The leader of preschool institutions has to deal with various conflicts which he/she has to participate in and even exercise the role of mediator between the employees while solving different institutional tasks and controlling relationships at work. Conflicts, their causes and solutions at work in educational system, beginning with preschool institutions, are not given proper attention, although this problem exists. The aim of present work is to analyze conflicts which rise at work in preschool institutions. The present paper consists of three parts. The first part discusses the notion of relationships conflicts at work, various classifications, functions and causes of the conflicts. The second part focuses on the analysis of how to regulate the conflicts at work, what is the influence of working atmosphere to the problem of conflicts, the specific features of the conflicts and their solutions. What is more, the same part deals with the methods of prevention of those conflicts given by various authors. The third part presents the analysis of relationship conflicts at work. In order to analyze the conflicts at work in preschool institutions, their causes and the behavior of employees and the leader solving them, the research was hold in February-March, 2006. The leaders and some of the employees (teachers and other service personnel) of Vilnius preschool institutions were given anonymous questioners. As the part of the questioners did not return after the first poll, the... [to full text]

Esta tese aborda o interrelacionamento entre morfologia, topologia e dinâmica de ativação em redes neuronais morfologicamente realistas, construídas com neurônios da base pública Neuromorpho. Foi desenvolvido um arcabouço computacional capaz de simular a dinâmica de ativação neuronal (através do modelo integra-e-dispara) ao longo do desenvolvimento da conexão das redes tridimensionais respectivas. Tal arcabouço permitiu investigar como aspectos da dinâmica de ativação variam ao longo das épocas de desenvolvimento das redes, incluindo antes, durante e depois da percolação. Em particular, calcularam-se correlações de Pearson entre várias medidas dinâmicas e topológicas ao longo das épocas de evolução, de forma a se quantificar de maneira objetiva os possíveis relacionamentos entre a ativação neuronal e a topologia das redes. Foram considerados três tipos de neurônios piramidais: occipitais e pré-frontais de humanos e células piramidais de macado (macaco Rhesus). Os dois primeiros tipos foram verificados (através de histogramas de médias e análise por componentes principais) possuírem características morfológicas semelhantes, enquanto o grupo de células piramidais do macaco apresentaram substancial diferenciação. Vários resultados foram obtidos respectivamente às correlações entre medidas dinâmicas e topológicas. Em particular, verificou- se que os graus médios de entrada e saída das redes estão significativamente correlacionados com as taxas médias de ativação, convergindo rapidamente após a formação do componente fraco. A correlação do grau de entrada mostrou-se mais elevada do que a obtida para o grau de saída. Além disto, a correlação entre o grau de entrada e a taxa média de disparos tendeu a diminuir ao longo das épocas finais das simulações. Verificou-se também como os perfis de evolução de várias correlações entre dinâmica e topologia implicam na diferenciação dos tipos neuronais considerados. / This thesis addresses the interrelationships between morphology, topology and activation dynamics in morphologically realistic neuronal networks, derived from the public data base Neuromorpho. A computational framework has been developed that is capable of simulating the dynamics of neuronal activation (via the integrate-and-fire dynamics) during the development of the network connection in three-dimensional spaces. This framework allowed to investigate how aspects of the activation dynamics vary over the epochs of network development, including before, during and after the critical event of percolation. In particular, we calculated Pearson correlation coefficients between various topological and dynamical measurements throughout the epochs of evolution, in order to quantify in an objective way how the relationships between neuronal activation and network topology changed along the development of the connectivity. We considered three types of neurons: occipital and prefrontal pyramidal cells of human and diverse pyramidal cells of monkey individuals (monkey Rhesus). The first two types were found (via histograms and principal component analysis) to have mostly similar morphological characteristics, while the group of pyramidal cells from apes showed substantial differentiation. Several results were obtained respectively to the correlations between measurements of dynamics and morphology along the epochs of development. In particular, it was found that the input and output average degrees of the network are significantly correlated with the average rates of activation. After a period of large variation that precedes the formation of the weakly connected component, these correlation values converge rapidly to a regime of smooth decrease which suggests saturation of the activation in the network. The correlation implied by the indegree proved to be clearly higher than that obtained for the outdegree. It was also investigated how the profiles of the various correlations along the development epochs implied in the differentiation between the neuronal types considered.

Esta tese aborda o interrelacionamento entre morfologia, topologia e dinâmica de ativação em redes neuronais morfologicamente realistas, construídas com neurônios da base pública Neuromorpho. Foi desenvolvido um arcabouço computacional capaz de simular a dinâmica de ativação neuronal (através do modelo integra-e-dispara) ao longo do desenvolvimento da conexão das redes tridimensionais respectivas. Tal arcabouço permitiu investigar como aspectos da dinâmica de ativação variam ao longo das épocas de desenvolvimento das redes, incluindo antes, durante e depois da percolação. Em particular, calcularam-se correlações de Pearson entre várias medidas dinâmicas e topológicas ao longo das épocas de evolução, de forma a se quantificar de maneira objetiva os possíveis relacionamentos entre a ativação neuronal e a topologia das redes. Foram considerados três tipos de neurônios piramidais: occipitais e pré-frontais de humanos e células piramidais de macado (macaco Rhesus). Os dois primeiros tipos foram verificados (através de histogramas de médias e análise por componentes principais) possuírem características morfológicas semelhantes, enquanto o grupo de células piramidais do macaco apresentaram substancial diferenciação. Vários resultados foram obtidos respectivamente às correlações entre medidas dinâmicas e topológicas. Em particular, verificou- se que os graus médios de entrada e saída das redes estão significativamente correlacionados com as taxas médias de ativação, convergindo rapidamente após a formação do componente fraco. A correlação do grau de entrada mostrou-se mais elevada do que a obtida para o grau de saída. Além disto, a correlação entre o grau de entrada e a taxa média de disparos tendeu a diminuir ao longo das épocas finais das simulações. Verificou-se também como os perfis de evolução de várias correlações entre dinâmica e topologia implicam na diferenciação dos tipos neuronais considerados. / This thesis addresses the interrelationships between morphology, topology and activation dynamics in morphologically realistic neuronal networks, derived from the public data base Neuromorpho. A computational framework has been developed that is capable of simulating the dynamics of neuronal activation (via the integrate-and-fire dynamics) during the development of the network connection in three-dimensional spaces. This framework allowed to investigate how aspects of the activation dynamics vary over the epochs of network development, including before, during and after the critical event of percolation. In particular, we calculated Pearson correlation coefficients between various topological and dynamical measurements throughout the epochs of evolution, in order to quantify in an objective way how the relationships between neuronal activation and network topology changed along the development of the connectivity. We considered three types of neurons: occipital and prefrontal pyramidal cells of human and diverse pyramidal cells of monkey individuals (monkey Rhesus). The first two types were found (via histograms and principal component analysis) to have mostly similar morphological characteristics, while the group of pyramidal cells from apes showed substantial differentiation. Several results were obtained respectively to the correlations between measurements of dynamics and morphology along the epochs of development. In particular, it was found that the input and output average degrees of the network are significantly correlated with the average rates of activation. After a period of large variation that precedes the formation of the weakly connected component, these correlation values converge rapidly to a regime of smooth decrease which suggests saturation of the activation in the network. The correlation implied by the indegree proved to be clearly higher than that obtained for the outdegree. It was also investigated how the profiles of the various correlations along the development epochs implied in the differentiation between the neuronal types considered.

Chez les baleines à bosse (Megaptera novaeangliae), le maintien des liens sociaux entre les femelles et leurs nouveau-nés implique différentes modalités sensorielles telles que l'ouïe, le toucher et la vision. Si la communication acoustique chez les mâles chanteurs de cette espèce a été largement étudiée, les sons sociaux, en particulier ceux produits par les femelles et leurs nouveau-nés, ont été peu reportés. Cette étude décrit les sons sociaux présents dans les enregistrements acoustiques axés sur les groupes mère-baleineau et discute des vocalisations produites par les femelles et les baleineaux dans les interactions mère-jeune. En considérant les sons les plus fréquents de ce répertoire vocal, une analyse centrée sur la détermination de la source des sons de bass fréquence produits par la mère a été effectuée et des analyses ont été réalisées pour mettre en évidence l'individualité de certaines vocalisations appartenant à la mère et à son petit. Une description du contexte comportemental de leur production vocale a été réalisée et parallèlement, les profils de plongée des mères et de leurs nouveau-nés ont été décrits. En outre, les femelles et leurs petits passent beaucoup de temps à la surface de l'eau. Les mères sont souvent statiques à la surface tandis que les baleineaux évoluent autour d'elles. Cette étude est également consacrée à la compréhension de leurs comportements de surface, en tenant compte des comportements initiés par les baleineaux. Des séries d’analyses ont été réalisées pour déterminer si les baleineaux présentaient des comportements de latéralisation par rapport à leur mère. Enfin, en utilisant la méthode de photogrammétrie, les tailles des femelles et des nouveau-nés ont été mesurées, ainsi que l'espace utilisée par les baleineaux autour de leur mère. / In humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), maintaining social bonds between females and their newborns involves different sensory modalities such as hearing, touching and vision. While acoustic communication in male singers of this species has been extensively studied, social sounds, especially those produced by the females and their newborns have been poorly documented. This study describes the social sounds present in acoustic recordings focused on mother-calf groups and discusses the vocalizations used by females and calves in mother-offspring interactions. By considering the most frequent sounds from their vocal repertoire, an analysis focused on the determination of the source of the low-frequency sounds produced by the mother have been carried out and analyses were performed to investigate the individuality of some vocalizations belonging to the mothers and the calves. A description of the behavioural context of their vocal production was performed and the diving profiles of mother-calf pairs were described. Moreover, females with their calves spend a lot of time on the water surface. Mothers are often static at the surface while calves move around them. This study is also dedicated to the understanding of their surface behaviours, considering the behaviours initiated by calves. A series of analyses were carried out to determine whether calves exhibited lateralization behaviours in relation to their mothers. Finally, by using photogrammetry method, mother-calf lengths were measured, and calves spatial range around their mothers was investigated.

Dans ce travail, l'influence du champ magnétique sur la transformation de phase diffusionnelle dans des alliages Fe-C de haute pureté a été étudiée théoriquement et expérimentalement. Les caractéristiques microstructurales et celles d'orientations cristallographiques induites par le champ magnétique ont été soigneusement étudiées dans trois alliages Fe-C à différents taux de carbone, à savoir Fe-0.12C, Fe-0.36C, Fe-1.1C. Le champ magnétique induit différentes microstructures alignées et allongées le long de la direction du champ, à savoir des colonies de perlite alignées et allongées dans l'alliage Fe-0.12C et des grains allongés de ferrite proeutectoïde dans l'alliage Fe-0.36C, en raison de l'interaction magnétique dipolaire à deux différentes échelles. Le champ magnétique augmente la quantité de ferrite dans les alliages hypoeutectoïdes et cet effet du champ est plus prononcé avec l'augmentation du taux de carbone. Le champ magnétique inhibe la formation de ferrite de Widmanstätten en introduisant une force motrice supplémentaire pour la transformation ferritique et réduisant ainsi la nécessité de l'interface de faible énergie qui est requise pour surmonter les barrières de transformation durant le processus de refroidissement lent. Le champ magnétique favorise la formation de la structure anormale en augmentant la force d'entraînement de la transformation de l'austénite appauvrie en carbone en ferrite et il améliore la sphereoidization de perlite en raison de son influence sur l'accélération de la diffusion de carbone entraînée par l'augmentation de la température de transformation, ainsi que son effet sur l'augmentation de l'énergie relative de l'interface ferrite /cémentite. L'augmentation de la solubilité du carbone dans la ferrite induite par le champ est mise en évidence à travers les mesures WDS-EPMA pour la première fois. Des calculas ab-initio montrent que la présence d'un atome de carbone interstitiel dans Fe-C modifie les moments magnétiques des atomes de Fe voisins. Ceci conduit à la diminution de l'énergie de démagnétisation du système et rend le système énergétiquement plus stable dans le champ magnétique. En raison de l'interaction dipolaire magnétique à l'échelle atomique, le champ magnétique favorise la nucléation et la croissance des grains de ferrite ayant leur direction <001> distordue parallèle à la direction du champ transversal, et induit donc l'augmentation de la composante de fibre <001> dans le sens transversal par rapport à la direction du champ. Cet effet du champ est relié à la distorsion du réseau cristallin induite par une solution de carbone et son impact devient plus fort avec l'augmentation de la teneur en carbone et l'intensité du champ. Trois relations d'orientations (OR) entre la ferrite perlitique et la cémentite ont été trouvées dans ce travail, à savoir l'OR Isaichev (IS) et deux OR proches des OR Pitsch-Petch (PP). Le champ magnétique ne modifie guère les types d'OR qui apparaissent, mais il augmente considérablement la fréquence d'occurrence des OR P-P2, en particulier dans l'alliage Fe-1.1C, en favorisant la nucléation de la ferrite / In this work, the influence of the magnetic field on diffusional phase transformation in high purity Fe-C alloys has been investigated theoretically and experimentally. The magnetic field induced microstructural features and crystallographic orientation characteristics have been thoroughly studied in three different carbon content alloys: Fe-0.12C, Fe-0.36C and Fe-1.1C alloys. Magnetic field induces different aligned and elongated microstructures along the field direction, namely aligned and elongated pearlite colonies in Fe-0.12C alloy and elongated proeutectoid ferrite grains in Fe-0.36C alloy, due to the two scaled magnetic dipolar interaction. Magnetic field increases the amount of ferrite in hypoeutectoid alloys and this field effect becomes more pronounced with the increase of the carbon composition. Magnetic field inhibits the formation of Widmanstätten ferrite by introducing additional driving force to ferritic transformation and thus reducing the need for low energy interface which is required to overcome the transformation barriers during slow cooling process. Magnetic field promotes the formation of abnormal structure by increasing the driving force of transformation from carbon-depleted austenite to ferrite and it enhances the spheroidization of pearlite due to its influence on accelerating carbon diffusion resulting from increased transformation temperature, together with its effect on increasing the relative ferrite/cementite interface energy. The field induced enhancement of carbon solution in ferrite is evidenced through the WDS-EPMA measurements for the first time. Ab-initio calculations reveal that the presence of an interstitial carbon atom in bcc Fe modifies the magnetic moments of its neighboring Fe atoms. This leads to the decrease of the demagnetization energy of the system and makes the system energetically more stable under the magnetic field. Due to the atomic-scaled magnetic dipolar interaction, magnetic field favors the nucleation and growth of the ferrite grains with their distorted <001> direction parallel to the transverse field direction, and thus induces the enhancement of the <001> fiber component in the transverse field direction. This field effect is related to the crystal lattice distortion induced by carbon solution and its impact becomes stronger with the increase of the carbon content and the field intensity.Three ORs between pearlitic ferrite and cementite have been found in present work, namely Isaichev (IS) OR and two close Pitsch-Petch (P-P) ORs. Magnetic field hardly changes the types of the appearing ORs, but it considerably increases the occurrence frequency of the P-P2 OR, especially in Fe-1.1C alloy, by favoring the nucleation of ferrite

Les interférences nées de la coexistence des systèmes constitutionnel et européens de protection des droits fondamentaux peuvent, sous certaines conditions, être bénéfiques aux titulaires de ces derniers. Elles comportent cependant une part de risques devant d’autant plus être prise au sérieux que le recours au traditionnel principe hiérarchique est aporétique. Quelle est la gestion faite de ces risques ? Qu’elle soit neutralisée ou, de manière plus aboutie, concurrencée dans ses principales fonctions, la hiérarchie est en tous cas, sinon évitée, du moins relativisée au profit de méthodes de plus en plus perfectionnées s’inscrivant dans une perspective durable et construite d’émergence de principes de régulation des rapports entre les systèmes axés autour des idées maîtresses de coopération et de conciliation. L’hypothèse de la mise en place d’un système de rapports doit toutefois être aussitôt éclairée par le constat de son caractère inabouti, du fait notamment de phénomènes de résurgence de hiérarchie. C’est finalement toute la dialectique de la coopération des systèmes de protection qui se fait jour et révèle le tournant à l’aune duquel se trouvent les rapports étudiés : la limite de la satisfaction paraît avoir été atteinte et des défis d’un genre nouveau apparaissent. Il est primordial que le système d’ensemble parvienne à préserver l’équilibre progressivement construit. Au-delà, c’est également un mouvement de redynamisation qu’il convient d’encourager afin que, dépassant le stade actuel, le défi de l’achèvement et de l’amélioration soit relevé / The interferences between constitutional and European fundamental Rights protection systems can help the subject of fundamental Rights under certain conditions. But they also provide some risks that should be taken seriously, given that the traditional hierarchical principle does not appear to give an appropriate solution. How do the principal actors of the fundamental Rights protection in Europe deal with that? The hierarchy, simply neutralized or challenged in its main functions, is avoid or at least reduced in favor of more sophisticated methods. Those appear to be maintained over time and to give pace to regulation principles within systems, based on cooperation and conciliation ideas. However, the theory of a new system of relations emergence is still incomplete. The perfect normative harmony hasn’t been reached yet, due to several factors, including phenomena of resurgence of hierarchy. In the end, the whole dialectic of system of protection’s cooperation is revealed and highlights a turning point where the studied relations now find themselves: the limitation to the satisfaction appears to be reached as new challenges are emerging. It is crucial that the global system remains in capacity to keep a progressively built balance. Above all, a stimulating impulsion should be encouraged in order to complete and improve what has been started

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:58:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joana Domitila de Olivia Miranda.pdf: 812745 bytes, checksum: 4fb38b818d8335c2df2e717872c1990e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-04 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of this study was the meaning investigation assigned by the teacher to "learning difficulties" presented by his students. The theoretical assumed was the socio-historical psychology, subsidized by philosophy and the method proposed by the historical dialectical materialism. The research subject was a math teacher in a public school in São Paulo/SP, in the middle period of his career, with 17 years teaching. The data collection involved a semi-structured interviews with the subject of research, based on script previously elaborated, focusing on the personal and professional history life, further on aspects with a focus on interest themetic. The grouping methodology and analysis data was the significance of the nuclei (Aguiar and Ozella, 2006). The results shows the teacher`s report perspectives of "blaming" by both students and teachers, by "learning difficulties" presented by some individuals in the teaching-learning. This is a fairly shared view by teachers, constituted socio-historically by and in the objective conditions of implementation policies public toward basic education, the structuring of the Brazilian educational system and also the teachers training. Based on a proposal critical by Psychology of Education, this work shows the need to focus on the affective dimensions of the individuals involved in the teaching-learning as well as their material conditions of existence, including toward beyond the appearance of its practices constituent. This aspect inserted in the process of training education teacher provides a better understanding of the essence of the educational phenomenon, present in and outside the classroom, thus promoting a transformation of the teaching-learning and the conception of deterministic construction of the "difficulties learning / O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar os sentidos e significados atribuídos pelo professor às dificuldades de aprendizagem apresentadas pelos seus alunos. O referencial teórico adotado foi o da psicologia sócio-histórica, subsidiado pela filosofia e método proposto pelo materialismo histórico dialético. O sujeito da pesquisa foi uma professora de matemática, docente de uma escola estadual do município de São Paulo/SP, com 17 anos de magistério. A coleta de dados envolveu uma entrevista semi-estruturada com a participante, baseada em roteiro previamente elaborado, com foco na história de vida pessoal e profissional, notadamente na temática de interesse. O método seguiu a proposta de Aguiar e Ozella (2006), formando, com base no relato, pré-indicadores, indicadores e, finalmente, núcleos de significação. Os resultados revelaram o conflito, irresoluto, da professora que ora se imobiliza por não ver como é possível ensinar alunos desinteressados, indisciplinados e sem organização mental, ora debruça-se sobre o magistério, para não se identificar com os muitos professores descompromissados que existem por aí. Os germes da contradição se fazem presentes, mas não se sabe se eles, em si, serão capazes de operar mudança na direção esperada, que é a da escola democrática. Com base em uma proposta crítica de Psicologia da Educação, o presente trabalho aponta a necessidade de se focar as dimensões afetivas daqueles envolvidos na relação ensino-aprendizagem, assim como suas condições materiais de existência, compreendendo, para além da aparência, os sentidos constitutivos de suas práticas. Estes aspectos, se inseridos nos processos de formação docente, podem possibilitar uma melhor compreensão dos fenômenos educativos e levar à re-significação da relação ensino-aprendizagem e da concepção, quase sempre unilateral, que os docentes mantém acerca das dificuldades de aprendizagem

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / O presente trabalho propõe-se a analisar a construção do tópico discursivo em histórias em quadrinhos (HQ) escritas por uma díade de alunas recém-alfabetizados de um 2º ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola da rede pública da cidade de Maceió. Inserido no campo de estudo da Genética Textual, e assumindo como base teórico-metodológica as investigações sobre processos de escritura em ato e manuscritos escolares proposta por Calil (2008, 2009), considerando as reflexões sobre as relações entre texto em quadrinhos (LINS, 2008), as propriedades de centração e organicidade constitutivas do tópico discursivo, conforme indicado por Koch et al.(1996), e as noções da Linguística Textual acerca da Referenciação (KOCK, 2006; KOCH & ELIAS, 2010), nosso objeto de perquirição está voltado para a análise das filmagens de processos de escritura em ato, bem como dos manuscritos, quando uma dupla (Ana e Maria, ambas com 08 anos de idade) de discentes escreviam propostas de produção de HQ. Este processo e seu manuscrito estabeleceram-se a partir do diálogo entre as alunas, enquanto criavam e escreviam, em dois processos de escritura distintos, historinhas da Turma da Mônica sem os textos escritos, o que poderia acompanhar os quadrinhos oferecidos como suporte. Com o apoio do programa de computador ELAN, pudemos descrever e associar, cronologicamente, um complexo sistema semiótico composto pelas imagens captadas (movimentos de corpo, gestos, mãos, expressões faciais, posição da caneta e direções do olhar), o que foi falado e combinado e, por fim, pelo que ficou escrito em cada quadrinho. Dentre os aspectos mais importantes que ocorreram durante o estabelecimento do tópico discursivo pela díade no primeiro processo/manuscrito está a preponderância da perspectiva enunciativa enquanto-leitoras-de-imagens sobre a perspectiva enunciativa enquanto-autoras-da-narrativa-em-quadrinhos , representada através da interação gráfico-visual entre os personagens; e no segundo processo/manuscrito, houve alternância entre uma e outra perspectiva, prevalecendo, no texto final após interferências do professor que conduzira a aula , o segundo posicionamento. Por fim, nossa análise advoga a necessidade de se refletir e diferenciar a constituição do tópico discursivo em HQ a partir da recepção, quando os alunos, professores (e pesquisadores) assumem a posição de leitores e a constituição do tópico discursivo em HQ a partir da produção, quando os alunos assumem a posição de escreventes, sendo necessário um empreendimento lingüístico-cognitivo para se construir a perspectiva dos personagens que falam e não a do narrador que descreve.