεονεκτήματα: τα βιοπολυμερή μπορούν να μεταφέρουν το φάρμακο απευθείας στον όγκο-στόχο αυξάνοντας τη συγκέντρωση τοπικά και παράλληλα μειώνοντας τη συστημική τοξικότητα· μπορούν έτσι να χρησιμοποιούνται στη θεραπεία ανοσοκατασταλμένων ασθενών που δεν μπορούν να υποβληθούν σε συστημική χημειοθεραπεία. Από τη στιγμή που είναι απαραίτητη η ποσοτικοποίηση των φαρμάκων για τον χαρακτηρισμό των συστημάτων αποδέσμευσης και για μελέτες φαρμακοκινητικής, θα πρέπει να επιλέγεται η καταλληλότερη μέθοδος ποσοτικοποίησης παρέχοντας υψηλή ευαισθησία και ακρίβεια, εξασφαλίζοντας μεγάλη ανιχνευτική ικανότητα ακόμη και για πολύ χαμηλές συγκεντρώσεις. Στην παρούσα εργασία δύο αναλυτικές τεχνικές, η απορρόφηση υπεριώδους-ορατού και η επιφανειακή ενίσχυση της σκέδασης Raman (Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering, SERS), χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την ποσοτική εκτίμηση του αντινεοπλασματικού φαρμάκου Mitoxantrone και του αντιμυκητιακού παράγοντα Ambisome (Αμφοτερισίνη Β) που αποδεσμεύτηκαν από βιοσυμβατές πολυμερικές μήτρες συμπολυμερούς αιθυλενίου-οξικού βινυλεστέρα, συμπολυμερούς γλυκολικού-γαλακτικού οξέος και πολυπροπυλενίου. Το SERS είναι ένα νέο, εναλλακτικό, ταχύ και μη καταστροφικό εργαλείο που μπορεί να βρεί εφαρμογή και στην ποσοτική εκτίμηση ουσιών πάρα πολύ χαμηλών συγκεντρώσεων. Χάρις στην ενίσχυση που παρέχεται στο σήμα Raman από τα νανο-εκτραχυμένα υποστρώματα ευγενών μετάλλων ή τα νανο-συσσωματώματα κολλοειδών διαλυμάτων ευγενών μετάλλων, έχει αναφερθεί ακόμη και συλλογή φάσματος SERS από ένα μόνο μόριο. Συνεπώς, η εφαρμογή του SERS σε μελέτες ουσιών εξαιρετικά χαμηλών συγκεντρώσεων φαίνεται να είναι πολύ ενδιαφέρουσα. Κατασκευάστηκαν πολυμερικά υμένια με εγκλωβισμένες τις δραστικές ουσίες και η μελέτη αποδέσμευσης πραγματοποιήθηκε σε νερό. Ποσοτικές μετρήσεις με τη χρήση του SERS σε πολύ μικρές συγκεντρώσεις έδειξαν μεγαλύτερη ανιχνευτική ευαισθησία σε σχέση με αυτές που πραγματοποιήθηκαν με την απορρόφηση UV-Vis. Συμπερασματικά, το SERS δείχνει ικανό στον ποσοτικό προσδιορισμό ενεργών ουσιών που αποδεσμεύονται από βιοσυμβατά πολυμερικά συστήματα μεταφοράς δραστικών ουσιών σε πολύ μικρές συγκεντρώσεις. / The application of polymeric materials for medical purposes is growing very fast. Polymers have found applications in such diverse biomedical fields as tissue engineering, implantation of medical devices and artificial organs, prosthesis, ophthalmology, dentistry, bone repair, chemotherapy and many other medical fields. Polymer-based delivery systems enable controlled slow release of drugs into the body and also they make possible targeting of drugs into sites of inflammation or tumors. Thus, biopolymer-mediated chemotherapy has shown promising results in the treatment of brain tumors. When compared to conventional systemic chemotherapy, intratumoral biopolymer-mediated drug delivery has several theoretical advantages: Biopolymers can deliver drugs into the tumor bed, thus maximizing local concentration while minimizing systemic toxicity. They may therefore be employed in the treatment of immunodepressed patients etc. Since drugs need to be quantified for drug delivery system characterization, intracellular distribution studies, free or vehicular, and for pharmacokinetic assays, the most suitable quantification method must be chosen. It should have a high sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility and should be capable of measuring at very low concentration range, as well. In the present study, two analytical techniques are utilized to quantitatively evaluate the antineoplastic drug Mitoxantrone and the antifungal agent Ambisome (Amphotericin b) released from active agents-loaded biocompatible polymer matrices poly(propylene), poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); the UV-Vis absorption and the Surface Enhance Raman Scattering (SERS). SERS is a new, versatile, fast and non destructive tool for the estimation of extremely small amounts of substances. Due to the enhancement provided to the Raman signal by the nano-rough noble-metal substrates or the nano-structured colloidal clusters of noble metals, even single molecule detection has been reported. Therefore, applying SERS to extremely low concentration measurements proves to be challenging. Drug loaded polymer specimens were prepared and the in vitro drug release was determined in water. Fast SERS quantitative measurements showed enhanced sensitivity compared to the UV-Vis absorption; SERS may enable low concentration quantitative assessment of controlled release of drugs from biopolymer-based delivery systems.

Plasmonic cavities confine optical fields at metal-dielectric interfaces via collective charge oscillations of free electrons within metals termed surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). SPPs are confined in nanometre gaps formed between two metallic surfaces which creates an optical resonance. This optical resonance of the system is controlled by the geometry and the material of the nanogap. The focus of this work is to understand and utilize these confined optical modes to probe and manipulate the dynamics of single-molecules at room temperature. In this thesis, nanogap cavities are constructed by placing nanoparticles on top of a metal-film separated by molecular spacers. Such nanogaps act as cavities with confined optical fields in the gap. Precise position and orientation of single-molecules in the gap is obtained by supramolecular guest-host assembly and DNA origami breadboards. The interaction of light and single-molecules is studied in two different regimes of interaction strength. In the perturbative regime molecular light emission from electronic and vibrational states is strongly enhanced and therefore is used for the detection of single-molecules. In this regime the energy states remain unaltered, however profound effects emerge when the gap size is reduced to < 1 nm. New hybridized energy states which are half-light and half-matter are then formed. Dispersion of these energies is studied by tuning the cavity resonance across the molecular resonance, revealing the anti-crossing signature of a strongly coupled system. This dressing of molecules with light results in the modification of photochemistry and photophysics of single-molecules, opening up the exploration of complex natural processes such as photosynthesis and the possibility to manipulate chemical bonds.

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude des propriétés plasmoniques de réseaux nanostructurés dans le but de développer des applications de bioanalyse. L'intérêt de travailler avec ces structures est dû à leur grande sensibilité de surface, leur facilité de fabrication et leur simplicité d'analyse par spectrophotométrie en transmission. L'objectif était de fabriquer un dispositif capable d'effectuer du criblage à haut débit pour des fins biomédicales. Le premier objectif de la thèse porte sur l’étude des propriétés plasmoniques des réseaux de nanotrous. Une compréhension approfondie de ces structures a permis d’exploiter efficacement leur performance pour des applications de bioanalyse plasmonique. Une solution analytique fut établie pour étudier les modes de diffractions des polaritons de plasmons de surface d’onde de Bloch (BW-SPP). Cette équation a permis de corroborer les observations expérimentales avec des calculs théoriques par rapport au couplage plasmonique des réseaux de nanotrous. De plus, la variation de l'angle d'incidence a permis de déplacer la fréquence à laquelle les modes plasmoniques sont excités. Il était donc possible d'ajuster la position des BWSPP de façon à maximiser un couplage à une longueur d'onde désirée. Cet effet a été exploité avec la technique d'amplification de surface de diffusion Raman exaltée (SERS). Finalement, la sensibilité en surface de réseaux de nanotrous a été amplifiée selon l’angle d’excitation en transmission. Ce gain en sensibilité permet la détection de protéines d’IgG humain pour des basses concentrations de l’ordre du nanomolaire (nM). Le second objectif de la thèse traite du développement d’un lecteur multipuits couplé avec la technologie des réseaux de nanotrous afin de créer une plateforme de détection plasmonique pour du criblage à haut débit. Cet instrument offre une analyse en transmission d’échantillons nanostructurés à l’aide d’une plaque 96-puits pour des angles d’incidence allant jusqu’à 50°. Une nouvelle méthode de microfabrication de réseaux de nanotrous par photolithographie fut établie. Cette technique a permis de fabriquer des réseaux de nanotrous sur de grandes surfaces avec uniformité. L’efficacité du système fut démontrée pour la détection de protéines d’IgG humain, du méthotrexate (MTX) et le criblage d’anticorps de l’antigène prostatique spécifique (PSA). Le dernier volet de la thèse discute de l’étude des propriétés plasmoniques de réseaux de nanodisques recouverts d’un film d’or pour amplifier plus fortement la sensibilité des capteurs plasmoniques. Cette section de la thèse a démontré la performance des réseaux de nanodisques en tant que capteur plasmonique. En effet, les réseaux de nanodisques ont l’avantage d’exciter un mode de Bragg (BM, Bragg modes) en transmission directe générant une bande plasmonique fine ayant un facteur de mérite (FOM, figure of merit) élevé (sensiblité/réponse plasmonique). L’excitation de ces structures en transmission directe a simplifié énormément l’utilisation du robot multipuits par l’excitation à incidence normale tout en offrant une FOM supérieure aux réseaux de nanotrous. Pour continuer, des simulations 3D et une image Raman du signal SERS des structures ont démontré que le champ plasmonique des BM est grandement confiné autour des nanodisques. Ce confinement du champ plasmonique des réseaux de nanodisques à générer un facteur d’amplification SERS de l’ordre de 107. En somme, cette thèse démontre une étude des propriétés plasmoniques de réseaux nanostructurés pour des applications de bioanalyse par criblage à haut débit. Les études rapportées dans cette thèse ont prouvés que le champ plasmonique des réseaux de nanotrous peut être contrôlé afin d’amplifier leur sensibilité. De plus, la thèse rapporte la première plateforme de bioanalyse plasmonique utilisant un lecteur multipuits. Finalement, la fabrication de structures plasmoniques composés de nanodisques d’or a permis de mettre en évidence des propriétés optiques qui peuvent être mises à profit pour des mesures optiques ultras sensibles. / This thesis describes the plasmonic properties of nanostructured arrays towards development of biosensing applications. These structures exhibited several advantages such as high surface sensitivity, ease of microfabrication and simple excitation setup in transmission spectroscopy. The goal was to design a plasmonic device able to achieve high throughput analysis for biomedical purposes. The first section of the thesis covers a study of the plasmonic properties of nanohole arrays. An analytical solution was derived to assess plasmonic properties of the diffraction modes of Bloch-Wave surface plasmon polaritons (BW-SPP). Tuning of the excitation angle allowed for a precise control of the plasmonic signal’s position and an optimal coupling at a specific wavelength. This feature of nanohole arrays was demonstrated for applications in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Finally, this section described the enhancement of the surface sensitivity of nanohole arrays through variation of the excitation angle in transmission. Such enhancement of the sensitivity allowed for detection of the concentration of human IgG proteins in the low nanomolar range. The second section of the thesis discusses the development of a multi-well plate reader coupled with the nanohole arrays technology. A custom-built plasmonic reader, designed at University of Montreal, allowed analysis of plasmonic structures in transmission with a 96-well plate for excitation where the incident angle is up to 50° relative to normal. A novel microfabrication technique of nanohole arrays, based on photolithography, is described. This technique allowed fabrication of nanohole arrays on a large scale with great surface uniformity. The performance of the plasmonic reader is demonstrated for sensing of human IgG proteins, methotrexate (MTX) and screening of prostate specific antigen (PSA) antibodies. The final section of the thesis describes studies on the plasmonic properties of nanodisk arrays coated with a gold film. This section described the performance of nanodisk arrays for plasmonic sensing. This structure benefited from the excitation of Bragg modes (BM) in direct transmission, which generated a sharp plasmonic band with a high figure of merit (FOM). The excitation of nanodisk arrays in direct transmission simplified the design of the plasmonic reader while providing a greater FOM than nanohole arrays. Furthermore, 3D simulations and a Raman image of the nanodisk arrays’ SERS intensity showed the confinement of the plasmonic field of the BM at the edges of the nanodisk. Such confinement of the plasmonic field of nanodisk arrays led to high SERS enhancements to a factor of 10^7. In summary, this thesis studied the plasmonic properties of nanostructured arrays towards development of applications for high throughput biosensing. These studies proved that the plasmonic field of nanohole arrays can be tuned to enhance their surface sensitivity. Furthermore, the thesis revealed the first plasmonic sensing platform using a multiwell plate reader. Finally, the thesis describes a novel plasmonic structure with outstanding optical properties; the gold coated nanodisk arrays.