We present observational and numerical evidence supporting the theory of impulsive heating of the solar corona. We have run numerical simulations solving the hydrodynamic equations for plasma confined to a magnetic flux tube, for the two distinct cases of steady and impulsive heating. We find that steady heating cannot explain the observed amount of low-temperature plasma in active regions on the sun. The results for impulsive heating closely match those of the observations. The ratio of heating time to cooling time predominantly determines the observed temperature distribution of the plasma. We have also identified an observational bias in calculating intensities of spectral lines in previous studies, which causes an under-estimation of low-temperature plasma. We predict Doppler shifts in the observed line emission that are in agreement with observations, and which may serve as a diagnostic of the strength of heating. We conclude that impulsive heating of active region coronal loops is more likely than steady heating.

Host–guest complexes are widely investigated because of their importance in many industrial applications. The investigation of their physico–chemical properties helps understanding the inclusion phenomenon. The hosts investigated in this work are cryptophane molecules possessing a hydrophobic cavity. They can encapsulate small organic guests such as halo–methanes (CH2Cl2, CHCl3). The encapsulation process was investigated from both the guest and the host point of view. With the help of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), the kinetics of complex formation was determined. The information was further used to obtain the activation energies of the processes. Having done this on five different cryptophanes, it is possible to relate the energies to structural differences between the hosts. Via the dipolar interaction between the guest’s and host’s protons, one can get information on the orientation of the guest inside the cavity. Moreover, the dynamics of the guest can be further investigated by its relaxation properties. This revealed restricted motion of the guest inside the host cavity. Not only the nature of the guest plays an important role. The host is also changing its properties upon encapsulation. All the cryptophanes investigated here can exchange rapidly between many conformers. These conformers have different–sized cavities. Quantum chemical optimization of the structure of the conformers makes volume estimation possible. Not only the cavity volumes, but also the quantum-chemically obtained energies and the calculated chemical shifts of the carbon–13 atoms can be helpful to follow the changes of the host upon complex formation. The host cannot be considered as a rigid entity. Analysis of variable temperature proton and carbon-13 spectra shows that the encapsulation can be considered as a mixture of conformational selection and induced fit. The structures of the formed complexes are further investigated by means of two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy (NOESY). The complex formation, its kinetics and thermodynamics are found to be a complicated function of structure elements of the host, the cavity size and the guest size and properties. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Accepted. Paper 5: Manuscript.</p><p> </p>

Virtual three-dimensional (3D) auditory displays utilize signal-processing techniques to alter sounds presented through headphones so that they seem to originate from specific spatial locations around the listener. In some circumstances bone-conduction headsets (bonephones) can provide an alternative sound presentation mechanism. However, existing 3D audio rendering algorithms need to be adjusted to use bonephones rather than headphones. This study provided anchor points for a function of shift values that could be used to adapt virtual 3D auditory displays for use with bonephones. The shift values were established by having participants adjust phase and amplitude of two waves in order to cancel out the signal and thus produce silence. These adjustments occurred in a listening environment consisting of air-conducted and bone-conducted tones, as well as air- conducted masking. Performance in the calibration condition suggested that participants understood the task, and could do this task with reasonable accuracy. In the bone-to-air listening conditions, the data produced a clear set of anchor points for an amplitude shift function. The data did not reveal, however, anchor points for a phase shift function the data for phase were highly variable and inconsistent. Application of shifts, as well as future research to establish full functions and better understand phase are discussed, in addition to validation and follow-up studies.

The correlation between NMR chemical shifts of interstitial atoms and electronic structures of boron- and carbon-centered hexazirconium halide clusters was investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The influences of bridging halide and terminal ligand variations on electronic structure were examined respectively. Inverse proportionality was found between the chemical shifts and the calculated energy gaps between two Kohn-Sham orbitals of t1u symmetry, which arose from the bonding and antibonding interaction between the zirconium cage bonding orbitals and the interstitial 2p orbitals. Chemical shielding properties of the interstitial atoms were calculated with Gauge Including Atomic Orbital (GIAO) method. Stepwise ligand substitution of terminal chlorides on [(Zr6CCl12)Cl6]4-cluster by tri(n-butyl)-phosphine oxide (Bu3PO) was conducted with the aid of TlPF6. Composition of the reaction mixtures was analyzed by use of both 13C and 31P NMR. A preliminary scheme for synthesis and separation of [(Zr6CCl12)Cl6-x(Bu3PO)x]x-4 (x = 3 ?? 5) mixture based on solubility difference was reevaluated. Three 1,10-phenanthroline based bidentate ligands, namely, 2,9-Bis(diphenyl-phosphinyl)-1,10-phenanthroline, 2,9-Bis(diethoxyphosphoryl)-1,10-phenanthroline, and 2,9-Bis(di-n-butoxyphosphoryl)-1,10-phenantholine, were synthesized for bridge-chelating the hexazirconium clusters. Coordination chemistry of these ligands with the [Zr6BCl12] and [Zr6CCl12] clusters was subject to preliminary investigation.

There is significant interest by the food industry in applying milder processing conditions. A major area of research within predictive modelling has been the search for models which accurately predict the effect of combining multiple processes or hurdles. For a mild process, which has temperature as the major microbial injury step, the effect of the other combined hurdles in inhibiting growth of the injured organisms must be understood. The latter means that the inoculum size dependency of the time to growth must also be fully understood. This essentially links injury steps with the potential for growth. Herein, we have been developing the use of optical density (O.D) for obtaining growth rates and lag times using multiple inocula rather than using the traditional methods which use one single inoculum. All analyses were performed in the Bioscreen analyser which measures O.D. The time to detection (TTD) was defined as the time needed for each inoculum to reach an O.D=0.2 and O.D was related to microbial numbers with simple calibration curves. Several primary models were used to predict growth curves from O.D data and it was shown that the classic logistic, the Baranyi and the 3-phase linear model (3-PLM) were the most capable primary models of those examined while the modified Gompertz and modified logistic could not reproduce TTD data. Using the Malthusian approximation of the logistic model the effect of mild temperature shifts was studied. The data obtained showed that for mild temperature shifts, growth rates quickly changed to the new environment without the induction of lags. The growth of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli was studied at 30⁰C and/or 37⁰C, in different NaCl concentrations, pH and their combinations. The classical 3-parameter logistic with lag model was rearranged to provide the theoretical foundation for the observed TTD and accurate growth rates and lag times could be estimated. As the conditions became more unfavourable, the lag time increased while the growth rate decreased. Also, the growth rate was found to be independent from the inoculum size; the inoculum size affected only the TTD. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MICNaCl and MICpH) was calculated using the Lambert and Pearson model (LPM) and also the Growth/No Growth (G/NG) interface was determined using combinations of NaCl and pH. These data were transformed in rate to detection (RTD) and fitted with a response surface model (RSM) which was subsequently compared with the Extended LPM (ELPM). The LPM and the ELPM could analyse results from individual and combined inhibitors, respectively. Following a mild thermal process a lag due to thermal injury was also induced, the magnitude of which was dependent on the organism and environmental conditions; the observed distribution of the lags appeared, in general, to follow the Log-normal distribution. After the lag period due to injury, growth recommenced at the rate dictated by the growth environment present. Traditional growth curves were constructed and compared with the data obtained from the Bioscreen under the same conditions. From the results obtained, it can be suggested that the increased lag times and growth rates obtained from the traditional plate counts compared with the values obtained from the Bioscreen microbiological analyser, might be an artifact of the plating method or may be due to the use of the modified Gompertz to study the growth. In conclusion, O.D can be used to accurately determine growth parameters, to give a better understanding and quantify the G/NG interface and to examine a wealth of phenomena such as fluctuating temperatures and mild thermal treatments. The comparison between the traditional growth curves against the data obtained from the Bioscreen showed that the TTD method is a rapid, more accurate and cheaper method than the traditional plate count method which in combination with the models developed herein can offer new possibilities both to the research and the food industry.

Cette étude traductologique a pour cadre l’approche « skopos plus loyalty » (Nord [1997] 2007 : 123). Elle illustre l’important potentiel heuristique et didactique de cette méthode lorsque appliquée de manière contrastive à des traductions philologiques, en démontrant clairement que des intentions différentes commandent des techniques et procédés différents pour la résolution de problématiques similaires (ibid. : 115 116). Trois traductions ont été choisies pour leur fonctionnalité. Leur consigne de traduction (Nord [1997] 2007 : 30) a été inférée, puis les interventions (Chesterman 1997; Gagnon 2006) délibérées (Bastin 2007) qui ont favorisé leur réception ont été relevées et qualifiées. Leurs effets sur l’articulation de certains passages probants et sur la « triple loyauté du traducteur » ont été jaugés, et celles qui se sont avérées malencontreuses ont été commentées selon les présupposés et mésinterprétations culturels de Ke (1999). / The theoretical framework of this study is Nord’s "skopos plus loyalty" approach ([1997] 2007 : 123). It exemplifies its heuristic and didactic potential when applied to philological translations, following Nord’s saying that "Comparing translations of various texts in various situations at various moments in history we find that different purposes can very often explain why translators have chosen different techniques or procedures to solve similar or analogous problems." (ibid. : 115 116) Three translations were selected for their functionality; their translation brief (Nord ibid. : 30) has been inferred, and the deliberate (Bastin 2007) translation shifts (Chesterman 1997; Gagnon 2006) which contributed to their functionality were identified. The "distribution" of the "translator’s threefold loyalty" has been evaluated, and those shifts which proved to be "unfortunate" were explained in terms of Ke's cultural presuppositions and misreadings (1999). / Étude de maîtrise sponsorisée par le Fonds québécois de recherche Société et Culture (gouvernement du Québec), le programme Renforcement du secteur langagier au Canada (gouvernement du Canada), ainsi que par diverses bourses octroyées par l'Université de Montréal.

In a society where the labour market is becoming increasingly knowledge intensive and more differentiated, education has assumed greater importance for the capitalist states integrative functions as for the competitiveness in the global economy. As a consequence, the educational system has become a key governing resource for the state to meet and manage different kinds of social changes and problems. Against this background the thesis raises the main question - “what kind of societal problems are the educational reforms studied here considered to be the solution of?” The aim of this thesis is to deepen the understanding of the changes of the formation of knowledge in Swedish upper secondary curriculum between the 1960s and 2010s. In what way attained these changes in view of knowledge legitimacy in relation to the socioeconomic context? And what do these changes mean in terms of the attribution of the positioning of upper secondary school pupils and teachers?   This thesis draws on a “classical” theoretical framework of curriculum theory (i.e. the frame-factor theory) this means that the analytical focus is directed at the relationship between the content of the curriculum and the social context. With theoretical and methodological inspiration from critical realism and critical discourse analysis (CDA) the thesis argue for an alternative way to theoretical and empirical examined this relationship. Three historical reform periods are used to explore the discursive changes in the formation of knowledge in the Swedish upper secondary education reforms.   The results show how changes in socioeconomic conditions, such as economic crisis, over time have acted as important triggers for governing mechanisms embedded in the control of the educational system. These changes and mechanisms, in turn, have resulted in some major discursive knowledge shifts between the reforms studied, from the 1960s combination of an economic-rational and an objective-subject knowledge discourse, through the deregulated goal-rational and socio-cultural oriented knowledge discourse of the 1990s towards the 2010s knowledge discourses that are characterized by an increased focus on learning outcomes and measurability. Against the background of these discursive shifts, the analysis also points to some underlying continuities in terms of a general “reform imperative”, based on a number of overarching values ​​such as efficiency and rationality. The result show how this imperative was embedded in all three educational reforms and has ruled the order of discourses about what was deemed to be legitimate curriculum knowledge, a professional teacher and a desirable pupil.

I Sverige beräknas 130 000 människor leva med en medelsvår till svår demenssjukdom. Demens är en övergripande diagnos för en samling sjukdomar där kognitiva nedsättningar är utmärkande och kommunikativa förmågor påverkade. I tidigare studier har det undersökts hur personer med demens kommunicerar med en samtalspartner utan demens, men hur personer med demens kommunicerar med varandra är fortfarande relativt outforskat. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka och beskriva hur personer med en demensdiagnos samtalar med varandra och hur de hanterar samtalsämnen och ämnesbyten. Studien genomfördes på en daglig verksamhet för personer med demensdiagnos, där totalt tre samtal spelades in. Ett av samtalen, omfattande 40 minuter, valdes ut för transkription och analyserades enligt samtalsanalytiska principer (CA). I det utvalda samtalet valdes sekvenser ut. Sekvenserna exemplifierade olika typer av ämnesbyten. För en utökad bild av samtalets ämnesflöde gjordes även en topikal analys, där samtalet delades in i totalt 14 olika episoder. I samtalet deltog sex personer med demensdiagnos samt föreliggande studies två författare. Exempel på ämnesbyten som påträffades i det analyserade samtalet var koherenta ämnesbyten i form av preannonseringar, koherent återinförande av ämne och ämnesglidningar. Icke-koherenta ämnesbyten förekom i samtalet i form av icke-koherent återinförande av ett ämne. Samtalet innehöll också exempel på digressioner och inskott. För en utomstående betraktare föreföll det ibland som om deltagarna saknade gemensam grund för samtalet, vilket till synes inte uppmärksammades av samtalsdeltagarna. En slutsats som dras utifrån detta är att för deltagarna är samtalsaktiviteten viktigare än själva innehållet i samtalet. I det aktuella samtalet återkom ofta samma historia och samtalsämne flera gånger. De olika samtalsämnena som uppstod under samtalet hade oftast ett övergripande tema som handlade om hur det var förr i tiden, när deltagarna var unga eller barn. / In Sweden, approximately 130 000 persons suffer from moderate to severe dementia. Dementia is a collective diagnosis for a collection of diseases in which cognitive impairments are distinctive, and communicative abilities are affected. Earlier studies have investigated how people with dementia communicate with an interlocutor without dementia. How people suffering from dementia communicate with each other is still relatively unexplored. The purpose of the present study is to investigate and describe how people suffering from dementia interact with each other, and how they handle topics and topic shifts. The present study was conducted on a day center for people with dementia diagnoses, where a total of three conversations were recorded. One of the conversations, comprising 40 minutes, was transcribed according to conversation analytic principles. From the selected conversation, sequences showing different types of topic changes were selected and exemplified. For an expanded view of the conversation’s topical flow, a topical analysis was made, where the conversation was divided into a total of 14 different episodes. The conversation involved six people with dementia and the two authors of the present study. Examples of topic shifts found in the analyzed conversation were coherent topic shifts in the form of pre-acts, coherent renewal of topic and topic shading. Non-coherent topic shifts occurred in the conversation in the form of non-coherent renewal of a topic. The conversation also contained examples of digressions and inserts. To the outside observer, it seemed at times as if the participants had no common ground for the conversation, which was not noticed by the participants of the conversation. One conclusion drawn from this is that for the participants, the activity is more important than the actual content of the conversation. In the current conversation, the participants returned to the same story and the same topic several times. The different topics occurring during the conversation usually had an overall theme which was what it was like in the old days, when the participants were young or children.

In this thesis, an evaluation of the existing control system for ABB: s HVDC Classic Links is performed in order to investigate whether a possible improvement to commutation failure prediction is possible and to be recommended. The thesis starts with a theoretical approach to the complexity of consequences of increasing the extinction angle (γ) in order to prevent commutation failure in inverter operation, which is later confirmed through using the simulation software PSCAD to evaluate coherence between simulation results and theory. Dynamic power studies are performed through simulations in the electromagnetic time domain transient tool PSCAD in order to establish a possible improvement to the existing commutation failure prediction today used in ABB control systems for HVDC applications.

Adverbs constitute an important element in expressing circumstances. In our dissertation we try to present various types of adverbs in the language of texts which date back to 17th and 18th centuries (so-called Baroque period). The word-formation aspect of these adverbs and the development of their meaning are emphasized. Different semantic shifts of adverbs are observed as well as their usage with functions of different parts of speech (usually particles or conjunctions). The development of adverbs found in Baroque texts is compared both with older language period and with some results of their development in contemporary Czech.