1 |
A new artificial spin system : the dipolar 4-state Potts model / Un nouveau système de spins artificiels : le modèle de Potts dipolaire à 4 étatsLouis, Damien 26 October 2016 (has links)
Depuis la proposition en 2006 d’utiliser des nano aimants réalisés par des techniques top-down pour reproduire des « spins artificiels », l’étude des systèmes de spins artificiels a suscité un large intérêt. En effet la possibilité de pouvoir réaliser arbitrairement tous types de réseaux de spins artificiels et de pouvoir imager les configurations magnétiques de ceux-ci dans l’espace direct, offre un large terrain de jeu dans le domaine de la physique statistique. Jusqu’à présent seuls des réseaux de spins d’Ising, multi axes (réseaux kagomé ou carré avec une aimantation planaire) ou plus récemment uni axes (avec une anisotropie perpendiculaire), ont été étudiés. Cependant en physique statistique d’autres modèles de spins sont étudiés et notamment les modèles de Potts à q-états. Au cours de cette thèse nous avons étudié le cas d’un modèle de Potts à 4 états, ayant la particularité de posséder uniquement des interactions dipolaires entre les spins: le modèle de Potts dipolaire. Nous avons tout d’abord réalisé une étude théorique, montrant que sur un réseau carré, en fonction de l’angle entre les spins et ce réseau, le système possède des états fondamentaux très différents : un ordre antiferromagnétique, un ordre respectant les règles de la glace (2 in- 2 out) ou un ordre ferromagnétique. Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons exposé l’étude expérimentale du modèle de Potts dipolaire. Des réseaux formés d’aimants carrés ayant 300 nm de côté ont été réalisés par lithographie électronique, à partir d’une couche épitaxiée de Fer possédant une anisotropie quadratique. A température ambiante, ces plots possèdent une configuration magnétique monodomaine pouvant prendre 4 directions équivalentes, comme recherché pour le modèle de Potts dipolaire à 4 états. Un passage à 350°C (inférieure à la température de Curie) sous champ nul permet d’activer thermiquement la réorientation des spins afin qu’ils se rapprochent de l’état fondamental de l’assemblée de spins. Les configurations magnétiques observées après recuit, à l’aide d’un microscope à force magnétique, montrent l’importance du couplage dipolaire sur les états obtenus, ainsi que l’influence de l’angle entre les spins et l’axe du réseau. Les différentes configurations prédites théoriquement sont bien observées / Since the proposal in 2006 to use nanomagnets patterned by top-down techniques to mimic "artificial spins", the studies of artificial spin systems has attracted wide interest. As a matter of facts, the possibility to design "upon request" arbitrary network and the possibility to determine completely the "spin" configuration with magnetic imaging offer a wide playground for statistical physics. Up to now only Ising spin systems, multi axes with planar magnetization (on square or Kagome lattice) or more recently, single axis with perpendicular anisotropy, have been studied. However, beyond Ising spins, statistical physics and condensed matter physics have shown the interest of other spin models like q-state Potts models. In this thesis, we introduce the dipolar 4-state Potts model. It is shown that on a square lattice, depending on the angle between spins and lattice, the system present very different properties like antiferromagnetic order, spin ice state (2 in-2 out ice rule) and even dipolar ferromagnetism. This model has been realized experimentally. 300 nm square magnets are patterned from a 2 nm thick Fe layer with cubic anisotropy. At room temperature, the magnets present a uniform state with 4 equivalent directions. Upon heating at 350 °C the magnets switch from one direction to another. It is therefore possible to simply drive the system toward its ground state. The magnetic configurations determined by magnetic force microscopy reveals the importance of the dipolar coupling as the different expected ground states (antiferromagnetic, spin ice and ferromagnetic) are indeed observed. It is noticeable that these very different properties are obtained with the same "spins" (magnetic elements) and same lattice
|
2 |
Effets mécaniques de l'interaction dipolaire des atomes de Rydberg sondés par spectroscopie microonde / Mechanical effects of dipolar interaction between Rydberg atoms probed by microwave spectroscopyCelistrino Teixeira, Raul 17 September 2014 (has links)
Les énergies typiques de l’interaction dipolaire entre atomes de Rydberg sont plusieurs ordres de grandeur au-dessus des énergies d’interaction d’atomes et molécules dans le niveau fondamental. Une échelle de distance de plusieurs micromètres découle de cette interaction, ce qui est à l’origine du phénomène de blocage dipolaire, ou la suppression d’excitations d’atomes de Rydberg dans des nuages atomiques denses. Dans une première partie de cette thèse, nous étudions l’application de ce phénomène à l’excitation déterministe d’un atome unique à partir d’un condensat de Bose-Einstein piégé magnétiquement devant une puce à atomes. Une deuxième partie est consacrée à l’étude de l’interaction dipolaire d’ensembles denses d’atomes de Rydberg par spectroscopie microonde des transitions vers les niveaux de Rydberg proches en énergie. Ces ensembles sont créés par excitation laser à partir d’un nuage froid d’atomes de Rb87 dans l’état fondamental. Les spectres des transitions microonde sont élargis et déplacés par l’interaction dipolaire. L’étude de ces spectres permet ainsi d’inférer plusieurs aspects de la distribution spatiale des atomes de Rydberg créés, ce qui révèle différents processus d’excitation selon que la lumière laser est à résonance ou désaccordée. L’évolution mécanique du nuage d’atomes de Rydberg en fonction de leur interaction répulsive a aussi été observée, grâce à une série de spectres microonde à différents délais de l’excitation. Nous montrons ainsi que, pour des échelles temporelles supérieures à 10µs, leur mouvement doit être pris en compte pour la compréhension de la dynamique d’excitation de Rydberg dans des nuages atomiques denses. / The typical energy scales that arise from dipolar interaction between Rydberg atoms are orders of magnitude bigger than those related to the interaction between atoms and molecules at the ground level. A length scale of several micrometres stems from that strong interaction, which is the cause of the so-called dipole blockade effect, or the suppression of excitation of Rydberg atoms within dense atomic clouds. In the first part of this thesis, we study the possibility of using this effect to the deterministic excitation of a single atom within a Bose-Einstein condensate in a magnetic trap created on an atom chip. In a second part, we study the dipolar interaction of Rydberg atoms in dense ensembles, through microwave spectroscopy of transitions between Rydberg levels close in energy. These ensembles are created by laser excitation of Rb87 atoms initially in the ground level, trapped in a dense, cold cloud. The spectra of the microwave transitions are broadened and shifted, due to dipolar interaction. The study of these spectra then allows to infer several aspects of the spatial distribution of the Rydberg atoms, which reveals different excitation processes depending whether the laser light is in resonance or shifted with respect to the Rydberg transition. The mechanical evolution of the Rydberg atom cloud as a function of their mutual repulsive interaction was also observed, by performing microwave spectroscopy at different delays from the laser excitation. By these observations we show that, for time scales bigger than 10µs, their movement must be taken into account if one wants to understand the dynamics of the Rydberg excitation in dense atomic clouds.
|
3 |
Estudo através da técnica de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica, em bandas X e Q, dos compostos dinucleares Cu2(TzTs)4 e [Cu(flu)2DMF]2 / Electron paramagnetic resonance studies at X- and Q- bands of the dinuclear compounds Cu2(TzTs)4 and [Cu(flu)2DMF]2Napolitano, Lia Munhoz Benati 29 May 2009 (has links)
Esta tese relata um estudo pormenorizado, efetuado através da técnica de Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE) em bandas X (~ 9.5 GHz) e Q (~ 34.5 GHz), de amostras nas formas cristalina e pulverizada dos compostos dinucleares Cu2(TzTs)4, C40H36Cu2N8O8S8, e [Cu(flu)2DMF]2, C62H50Cu2F12N6O10. Tratamentos meticulosos dos espectros de RPE pertinentes a tais compostos propiciaram determinar tanto o parâmetro de interação antiferromagnética, J0, entre pares de íons Cu(II) existentes em uma unidade dinuclear (Hex = J0 S1·S2) como também os valores principais alusivos às matrizes g e D; onde a primeira refere-se à interação Zeeman [Hz = BB0(g1·S1 + g2·S2)] e a última reporta as interações spin-spin anisotrópicas (Hani = S1·D·S2) entre pares de íons Cu(II) presentes em uma unidade dinuclear. Ademais, medidas de RPE realizadas com um monocristal do composto Cu2(TzTs)4 permitiram detectar e estimar, no contexto interdinuclear, o fraco acoplamento de exchange, |J\'| = (0.060 ± 0.015) cm-1, existente entre unidades dinucleares vizinhas: este acoplamento existente entre uma unidade dinuclear e o meio randômico constituído pelas unidades dinucleares vizinhas conduz à decoerência (i.e. uma transição de fase quântica que colapsa a interação dipolar quando a magnitude do acoplamento de exchange isotrópico entre as unidades dinucleares vizinhas iguala-se à magnitude do acoplamento dipolar intradinuclear). No âmbito concernente ao composto [Cu(flu)2DMF]2, foi possível simular acuradamente as sete linhas de ressonância características do desdobramento hiperfino advindo de n = 2 núcleos equivalentes de centros paramagnéticos Cu2+ (I = 3/2) e, por conseguinte, os valores principais pertinentes à matriz de interação hiperfina A (Hhyper = S1·A·I1 + S2·A·I2) puderam ser precisamente determinados. / We report detailed Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) studies at X-band (~ 9.5 GHz) and Q-band (~ 34.5 GHz) of powder and single-crystal samples of the dinuclear compounds Cu2(TzTs)4, C40H36Cu2N8O8S8, and [Cu(flu)2DMF]2, C62H50Cu2F12N6O10. Meticulous investigations of their EPR data allow determining the antiferromagnetic interaction parameter, J0, between Cu(II) ions in the dinuclear unit (Hex = J0 S1·S2) as well as the principal values of both matrices g and D, where the first one is related to the Zeeman interaction [Hz = BB0(g1·S1 + g2·S2)] and the latter is associated with the anisotropic spin-spin interactions (Hani = S1·D·S2) between Cu(II) ion pairs in a dinuclear unit. In addition, EPR measurements of single-crystal samples of the compound Cu2(TzTs)4 allow detecting and estimating very weak exchange couplings between neighbour dinuclear units with an estimated magnitude |J\'| = (0.060 ± 0.015) cm-1: this coupling with the environment leads to decoherence (i.e. a quantum phase transition that collapses the dipolar interaction when the isotropic exchange coupling with neighbor dinuclear units equals the magnitude of the intradinuclear dipolar coupling). With reference to [Cu(flu)2DMF]2 compound, it was possible to simulate precisely the seven-line copper hyperfine splitting arising from n = 2 nonequivalent nuclei related to paramagnetic Cu2+ (I = 3/2) centers and, as a consequence of these accurate simulations, the principal values of the hyperfine interaction matrix A (Hhyper = S1·A·I1 + S2·A·I2) could be reliably obtained.
|
4 |
Estudo através da técnica de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica, em bandas X e Q, dos compostos dinucleares Cu2(TzTs)4 e [Cu(flu)2DMF]2 / Electron paramagnetic resonance studies at X- and Q- bands of the dinuclear compounds Cu2(TzTs)4 and [Cu(flu)2DMF]2Lia Munhoz Benati Napolitano 29 May 2009 (has links)
Esta tese relata um estudo pormenorizado, efetuado através da técnica de Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE) em bandas X (~ 9.5 GHz) e Q (~ 34.5 GHz), de amostras nas formas cristalina e pulverizada dos compostos dinucleares Cu2(TzTs)4, C40H36Cu2N8O8S8, e [Cu(flu)2DMF]2, C62H50Cu2F12N6O10. Tratamentos meticulosos dos espectros de RPE pertinentes a tais compostos propiciaram determinar tanto o parâmetro de interação antiferromagnética, J0, entre pares de íons Cu(II) existentes em uma unidade dinuclear (Hex = J0 S1·S2) como também os valores principais alusivos às matrizes g e D; onde a primeira refere-se à interação Zeeman [Hz = BB0(g1·S1 + g2·S2)] e a última reporta as interações spin-spin anisotrópicas (Hani = S1·D·S2) entre pares de íons Cu(II) presentes em uma unidade dinuclear. Ademais, medidas de RPE realizadas com um monocristal do composto Cu2(TzTs)4 permitiram detectar e estimar, no contexto interdinuclear, o fraco acoplamento de exchange, |J\'| = (0.060 ± 0.015) cm-1, existente entre unidades dinucleares vizinhas: este acoplamento existente entre uma unidade dinuclear e o meio randômico constituído pelas unidades dinucleares vizinhas conduz à decoerência (i.e. uma transição de fase quântica que colapsa a interação dipolar quando a magnitude do acoplamento de exchange isotrópico entre as unidades dinucleares vizinhas iguala-se à magnitude do acoplamento dipolar intradinuclear). No âmbito concernente ao composto [Cu(flu)2DMF]2, foi possível simular acuradamente as sete linhas de ressonância características do desdobramento hiperfino advindo de n = 2 núcleos equivalentes de centros paramagnéticos Cu2+ (I = 3/2) e, por conseguinte, os valores principais pertinentes à matriz de interação hiperfina A (Hhyper = S1·A·I1 + S2·A·I2) puderam ser precisamente determinados. / We report detailed Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) studies at X-band (~ 9.5 GHz) and Q-band (~ 34.5 GHz) of powder and single-crystal samples of the dinuclear compounds Cu2(TzTs)4, C40H36Cu2N8O8S8, and [Cu(flu)2DMF]2, C62H50Cu2F12N6O10. Meticulous investigations of their EPR data allow determining the antiferromagnetic interaction parameter, J0, between Cu(II) ions in the dinuclear unit (Hex = J0 S1·S2) as well as the principal values of both matrices g and D, where the first one is related to the Zeeman interaction [Hz = BB0(g1·S1 + g2·S2)] and the latter is associated with the anisotropic spin-spin interactions (Hani = S1·D·S2) between Cu(II) ion pairs in a dinuclear unit. In addition, EPR measurements of single-crystal samples of the compound Cu2(TzTs)4 allow detecting and estimating very weak exchange couplings between neighbour dinuclear units with an estimated magnitude |J\'| = (0.060 ± 0.015) cm-1: this coupling with the environment leads to decoherence (i.e. a quantum phase transition that collapses the dipolar interaction when the isotropic exchange coupling with neighbor dinuclear units equals the magnitude of the intradinuclear dipolar coupling). With reference to [Cu(flu)2DMF]2 compound, it was possible to simulate precisely the seven-line copper hyperfine splitting arising from n = 2 nonequivalent nuclei related to paramagnetic Cu2+ (I = 3/2) centers and, as a consequence of these accurate simulations, the principal values of the hyperfine interaction matrix A (Hhyper = S1·A·I1 + S2·A·I2) could be reliably obtained.
|
5 |
Effects of high magnetic field on high purity Fe-C alloys during diffusional phase transformation / Effets d'un champ magnétique élevé sur des alliages Fe-C de haute pureté au cours de la transformation de phase diffusionnelleZhang, Xiaoxue 09 July 2012 (has links)
Dans ce travail, l'influence du champ magnétique sur la transformation de phase diffusionnelle dans des alliages Fe-C de haute pureté a été étudiée théoriquement et expérimentalement. Les caractéristiques microstructurales et celles d'orientations cristallographiques induites par le champ magnétique ont été soigneusement étudiées dans trois alliages Fe-C à différents taux de carbone, à savoir Fe-0.12C, Fe-0.36C, Fe-1.1C. Le champ magnétique induit différentes microstructures alignées et allongées le long de la direction du champ, à savoir des colonies de perlite alignées et allongées dans l'alliage Fe-0.12C et des grains allongés de ferrite proeutectoïde dans l'alliage Fe-0.36C, en raison de l'interaction magnétique dipolaire à deux différentes échelles. Le champ magnétique augmente la quantité de ferrite dans les alliages hypoeutectoïdes et cet effet du champ est plus prononcé avec l'augmentation du taux de carbone. Le champ magnétique inhibe la formation de ferrite de Widmanstätten en introduisant une force motrice supplémentaire pour la transformation ferritique et réduisant ainsi la nécessité de l'interface de faible énergie qui est requise pour surmonter les barrières de transformation durant le processus de refroidissement lent. Le champ magnétique favorise la formation de la structure anormale en augmentant la force d'entraînement de la transformation de l'austénite appauvrie en carbone en ferrite et il améliore la sphereoidization de perlite en raison de son influence sur l'accélération de la diffusion de carbone entraînée par l'augmentation de la température de transformation, ainsi que son effet sur l'augmentation de l'énergie relative de l'interface ferrite /cémentite. L'augmentation de la solubilité du carbone dans la ferrite induite par le champ est mise en évidence à travers les mesures WDS-EPMA pour la première fois. Des calculas ab-initio montrent que la présence d'un atome de carbone interstitiel dans Fe-C modifie les moments magnétiques des atomes de Fe voisins. Ceci conduit à la diminution de l'énergie de démagnétisation du système et rend le système énergétiquement plus stable dans le champ magnétique. En raison de l'interaction dipolaire magnétique à l'échelle atomique, le champ magnétique favorise la nucléation et la croissance des grains de ferrite ayant leur direction <001> distordue parallèle à la direction du champ transversal, et induit donc l'augmentation de la composante de fibre <001> dans le sens transversal par rapport à la direction du champ. Cet effet du champ est relié à la distorsion du réseau cristallin induite par une solution de carbone et son impact devient plus fort avec l'augmentation de la teneur en carbone et l'intensité du champ. Trois relations d'orientations (OR) entre la ferrite perlitique et la cémentite ont été trouvées dans ce travail, à savoir l'OR Isaichev (IS) et deux OR proches des OR Pitsch-Petch (PP). Le champ magnétique ne modifie guère les types d'OR qui apparaissent, mais il augmente considérablement la fréquence d'occurrence des OR P-P2, en particulier dans l'alliage Fe-1.1C, en favorisant la nucléation de la ferrite / In this work, the influence of the magnetic field on diffusional phase transformation in high purity Fe-C alloys has been investigated theoretically and experimentally. The magnetic field induced microstructural features and crystallographic orientation characteristics have been thoroughly studied in three different carbon content alloys: Fe-0.12C, Fe-0.36C and Fe-1.1C alloys. Magnetic field induces different aligned and elongated microstructures along the field direction, namely aligned and elongated pearlite colonies in Fe-0.12C alloy and elongated proeutectoid ferrite grains in Fe-0.36C alloy, due to the two scaled magnetic dipolar interaction. Magnetic field increases the amount of ferrite in hypoeutectoid alloys and this field effect becomes more pronounced with the increase of the carbon composition. Magnetic field inhibits the formation of Widmanstätten ferrite by introducing additional driving force to ferritic transformation and thus reducing the need for low energy interface which is required to overcome the transformation barriers during slow cooling process. Magnetic field promotes the formation of abnormal structure by increasing the driving force of transformation from carbon-depleted austenite to ferrite and it enhances the spheroidization of pearlite due to its influence on accelerating carbon diffusion resulting from increased transformation temperature, together with its effect on increasing the relative ferrite/cementite interface energy. The field induced enhancement of carbon solution in ferrite is evidenced through the WDS-EPMA measurements for the first time. Ab-initio calculations reveal that the presence of an interstitial carbon atom in bcc Fe modifies the magnetic moments of its neighboring Fe atoms. This leads to the decrease of the demagnetization energy of the system and makes the system energetically more stable under the magnetic field. Due to the atomic-scaled magnetic dipolar interaction, magnetic field favors the nucleation and growth of the ferrite grains with their distorted <001> direction parallel to the transverse field direction, and thus induces the enhancement of the <001> fiber component in the transverse field direction. This field effect is related to the crystal lattice distortion induced by carbon solution and its impact becomes stronger with the increase of the carbon content and the field intensity.Three ORs between pearlitic ferrite and cementite have been found in present work, namely Isaichev (IS) OR and two close Pitsch-Petch (P-P) ORs. Magnetic field hardly changes the types of the appearing ORs, but it considerably increases the occurrence frequency of the P-P2 OR, especially in Fe-1.1C alloy, by favoring the nucleation of ferrite
|
6 |
Chloromethane Complexation by Cryptophanes : Host-Guest Chemistry Investigated by NMR and Quantum Chemical CalculationsTakacs, Zoltan January 2012 (has links)
Host–guest complexes are widely investigated because of their importance in many industrial applications. The investigation of their physico–chemical properties helps understanding the inclusion phenomenon. The hosts investigated in this work are cryptophane molecules possessing a hydrophobic cavity. They can encapsulate small organic guests such as halo–methanes (CH2Cl2, CHCl3). The encapsulation process was investigated from both the guest and the host point of view. With the help of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), the kinetics of complex formation was determined. The information was further used to obtain the activation energies of the processes. Having done this on five different cryptophanes, it is possible to relate the energies to structural differences between the hosts. Via the dipolar interaction between the guest’s and host’s protons, one can get information on the orientation of the guest inside the cavity. Moreover, the dynamics of the guest can be further investigated by its relaxation properties. This revealed restricted motion of the guest inside the host cavity. Not only the nature of the guest plays an important role. The host is also changing its properties upon encapsulation. All the cryptophanes investigated here can exchange rapidly between many conformers. These conformers have different–sized cavities. Quantum chemical optimization of the structure of the conformers makes volume estimation possible. Not only the cavity volumes, but also the quantum-chemically obtained energies and the calculated chemical shifts of the carbon–13 atoms can be helpful to follow the changes of the host upon complex formation. The host cannot be considered as a rigid entity. Analysis of variable temperature proton and carbon-13 spectra shows that the encapsulation can be considered as a mixture of conformational selection and induced fit. The structures of the formed complexes are further investigated by means of two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy (NOESY). The complex formation, its kinetics and thermodynamics are found to be a complicated function of structure elements of the host, the cavity size and the guest size and properties. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Accepted. Paper 5: Manuscript.</p><p> </p>
|
7 |
Dynamique d'aimantation ultra-rapide de nanoparticules magnétiques / Ultrafast magnetization dynamics in magnetic nanoparticlesKlughertz, Guillaume 28 January 2016 (has links)
L’objectif de cette thèse est d’explorer analytiquement et numériquement la dynamique d’aimantation de nanoparticules magnétiques. Nous montrons qu’il est possible de contrôler efficacement le retournement d’aimantation d’une nanoparticule à l’aide d’une excitation autorésonante. Cette étude révèle que l’amortissement de Gilbert et la température altèrent l’efficacité de ce procédé, tandis que les interactions dipolaires peuvent le faciliter. Les propriétés stationnaires d’une monocouche de nanoparticules sont également étudiées en reproduisant numériquement des courbes ZFC. Nous observons ainsi qu’un désordre structurel ne modifie pas la température de blocage. Enfin, nous étudions le comportement d’un ensemble de nanoparticules en interaction dans un fluide à l’aide de simulations de dynamique moléculaire. Nous retrouvons les configurations à l’équilibre en forme de chaînes et d’anneaux, puis nous examinons les aspects dynamiques en mettant en évidence l’existence d’ondes de spins. / The goal of this thesis is to explore analytically and numerically the magnetization dynamics in magnetic nanoparticles. Firstly, we study the Néel dynamics of fixed. We show that one can efficiently control the magnetization reversal of a nanoparticle by using a chirped excitation (autoresonance). This study reveals that the Gilbert damping and the temperature alter the efficiency of the reversal, while dipolar interactions can improve it. The stationary properties of a monolayer of nanoparticles are then examined by computing ZFC curves with a Monte Carlo method. We observe that structural disorder has no effect on the blocking temperature. Finally, we investigate the behavior of an ensemble of interacting nanoparticles moving in a fluid with a molecular dynamics approach. Our numerical simulations reproduce the usual chain and ring-like equilibrium configurations. We then study the dynamics of these structures and show the existence of super-spin waves.
|
8 |
Effet d'un champ électrique sur la structure et la dynamique de suspensions colloïdales confinées : étude numérique par simulation / Effect of an electric field on the structure and dynamics of confined suspensions of colloidal particles : numerical study by simulationChung, Salomon 09 March 2017 (has links)
Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire s'inscrit dans le cadre des études théoriques dedispersions colloïdales, ou suspensions de particules dont la taille varie du nanomètre aumicromètre. Dans ces milieux, les interactions entre les particules peuvent être moduléesen jouant par exemple sur leur composition superficielle, de même qu'il est possible demodifier l'environnement des colloïdes comme le solvant, le confinement du mélange et/ouéventuellement un champ extérieur pour influer sur leurs propriétés thermodynamiques.La modélisation-simulation permet alors de tester sur ordinateurcertains jeux de paramètres pouvant produire le phénomène souhaité,avant son éventuelle réalisation expérimentale.Ce travail se concentre sur cette étape préliminaire en considérant un mélange desphères dures dipolaires et apolaires, placé dans milieu confiné etsoumis à un champ électrique (magnétique pour des ferrocolloïdes).Dans une première étape, nous nous intéressons aux états d'équilibres du mélange,en étudiant par simulations Monte-Carlo un mélange symétrique en composition,non-additif et confiné entre deux murs éloignés.En comparant les résultats pour différentes densités et directions du champ extérieur,nous retrouvons certaines propriétés déjà observées pour des systèmes similaires.Nous commençons par la situation de référence sans champ où à faible densité,le mélange est monophasique et l'espèce dipolaire fuit les murs.L'augmentation de la densité favorise alors la séparation de phase et dans la phase richeen dipôles, l'espèce dipolaire mouille les murs.L'application d'un champ perpendiculaire aux murs favorise la stabilité du mélange malgrésa densité élevée et la non-additivité entre les deux espèces.En faisant croître ce champ, nous observons une structuration de l'espèce dipolaire,notamment près des murs ainsi que la formation de <<colonnes>> de dipôles dansla direction du champ.Enfin un champ parallèle aux murs provoque la démixtion du mélange dèsla plus faible densité considérée. Les dipôles fuient à nouveau les murs etnous observons de longues chaînes intriquées de dipôles.Dans une seconde étape, nous nous intéressons à la dynamique d'un mélange asymétrique encomposition et soumis à un champ. Nous combinons dans cette étudedes simulations Monte-Carlo et de dynamique moléculaire (Langevin).Le mélange est placé dans une boîte présentant un goulot d'étranglement afinde simuler un pore ouvert en contact avec un réservoir de particules,à travers une interface explicite. Le champ, perpendiculaire aux murs, sera appliquéau niveau du goulot d'étranglement afin d'y attirer les dipôles.Nous considérons d'abord un mélange peu dense afin que le cycle remplissage / vidagedu milieu confiné soit réversible. Dans le but d'accélérer ces cycles,l'intensité du champ est progressivement augmentée.Le remplissage en dipôles est effectivement plus rapide mais sa composition satureprématurément.Nous lançons ensuite une série de cycles avec des coefficients de frottement deLangevin croissants mais relativement petits afin de limiterla durée des simulations. Nous notons alors que les temps de remplissage oude vidage du pore varient linéairement en fonction du coefficient de frottementce qui nous permet d'estimer par extrapolation la durée d'un cycle pour les colloïdes.En jouant sur la non-additivité et la densité,nous parvenons à rendre les cycles irréversibles : selon l'application envisagée,l’irréversibilité pourra s'avérer utile ou devra être évitée.Nous terminons ce chapitre en estimant la variation de la durée des cycles avecla taille des colloïdes. Un modèle d'interaction entre colloïdes constitués pardes centres répulsifs en loi de puissance, uniformément répartis dans une sphèrenous permet de prévoir, moyennant des hypothèses sur les lois d'échelle,la variation des durées de remplissage ou de vidage pour des tailles allantde petits colloïdes aux dimensions quasi-moléculaires / The work presented in this dissertation is in the framework of the theoretical study ofcolloidal dispersions, i.e. suspensions of particles whose size varies from nanometers tomicrometers. In such a medium, the interactions between particles can be tuned through their surfacecomposition for instance. One may also modify the environment of the colloids:a specific solvent can be combined with confinement of the mixture andan external can field applied on it in order to tune its thermodynamic properties.Once a model of a physical system is defined, computer simulation can be used to explorea range of parameters to check if the sought phenomenon occurs, before carrying outany real experiment. This work focuses on this preliminary step: our model consists ofa mixture of dipolar and apolar hard spheres in a confined medium and subjected to anelectric field (or a magnetic one for ferrocolloids).In a first step, we use Monte Carlo simulation to study equilibrium states ofa binary mixture confined between distant walls,with symmetric composition of the two species having non additive interactions.By comparing the results of different densities and field directions,we recover some properties already observed for similar systems.In the reference state where the field is turned off, the mixture at low density is stableand we notice that the dipoles stay away from the walls.A denser mixture separates into two phases and in the dipoles rich one,the dipolar particles now wet the walls.When the mixture is subjected to a field perpendicular to the walls,it remains stable in spite of its high density and non additivity between unlike particles.Increasing the field induces a structuring of the dipolar component near the wallsand we observe column shaped clusters of dipoles along the direction of the field.Finally, the application of a field parallel to the walls separates the mixture,even at the lowest density we chose. Dipoles stay away from the walls and we observeentangled dipoles chains.In a second step we explore the dynamics of a mixture with asymmetric composition andsubjected to a field. We combine Monte Carlo and molecular dynamic (Langevin) simulationsin this study. The mixture is confined in a box with a bottleneck channel in order tosimulate an open pore exchanging particles with a reservoir through an explicit interface.The field which is perpendicular to the walls is applied in the bottleneck regionto attract dipoles there.We first consider a low density mixture such that the filling / emptying cycleof the pore is reversible.The intensity of the field is then increased to speed up the cycles.As expected, the dipoles fill the pore faster then. However their composition saturatesunder the maximum value found for a lower field.A series of cycles was performed with increasing Langevin damping coefficients but stilllow enough to reduced the computation time.We then notice that the filling or emptying duration is a linear function ofthe damping coefficient. The duration of a cycle for colloids is then obtained fromextrapolation.Combining non additivity and high enough density, we are able to make an irreversible cycle:depending on the application sought for, this irreversibility can be useful ormust be avoided.This chapter ends with the assessment of the duration of a cycle with respect tothe size of colloids. We use an interaction model between colloidal particles wherea colloid is uniformly made of repulsive centers following a power law.With some scaling law hypotheses, the duration of a filling or an emptying is estimated forsmall colloids down to nearly molecular dimensions
|
9 |
Field-responsive colloidal assemblies defined by magnetic anisotropySteinbach, Gabi, Schreiber, Michael, Nissen, Dennis, Albrecht, Manfred, Novak, Ekaterina, Sánchez, Pedro A., Kantorovich, Sofia S., Gemming, Sibylle, Erbe, Artur 27 April 2020 (has links)
Particle dispersions provide a promising tool for the engineering of functional materials that exploit self-assembly of complex structures. Dispersion made from magnetic colloidal particles is a great choice; they are biocompatible and remotely controllable among many other advantages. However, their dominating dipolar interaction typically limits structural complexity to linear arrangements. This paper shows how a magnetostatic equilibrium state with noncollinear arrangement of the magnetic moments, as reported for ferromagnetic Janus particles, enables the controlled self-organization of diverse structures in two dimensions via constant and low-frequency external magnetic fields. Branched clusters of staggered chains, compact clusters, linear chains, and dispersed single particles can be formed and interconverted reversibly in a controlled way. The structural diversity is a consequence of both the inhomogeneity and the spatial extension of the magnetization distribution inside the particles. We draw this conclusion from calculations based on a model of spheres with multiple shifted dipoles. The results demonstrate that fundamentally new possibilities for responsive magnetic materials can arise from interactions between particles with a spatially extended, anisotropic magnetization distribution.
|
10 |
Theoretical Studies of Two-Dimensional Magnetism and Chemical BondingGrechnyev, Oleksiy January 2005 (has links)
<p>This thesis is divided into two parts. In the first part we study thermodynamics of the two-dimensional Heisenberg ferromagnet with dipolar interaction. This interaction breaks the conditions of the Mermin-Wagner theorem, resulting in a finite transition temperature. Our calculations are done within the framework of the self-consistent spin-wave theory (SSWT), which is modified in order to include the dipolar interaction. Both quantum and classical versions of the Heisenberg model are considered.</p><p>The second part of the thesis investigates the chemical bonding in solids from the first principles calculations. A new chemical bonding indicator called balanced crystal orbital overlap population (BCOOP) is developed. BCOOP is less basis set dependent than the earlier indicators and it can be used with full-potential density-functional theory (DFT) codes. We apply BCOOP formalism to the chemical bonding in the high-T_c superconductor MgB2 and the theoretically predicted MAX phase Nb3SiC2. We also study how the chemical bonding results in a repulsive hydrogen–hydrogen interaction in metal hydrides. The role of this interaction in the structural phase transition in Ti3SnHx is investigated.</p>
|
Page generated in 0.1367 seconds