O presente estudo insere-se no debate sobre a formação, atração e retenção de trabalhadores qualificados, tomando-se como referências as contribuições da Nova Sociologia Econômica (NSE) e do Neoinstitucionalismo Sociológico. Com a prospecção de petróleo na camada do pré-sal, o Polo Naval de Rio Grande tornou-se uma fonte de análise da adequação do Brasil ao novo paradigma econômico. A fabricação e montagem de plataformas para a extração de petróleo e a produção de embarcações requerem um novo conjunto de fornecedores de bens e serviços de alta tecnologia e recursos humanos qualificados. A partir do aumento da demanda por esses trabalhadores e dos incentivos governamentais para qualificação profissional, o estudo propõe-se a analisar como essas oportunidades repercutem nos interesses e expectativas de engenheiros (graduados e em formação) do Polo Naval de Rio Grande. Foi realizado um esforço de integração entre as análises quantitativa e qualitativa. Os dados da RAIS/MTE mostraram que a implementação de um Polo Naval no município de Rio Grande criou oportunidades para os trabalhadores vinculados ao setor de construção naval, especialmente aos engenheiros. As 12 entrevistas realizadas com engenheiros localizados em empresas inseridas na cadeia da construção naval demonstraram que, embora as oportunidades profissionais surgidas no Polo Naval exerçam grande importância nas decisões profissionais desses trabalhadores, não são suficientes para determinar sua ida e permanência em Rio Grande. As decisões desses profissionais são fortemente influenciadas por fatores não econômicos, como a idade, qualidade de vida e proximidade da família. / This present study composes the debate about formation, attraction and retention of skilled workers, taking as references the contributions of the New Economic Sociology and of the Sociological New Institutionalism. With the prospecting of oil in the Pre-salt layer, the Naval Pole of Rio Grande has become a source for analysis regarding the adaptation of Brazil in the new economic paradigm. The manufacturing and assembly of platforms for the extraction of oil and the production of vessels require a new set of providers of goods and high-technology services and skilled human resources. Based on the increasing of demand for these type of workers and for government incentives, this paper intends to analyze how these opportunities reflect on the interests and expectations of engineers (graduate and undergraduate) from the Naval Pole of Rio Grande. It was taken an effort to integrate the qualitative and the quantitative analysis. Data from RAIS/MTE show that the implementation of a Naval Pole in the city of Rio Grande originated opportunities for the workers linked to the shipbuilding industry, specially engineers. The 12 interviews made with engineers from the companies that are part of the shipbuilding chain expressed that, tough the professional opportunities emerged from the Naval Pole have great importance on their decisions, they are not enough to determine their moving and stay in Rio Grande. The decisions of these professionals are strongly influenced by non-economical factors, such as age, welfare, and family ties.

O presente estudo insere-se no debate sobre a formação, atração e retenção de trabalhadores qualificados, tomando-se como referências as contribuições da Nova Sociologia Econômica (NSE) e do Neoinstitucionalismo Sociológico. Com a prospecção de petróleo na camada do pré-sal, o Polo Naval de Rio Grande tornou-se uma fonte de análise da adequação do Brasil ao novo paradigma econômico. A fabricação e montagem de plataformas para a extração de petróleo e a produção de embarcações requerem um novo conjunto de fornecedores de bens e serviços de alta tecnologia e recursos humanos qualificados. A partir do aumento da demanda por esses trabalhadores e dos incentivos governamentais para qualificação profissional, o estudo propõe-se a analisar como essas oportunidades repercutem nos interesses e expectativas de engenheiros (graduados e em formação) do Polo Naval de Rio Grande. Foi realizado um esforço de integração entre as análises quantitativa e qualitativa. Os dados da RAIS/MTE mostraram que a implementação de um Polo Naval no município de Rio Grande criou oportunidades para os trabalhadores vinculados ao setor de construção naval, especialmente aos engenheiros. As 12 entrevistas realizadas com engenheiros localizados em empresas inseridas na cadeia da construção naval demonstraram que, embora as oportunidades profissionais surgidas no Polo Naval exerçam grande importância nas decisões profissionais desses trabalhadores, não são suficientes para determinar sua ida e permanência em Rio Grande. As decisões desses profissionais são fortemente influenciadas por fatores não econômicos, como a idade, qualidade de vida e proximidade da família. / This present study composes the debate about formation, attraction and retention of skilled workers, taking as references the contributions of the New Economic Sociology and of the Sociological New Institutionalism. With the prospecting of oil in the Pre-salt layer, the Naval Pole of Rio Grande has become a source for analysis regarding the adaptation of Brazil in the new economic paradigm. The manufacturing and assembly of platforms for the extraction of oil and the production of vessels require a new set of providers of goods and high-technology services and skilled human resources. Based on the increasing of demand for these type of workers and for government incentives, this paper intends to analyze how these opportunities reflect on the interests and expectations of engineers (graduate and undergraduate) from the Naval Pole of Rio Grande. It was taken an effort to integrate the qualitative and the quantitative analysis. Data from RAIS/MTE show that the implementation of a Naval Pole in the city of Rio Grande originated opportunities for the workers linked to the shipbuilding industry, specially engineers. The 12 interviews made with engineers from the companies that are part of the shipbuilding chain expressed that, tough the professional opportunities emerged from the Naval Pole have great importance on their decisions, they are not enough to determine their moving and stay in Rio Grande. The decisions of these professionals are strongly influenced by non-economical factors, such as age, welfare, and family ties.

O presente estudo insere-se no debate sobre a formação, atração e retenção de trabalhadores qualificados, tomando-se como referências as contribuições da Nova Sociologia Econômica (NSE) e do Neoinstitucionalismo Sociológico. Com a prospecção de petróleo na camada do pré-sal, o Polo Naval de Rio Grande tornou-se uma fonte de análise da adequação do Brasil ao novo paradigma econômico. A fabricação e montagem de plataformas para a extração de petróleo e a produção de embarcações requerem um novo conjunto de fornecedores de bens e serviços de alta tecnologia e recursos humanos qualificados. A partir do aumento da demanda por esses trabalhadores e dos incentivos governamentais para qualificação profissional, o estudo propõe-se a analisar como essas oportunidades repercutem nos interesses e expectativas de engenheiros (graduados e em formação) do Polo Naval de Rio Grande. Foi realizado um esforço de integração entre as análises quantitativa e qualitativa. Os dados da RAIS/MTE mostraram que a implementação de um Polo Naval no município de Rio Grande criou oportunidades para os trabalhadores vinculados ao setor de construção naval, especialmente aos engenheiros. As 12 entrevistas realizadas com engenheiros localizados em empresas inseridas na cadeia da construção naval demonstraram que, embora as oportunidades profissionais surgidas no Polo Naval exerçam grande importância nas decisões profissionais desses trabalhadores, não são suficientes para determinar sua ida e permanência em Rio Grande. As decisões desses profissionais são fortemente influenciadas por fatores não econômicos, como a idade, qualidade de vida e proximidade da família. / This present study composes the debate about formation, attraction and retention of skilled workers, taking as references the contributions of the New Economic Sociology and of the Sociological New Institutionalism. With the prospecting of oil in the Pre-salt layer, the Naval Pole of Rio Grande has become a source for analysis regarding the adaptation of Brazil in the new economic paradigm. The manufacturing and assembly of platforms for the extraction of oil and the production of vessels require a new set of providers of goods and high-technology services and skilled human resources. Based on the increasing of demand for these type of workers and for government incentives, this paper intends to analyze how these opportunities reflect on the interests and expectations of engineers (graduate and undergraduate) from the Naval Pole of Rio Grande. It was taken an effort to integrate the qualitative and the quantitative analysis. Data from RAIS/MTE show that the implementation of a Naval Pole in the city of Rio Grande originated opportunities for the workers linked to the shipbuilding industry, specially engineers. The 12 interviews made with engineers from the companies that are part of the shipbuilding chain expressed that, tough the professional opportunities emerged from the Naval Pole have great importance on their decisions, they are not enough to determine their moving and stay in Rio Grande. The decisions of these professionals are strongly influenced by non-economical factors, such as age, welfare, and family ties.

Chaque année, un grand nombre d’immigrants arrivent dans la grande région de Montréal. Parmi eux, nous trouvons des travailleurs qualifiés qui retournent souvent aux études supérieures pour s'insérer sur le marché du travail québécois. Cette catégorie d'immigration a des trajectoires d'études et professionnelles qui diffèrent de celles des Québécois. De nombreuses recherches ont été réalisées sur l'immigration, mais les études sur le parcours migratoire qui considèrent le contexte du pays d'origine et le contexte du pays d'arrivée comme un continuum sont plus rares. Cette étude exploratoire a pour objectif de saisir les cheminements d'études et professionnels de travailleuses qualifiées en contexte migratoire entre la Colombie et le Québec. Il s'agira d’identifier les moments clés qui ont jalonné et facilité ces cheminements. Nous avons mobilisé le paradigme du parcours de vie pour comprendre les trajectoires d'études et professionnelles des femmes colombiennes. Nous avons utilisé ce paradigme pour interpréter les données résultant de quatorze entretiens menés avec des immigrantes colombiennes qualifiées à Montréal. Nous avons ensuite analysé les résultats selon leur contenu thématique, pour conclure qu’il y avait chez les femmes interrogées, plusieurs éléments clés qui ont facilité leurs trajectoires d'études et professionnelles de la Colombie jusqu'au Québec. L’analyse du discours met en évidence le fait que le réseau familial en Colombie ont une portée sur ces trajectoires tout aussi significative que le rôle de l'État au Québec en l’absence du réseau social perdu lors de la migration. Le support du conjoint reste constant dans les deux contextes. Le caractère exploratoire de notre étude ne permet pas de généraliser ces résultats, mais il reste que ce mémoire invite à élargir le regard sur cet objet trop peu étudié en sociologie que sont les trajectoires d'études et professionnelles de travailleuses qualifiées issues de l'immigration, trajectoires appréhendées comme un continuum entre les deux sociétés. / Each year, a large number of immigrants arrive in the greater Montreal area. Among them, we find skilled workers who often return to higher education to enter the Quebec job market. This category of immigration have academic and professional experiences that differ from those of Quebec. Many studies have been carried out on immigration, but studies on the migratory journey that consider the context of the country of origin and the context of the country of arrival as a continuum are rarer. This exploratory study aims to understand the evolution of academic and professional experiences throughout the migratory trajectory in two contrasting contexts, Colombia on the one hand and Quebec on the other, and to identify the key moments that facilitated these experiences. We used the life course paradigm to better understand the academic and professional experiences of Colombian women. We used this paradigm to interpret the data from fourteen interviews conducted with Colombian immigrant women in Montreal in the category of skilled workers. We then analyzed the results according to their thematic content, to conclude that there were several key elements among the interviewed women that facilitated their academic and professional experiences from Colombia to Quebec. Discourse analysis highlights the fact that the social network in Colombia has a bearing on these trajectories that are just as significant as the role of the state in Quebec in the absence of the social network lost during migration. Spousal support remains constant in both contexts. The exploratory nature of our study does not allow us to generalize these results, but the fact remains that this thesis invites us to broaden our view of this subject that is too little studied in sociology, namely the study of the academic and professional experiences of Colombian women in the category of skilled workers throughout their migratory trajectory as a continuum between two societies.

Talent management is a source of competitive advantage and will be achieved by those organisations that are able to attract, develop and retain best in class individuals. It is thus not just a human resources issue but rather an integral part of any organisation’s strategy. Due to negative perceptions about South Africa, skilled workers are immigrating to countries such as Australia to the detriment of the South African economy. This loss is not necessarily being replaced by graduates or through immigration. Government policies such as Broader- Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE), Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) and Affirmative Action (AA), compound the issue by then decreasing the pool of skilled applicants that may occupy skilled and senior posts in organisations. Globally there is a shortage of skills and due to employee mobility they can use any opportunity that presents itself. The objectives of this study was to determine the factors which lead to the emigration of skilled South African’s to Australia and then once these factors are known to propose retention strategies to role players to stem the emigration tide. To achieve these objectives a survey was prepared based on previous studies and a link to the web questionnaire was distributed to the population via an Australian immigration agent. The link was sent to all the agent’s clients around the world and thus consisted not only of South Africa respondents but also elicited international responses, which will be used for comparison purposes only. Only 48 South Africans responded to the survey and although limited, it was sufficient for the purposes of this study. The demographic profile was mainly male and dominated by Generation X. Using a Likert scale respondents were questioned on their levels of satisfaction in their country of origin and in Australia through an adaptation of a study by Mattes and Richmond (2000). The study of Hulme (2002) was adapted and incorporated into the questionnaire, where respondents were given the opportunity to rank considerations for leaving South Africa and factors that would draw them back. Respondents were provided with the opportunity for responses to open-ended questions to include other considerations for leaving and factors that would draw them back. Results from these survey items revealed that the primary reasons driving skilled South Africans to emigrate was safety and security, upkeep of public amenities, customer service and taxation. In contrast, South African migrants had high levels of satisfaction with safety and security, upkeep of public amenities and customer service in Australia. Respondents indicated that factors that would draw them back to South Africa would be improvements in safety and security and government, followed by family roots, good jobs and schools. The study also looked at the permanence of the move. If skilled individuals returned with new-found skills and experience then it could be a potential brain gain for South Africa. The results of this study found that 43% of respondents had no intention to return, 42% did not supply a response and only 10% were undecided on whether to return or not. To attract, retain and develop talent, the South African government and the private sector would need to work in partnership to develop policies that would satisfy the lower-order needs of individuals, such as physiological and safety needs. / Emigration of skilled South African migrants to Australia / Business Management / M.Tech. (Business Administration)

Les études portant sur l’adéquation entre le niveau de formation des individus et celui requis pour l’emploi occupé se sont peu attardées à la dimension temporelle de cette relation. De plus, peu ont abordé la question chez les immigrants canadiens, et de surcroît chez les travailleurs immigrants sélectionnés du Québec. Une seule étude abordant le sujet sous un angle longitudinal a été recensée et se limite à l’accès des travailleurs qualifiés à un premier emploi correspondant à leur niveau de compétences. Cette thèse cherche à aller au-delà des premières transitions sur le marché du travail et vise à mieux comprendre l’évolution de la relation formation-emploi au fil du temps d’établissement. Plus spécifiquement, l’objectif y est de mieux circonscrire l’évolution de la relation formation-emploi au cours des premières années suivant l’arrivée du migrant, d’en identifier les déterminants, mais également de voir l’impact de cette relation sur d’autres dimensions de la qualité de l’emploi : le statut socioéconomique et le salaire. Afin de mieux comprendre les déterminants de l’occupation d’emplois correspondant à son niveau de compétences et d’emplois pour lesquels l’individu est suréduqué ainsi que leur impact respectif sur le statut d’emploi et le salaire, cette thèse considère l’apport de théories sociologiques et économiques. D’une part, différentes théories s’opposent quant au caractère temporaire ou permanent de la suréducation. Ce faisant, elles soulèvent l’impact potentiel des expériences en emploi passées sur le parcours futur et la nécessité d’une vision longitudinale de l’insertion professionnelle. D’autre part, d’autres approches soulèvent, en plus des déterminants individuels, le rôle du contexte social et institutionnel dans lequel l’individu s’insère. Ces différentes approches trouvent écho dans la perspective empirique du parcours de vie qui permet de considérer l’interrelation entre des facteurs micro, méso et macro sociaux et de se représenter les parcours biographiques au fil du temps. L'Enquête sur les travailleurs sélectionnés (ETS) a rendu possible l'étude des parcours en emploi de cette catégorie d'immigrant sélectionnée en fonction de son potentiel d'insertion à la société québécoise dans la mesure où celle-ci comporte à la fois des données administratives sur la situation prémigratoire des travailleurs immigrants, de même que de l'information datée sur chacun des emplois occupés après la migration. L’analyse a été effectuée en trois temps soit : une description du lien entre le niveau de formation et l’emploi, l’étude des déterminants de la relation formation-emploi et finalement, l’étude des salaires et effet de la relation formation-emploi sur ceux-ci. Chacun de ces trois volets est présenté sous forme d’articles soumis pour publication. Les résultats montrent que la proportion d’individus occupant des emplois correspondant à leur niveau de compétences augmente avec le temps passé dans la société d’accueil. Cependant, la suréducation demeure un phénomène présent chez la catégorie des travailleurs immigrants sélectionnés. À ce titre, les premières expériences en emploi sont déterminantes dans la mesure où elles ont un impact non seulement sur l’évolution de la relation formation-emploi, mais également sur les salaires et les statuts des emplois décrochés par les nouveaux arrivants. La grille de sélection, élément central du processus par lequel un candidat peut devenir immigrant au Québec, à travers les attributs des individus qu’elle retient, contribue aussi à façonner les parcours en emploi. La région de provenance des immigrants distingue également les immigrants entre eux, toutes choses égales par ailleurs. La majorité des groupes sont désavantagés lorsqu’ils sont comparés à leurs compatriotes de l’Europe de l’Ouest et des États-Unis, et ce désavantage perdure au fil des années. Cette thèse a démontré que l’insertion professionnelle et la relation formation-emploi sont des sujets se devant d’être abordés sous un angle longitudinal pour bien saisir la complexité des processus à l’œuvre. Au niveau social, les analyses auront permis de montrer l’importance de se pencher sur les services offerts aux immigrants pour les aider dans leur insertion professionnelle, surtout dans un contexte où des départs à la retraite massifs et des pénuries de main-d'œuvre qualifiée sont à prévoir. / Studies on the adequacy between the level of education of individuals and that required for the job held have rarely addressed the temporal dimension of this relationship. Moreover, few have addressed the issue among Canadian immigrants, and fewer still for skilled workers in Quebec. One study examining the subject from a longitudinal perspective has been identified, but is limited to the access of skilled workers to a first job corresponding to their skill level. This thesis seeks to go beyond the first transitions to the labour market and aims to better understand the evolution of the relationship between education and employment over the course of settlement. More specifically, the objective is to better define the progression of this relationship during the first years after the migrant’s arrival, to identify its determinants, but also to see the impact of this relationship on other dimensions of job quality: socio-economic status and salary. This thesis considers the contribution of sociological and economic theories in order to better understand the determinants of having jobs that match one’s level of skills and jobs for which the individual is over-educated, as well as their respective impacts on employment status and salary. On the one hand, various theories disagree regarding the temporary or permanent nature of over-education. In so doing, they highlight the potential impact of past job experiences on the job course and the need for a longitudinal view of labour market integration. On the other hand, other approaches underline, in addition to individual determinants, the role of the social and institutional context in which the individual belongs. These different approaches are reflected in the empirical perspective of the life course that allows us to consider the interrelationship between micro, meso and macro social factors and to represent individual histories through time. Data from the "Enquête sur les travailleurs sélectionnés" (ETS) includes both administrative data on the pre-migration situation of immigrant workers, as well as information on each job held after migration, making possible the study of pathways into employment for this immigrant category which is selected based on its potential for integration into Quebec society. The analysis was conducted in three phases, including a description of the relationship between educational attainment and employment, the study of the determinants of the education-job relationship and finally, the study of wages and the effect of the education-job relationship on them. Each of these three components is presented in the form of articles ready to be submitted for publication. The results show that the proportion of individuals in jobs that match their skill level increases with time spent in the host society. However, over-education is a phenomenon present among the skilled worker immigration category. As such, the first job experiences are critical since they have an impact not only on the evolution of the relationship between education and employment, but also on wages and the socio-economic status of jobs obtained by new immigrants. The selection grid, a central element of the process through which a candidate can become an immigrant in Quebec, also helps shape the job course through the attributes of the individuals that it retains. Region of origin distinguishes immigrants as well, all things being equal. Most groups are disadvantaged when compared to their counterparts from Western Europe and the United States, and this disadvantage persists over the years. This thesis has shown that economic integration and the education-job relationship are topics to be addressed from a longitudinal perspective in order to understand the complexity of the processes at work. At the social level, analyses have demonstrated the importance of looking at the services offered to immigrants to help them establish economically, especially in a context where retirements and massive labour shortages are expected to happen.

Les études portant sur l’adéquation entre le niveau de formation des individus et celui requis pour l’emploi occupé se sont peu attardées à la dimension temporelle de cette relation. De plus, peu ont abordé la question chez les immigrants canadiens, et de surcroît chez les travailleurs immigrants sélectionnés du Québec. Une seule étude abordant le sujet sous un angle longitudinal a été recensée et se limite à l’accès des travailleurs qualifiés à un premier emploi correspondant à leur niveau de compétences. Cette thèse cherche à aller au-delà des premières transitions sur le marché du travail et vise à mieux comprendre l’évolution de la relation formation-emploi au fil du temps d’établissement. Plus spécifiquement, l’objectif y est de mieux circonscrire l’évolution de la relation formation-emploi au cours des premières années suivant l’arrivée du migrant, d’en identifier les déterminants, mais également de voir l’impact de cette relation sur d’autres dimensions de la qualité de l’emploi : le statut socioéconomique et le salaire. Afin de mieux comprendre les déterminants de l’occupation d’emplois correspondant à son niveau de compétences et d’emplois pour lesquels l’individu est suréduqué ainsi que leur impact respectif sur le statut d’emploi et le salaire, cette thèse considère l’apport de théories sociologiques et économiques. D’une part, différentes théories s’opposent quant au caractère temporaire ou permanent de la suréducation. Ce faisant, elles soulèvent l’impact potentiel des expériences en emploi passées sur le parcours futur et la nécessité d’une vision longitudinale de l’insertion professionnelle. D’autre part, d’autres approches soulèvent, en plus des déterminants individuels, le rôle du contexte social et institutionnel dans lequel l’individu s’insère. Ces différentes approches trouvent écho dans la perspective empirique du parcours de vie qui permet de considérer l’interrelation entre des facteurs micro, méso et macro sociaux et de se représenter les parcours biographiques au fil du temps. L'Enquête sur les travailleurs sélectionnés (ETS) a rendu possible l'étude des parcours en emploi de cette catégorie d'immigrant sélectionnée en fonction de son potentiel d'insertion à la société québécoise dans la mesure où celle-ci comporte à la fois des données administratives sur la situation prémigratoire des travailleurs immigrants, de même que de l'information datée sur chacun des emplois occupés après la migration. L’analyse a été effectuée en trois temps soit : une description du lien entre le niveau de formation et l’emploi, l’étude des déterminants de la relation formation-emploi et finalement, l’étude des salaires et effet de la relation formation-emploi sur ceux-ci. Chacun de ces trois volets est présenté sous forme d’articles soumis pour publication. Les résultats montrent que la proportion d’individus occupant des emplois correspondant à leur niveau de compétences augmente avec le temps passé dans la société d’accueil. Cependant, la suréducation demeure un phénomène présent chez la catégorie des travailleurs immigrants sélectionnés. À ce titre, les premières expériences en emploi sont déterminantes dans la mesure où elles ont un impact non seulement sur l’évolution de la relation formation-emploi, mais également sur les salaires et les statuts des emplois décrochés par les nouveaux arrivants. La grille de sélection, élément central du processus par lequel un candidat peut devenir immigrant au Québec, à travers les attributs des individus qu’elle retient, contribue aussi à façonner les parcours en emploi. La région de provenance des immigrants distingue également les immigrants entre eux, toutes choses égales par ailleurs. La majorité des groupes sont désavantagés lorsqu’ils sont comparés à leurs compatriotes de l’Europe de l’Ouest et des États-Unis, et ce désavantage perdure au fil des années. Cette thèse a démontré que l’insertion professionnelle et la relation formation-emploi sont des sujets se devant d’être abordés sous un angle longitudinal pour bien saisir la complexité des processus à l’œuvre. Au niveau social, les analyses auront permis de montrer l’importance de se pencher sur les services offerts aux immigrants pour les aider dans leur insertion professionnelle, surtout dans un contexte où des départs à la retraite massifs et des pénuries de main-d'œuvre qualifiée sont à prévoir. / Studies on the adequacy between the level of education of individuals and that required for the job held have rarely addressed the temporal dimension of this relationship. Moreover, few have addressed the issue among Canadian immigrants, and fewer still for skilled workers in Quebec. One study examining the subject from a longitudinal perspective has been identified, but is limited to the access of skilled workers to a first job corresponding to their skill level. This thesis seeks to go beyond the first transitions to the labour market and aims to better understand the evolution of the relationship between education and employment over the course of settlement. More specifically, the objective is to better define the progression of this relationship during the first years after the migrant’s arrival, to identify its determinants, but also to see the impact of this relationship on other dimensions of job quality: socio-economic status and salary. This thesis considers the contribution of sociological and economic theories in order to better understand the determinants of having jobs that match one’s level of skills and jobs for which the individual is over-educated, as well as their respective impacts on employment status and salary. On the one hand, various theories disagree regarding the temporary or permanent nature of over-education. In so doing, they highlight the potential impact of past job experiences on the job course and the need for a longitudinal view of labour market integration. On the other hand, other approaches underline, in addition to individual determinants, the role of the social and institutional context in which the individual belongs. These different approaches are reflected in the empirical perspective of the life course that allows us to consider the interrelationship between micro, meso and macro social factors and to represent individual histories through time. Data from the "Enquête sur les travailleurs sélectionnés" (ETS) includes both administrative data on the pre-migration situation of immigrant workers, as well as information on each job held after migration, making possible the study of pathways into employment for this immigrant category which is selected based on its potential for integration into Quebec society. The analysis was conducted in three phases, including a description of the relationship between educational attainment and employment, the study of the determinants of the education-job relationship and finally, the study of wages and the effect of the education-job relationship on them. Each of these three components is presented in the form of articles ready to be submitted for publication. The results show that the proportion of individuals in jobs that match their skill level increases with time spent in the host society. However, over-education is a phenomenon present among the skilled worker immigration category. As such, the first job experiences are critical since they have an impact not only on the evolution of the relationship between education and employment, but also on wages and the socio-economic status of jobs obtained by new immigrants. The selection grid, a central element of the process through which a candidate can become an immigrant in Quebec, also helps shape the job course through the attributes of the individuals that it retains. Region of origin distinguishes immigrants as well, all things being equal. Most groups are disadvantaged when compared to their counterparts from Western Europe and the United States, and this disadvantage persists over the years. This thesis has shown that economic integration and the education-job relationship are topics to be addressed from a longitudinal perspective in order to understand the complexity of the processes at work. At the social level, analyses have demonstrated the importance of looking at the services offered to immigrants to help them establish economically, especially in a context where retirements and massive labour shortages are expected to happen.

I en rapport från Konjunkturinstitutet (2010) framkommer att produktivitets-utvecklingen i den svenska byggbranschen stått still sen mitten på 90-talet. Detta samtidigt som övriga näringslivet ökat sin produktivitet kraftigt under samma period. Denna skillnad i produktivitetsutveckling skulle kunna betyda att det finns mycket arbete kvar att göra för en ökad produktivitet i byggbranschen. För att få en högre produktivitet i byggbranschen krävs det att de som utför arbetet har en strävan efter att vara produktiv. Denna strävan påverkas av mjuka faktorer som t.ex. incitament, engagemang och psykosocial arbetsmiljö. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att få insikt i vilka mjuka faktorer som påverkar produktiviteten hos yrkesarbetarna i ett byggprojekt. Studien jämför fyra byggprojekt med olika produktivitetsnivåer genom kvalitativa intervjuer. Detta för att kunna identifiera vilka mjuka faktorer som påverkar produktiviteten positivt. Faktorer som studerats är incitament, motivation, kommunikation, kompetens, engagemang, team samt psykosocial arbetsmiljö. Resultatet visar tydliga skillnader mellan projekt gällande de studerade faktorerna. Slutsatsen är att de studerade faktorerna är viktiga för att nå god produktivitet på byggarbetsplatsen. / In a report from Konjunkturinstitutet (2010) is found that productivity growth in the Swedish construction industry has stood still since the mid 90s. This while the rest of the economy has increased their productivity significantly during the same period. This difference in productivity development could mean that there is much work left to do for increased productivity in the construction industry. To get a higher productivity in the construction industry requires that the person doing the work has an aspiration to be productive. This aspiration is influenced by soft factors such as incentives, commitment, and psychosocial work environment. The aim of this thesis is to gain insight into the soft factors that affect the productivity of skilled workers in a construction project. The study compares four construction projects with different productivity levels through qualitative interviews. This is to identify the soft factors that affect productivity positively. Factors studied include incentives, motivation, communication, competence, commitment, teamwork and psychosocial work environment. The results show clear differences between the projects regarding the studied factors. The conclusion is that the studied factors are important in achieving good productivity at the construction site.

Talent management is a source of competitive advantage and will be achieved by those organisations that are able to attract, develop and retain best in class individuals. It is thus not just a human resources issue but rather an integral part of any organisation’s strategy. Due to negative perceptions about South Africa, skilled workers are immigrating to countries such as Australia to the detriment of the South African economy. This loss is not necessarily being replaced by graduates or through immigration. Government policies such as Broader- Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE), Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) and Affirmative Action (AA), compound the issue by then decreasing the pool of skilled applicants that may occupy skilled and senior posts in organisations. Globally there is a shortage of skills and due to employee mobility they can use any opportunity that presents itself. The objectives of this study was to determine the factors which lead to the emigration of skilled South African’s to Australia and then once these factors are known to propose retention strategies to role players to stem the emigration tide. To achieve these objectives a survey was prepared based on previous studies and a link to the web questionnaire was distributed to the population via an Australian immigration agent. The link was sent to all the agent’s clients around the world and thus consisted not only of South Africa respondents but also elicited international responses, which will be used for comparison purposes only. Only 48 South Africans responded to the survey and although limited, it was sufficient for the purposes of this study. The demographic profile was mainly male and dominated by Generation X. Using a Likert scale respondents were questioned on their levels of satisfaction in their country of origin and in Australia through an adaptation of a study by Mattes and Richmond (2000). The study of Hulme (2002) was adapted and incorporated into the questionnaire, where respondents were given the opportunity to rank considerations for leaving South Africa and factors that would draw them back. Respondents were provided with the opportunity for responses to open-ended questions to include other considerations for leaving and factors that would draw them back. Results from these survey items revealed that the primary reasons driving skilled South Africans to emigrate was safety and security, upkeep of public amenities, customer service and taxation. In contrast, South African migrants had high levels of satisfaction with safety and security, upkeep of public amenities and customer service in Australia. Respondents indicated that factors that would draw them back to South Africa would be improvements in safety and security and government, followed by family roots, good jobs and schools. The study also looked at the permanence of the move. If skilled individuals returned with new-found skills and experience then it could be a potential brain gain for South Africa. The results of this study found that 43% of respondents had no intention to return, 42% did not supply a response and only 10% were undecided on whether to return or not. To attract, retain and develop talent, the South African government and the private sector would need to work in partnership to develop policies that would satisfy the lower-order needs of individuals, such as physiological and safety needs. / Business Management / M.Tech. (Business Administration)

In the first paper, the effects of trade openness and conflict risk on income inequality are investigated. I obtain that the effect of trade openness on inequality depends on the level of conflict risk. More precisely, there exists a threshold effect: trade openness worsens income inequality in countries where the risk of internal and external conflicts is high. Moreover, I find that countries with higher risk of conflicts are more unequal, and that more ethnically diverse countries increase income inequality. Finally, I obtain that democratic regimes decrease inequality. In the second paper, we analyze the general-equilibrium consequences of property right enforcement in the natural resource sector. Assuming that exclusion requires both private and public enforcement efforts, we compare states that differ by their ability to provide protection services. This ability is referred to as state capacity. We obtain that public protection services can effectively act as either substitutes or complements to private enforcement, and this strongly depends on state capacity. Under low state capacity, an increase in state protection services leads to a drop in national income as labor is drawn away from the directly productive activities. The opposite holds for high-capacity states. As a result, public protection services have an ambiguous effect on national income even though they can unambiguously increase resource rents. In the third paper, we argue that the right to hold dual citizenship can generate important social and economic benefits beyond its political dimension. We assemble a large panel dataset on dual citizenship. We find that in developing countries, dual citizenship recognition increases remittance inflows by US$1.19 billion, GDP and household consumption, and improves child survival. In developed countries, however, dual citizenship recognition decreases remittance inflows by US$1.44 billion, but increases FDI by US$828 billion, raises household consumption, gross capital formation and trade, and provides incentives for skilled workers to move to other countries.