Esse trabalho propõe articular dois eixos principais de análise: investigar os padrões de atividades de 105 residentes de Paraisópolis, segunda maior favela de São Paulo, e avaliar o processo de coleta e processamento de dados de múltiplos dias obtidos a partir de um aplicativo instalado nos smartphones. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de uma entrevista domiciliar realizada em campo e pela coleta de dados de localização de GPS a cada cinco minutos, pelo período de uma semana. A partir dos dados de localização, foram identificadas atividades e locais de interesse para cada indivíduo. As atividades foram classificadas em seis categorias, usadas para descrever os padrões de atividades dos moradores. Uma segunda rodada de classificação agrupou os indivíduos que apresentavam padrões semanais de atividades semelhantes, em sete grupos distintos. A composição de cada grupo de indivíduos foi investigada segundo as características socioeconômicas das pessoas que os formavam, permitindo avaliar se os grupos com comportamento de atividades similar apresentavam também homogeneidade no que diz respeito ao gênero, idade, renda, ocupação, nível de escolaridade, entre outros atributos. Os resultados indicam que entre os sete grupos de indivíduos identificados, dois grupos realizam a maior parte de suas atividades na residência; outros dois grupos possuem uma atividade principal dentro de Paraisópolis, sendo que um deles apresenta padrão mais regular e o outro, padrão mais variado; e outros três grupos apresentam uma atividade principal fora de Paraisópolis, sendo o primeiro com padrão mais regular, o segundo com padrão mais variado e um terceiro grupo com padrão muito variado e ativo, com alto número de atividades realizadas no período. Destaca-se o fato de que entre todos os indivíduos, 56% foram classificados em grupos de comportamento variado, apontando para a necessidade de considerar outros tipos de padrões de atividades nos processos de modelagem de transportes, além dos padrões regulares tipicamente considerados, como casa-trabalho. / This dissertation explores two main lines of research: to investigate the activity patterns of 105 residents of the Paraisópolis, second largest slum of São Paulo, using data collected over multiple days using smartphones. Data was collected with a home interview and tracking GPS location every 5 minutes for one week. Based on location data, individual stays and points of interest we inferred. Based on their characteristics, stays were clustered into 6 classes, later used to describe individuals\' weekly activity patterns. Individuals were then clustered into 7 categories, based on similarity of their activity patterns. Each group of individuals was then investigated regarding its socioeconomic and demographic composition, to verify if similarity of behavior was associated with homogeneity concerning gender, age, income, occupation, level of education, among other attributes. Results suggest that among the seven clusters of individuals, two of them conduct most of their activities at home; individuals of other two groups seem to have a main frequent regular activity outside their home but within the area of Paraisópolis, one with greater diversity of activities than the other; finally, individuals of the three remaining groups participate in a frequent regular activity outside Paraisópolis, differing among themselves concerning variability and number of other activities conducted during one week. It should be highlighted that 56% of the people in the sample was classified in groups with diversified behavior, indicating the need to consider other activity patterns beyond the more usual simple commute considered in modelling efforts.

The impacts of climate change on temperate forests are predicted to accelerate, with widespread implications for forest biodiversity and function. Remote sensing has provided insights into regional patterns of vegetation dynamics, and experimental studies have demonstrated impacts of specific changes on individual species. However, forests are diverse and complex ecosystems. To understand how different species in different forests respond to interacting environmental pressures, widespread ground-based monitoring is needed. The only practical way to achieve this is through the involvement of non-professional researchers, i.e., with citizen science. However, many techniques used to identify subtle changes in forests require expensive equipment and professional expertise. This thesis aimed to identify practical methods for citizen scientists to collect useful data on forest ecosystem dynamics in relation to climate change. Methods for monitoring tree phenology and canopy-understorey interactions were the main focus, as tree phenology exerts strong control on understorey light and forest biodiversity, and is already responding to climate change. The response of understorey vegetation to canopy closure in four woodlands from a single region of England (Devon) was examined in detail. These geographically close woodlands differed considerably in their composition and seasonal dynamics. The spring period was particularly important for herb-layer development, and small variations in canopy openness had important effects on herb-layer cover and composition. This work highlights the need to monitor a range of different woodlands at the regional scale, with sufficient resolution to pick up small but crucial differences through time. Citizen scientists could help to collect such data by monitoring herb-layer cover and changes in the abundance of key species, alongside monitoring the overstorey canopy. The spring leaf phenology of four canopy trees (ash, beech, oak and sycamore) were monitored intensively in one woodland using a range of methods: counts, percentage estimates and photography. First budburst and leaf expansion dates were compared with estimates of leaf expansion timing and rate, derived from time-series data using logistic growth models. Frequently used first-event dates were potentially misleading due to high variation in leaf development rates within and between species. Percentage estimates and counts produced similar estimates of leaf expansion timing and rate. A photo-derived greenness index produced similar estimates of timing, but not rate, and was compromised by practical issues of photographing individual crowns in closed canopy woodland. Citizen science should collect time-series data instead of frequently-used first event dates―visual observations offer the most practical way to do this, but further work is needed to test reliability with citizen scientists. Given high intra- and inter-species variation in tree phenology, whole forest canopies need to be monitored to infer canopy closure timing. Canopy openness was assessed using sophisticated hemispherical photography and a range of low-cost alternatives, across four Devon woodlands over a year. Visual estimates and ordinary photography were too coarse to identify fine-scale variation in canopies. Smartphone fisheye photography analysed with free software was identified as a reliable surrogate for estimating relative, though not absolute, canopy openness. The method has high potential as a citizen science tool, as different phone models and users gave similar canopy openness estimates. In a detailed follow-up study, smartphone fisheye photography, hemispherical photography and visual observations of leaf expansion were used every other day to characterise spring canopy development. Logistic growth models estimated canopy closure timing and rate. Visual observations identified much earlier canopy development than either photographic method. Smartphone fisheye photography performed comparably to hemispherical photography. There is good potential for practical application of smartphone fisheye photography, as similar canopy closure estimates were gained from photos taken once every two weeks. The research in this thesis identifies a range of methods suitable for widespread monitoring of forest ecosystem dynamics in relation to climate change. Developing a smartphone app for automatic analysis and submission of canopy images will be an important next step to enabling widespread use. A pilot project is underway to begin testing methods with citizen scientists. Further research into data quality with citizen scientists is needed before the methods can be rolled out widely with confidence.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-27T17:47:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CARLOS ALBERTO DE SOUZA FILHO - TESE (PPGEEI) 2017.pdf: 5845823 bytes, checksum: 59b31ed9bad1da32c8a58176ef374a61 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-27T17:47:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CARLOS ALBERTO DE SOUZA FILHO - TESE (PPGEEI) 2017.pdf: 5845823 bytes, checksum: 59b31ed9bad1da32c8a58176ef374a61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-28 / CNPq / Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sistemamultianalítico portátil baseado em Ressonância de Plasmons de Superfície (SPR). A solução proposta visa transformar um dispositivo computacional portátil comercial existente, como smartphones, tablets e notebooks, em um instrumento capaz de analisar substâncias orgânicas e inorgânicas. Desta forma minimiza-se consideravelmente o custo comparado aos dispositivos convencionais baseados em SPR, além de proporcionar a utilização em locais remotos e abrir a possibilidade da utilização por usuários nas mais diversas aplicações, como por exemplo realização de exames residenciais para prevenção de doenças e análise da qualidade da água. Foi demonstrado que é possível utilizar a própria tela do dispositivo para gerar a luz que excita o efeito SPR, o que torna o sistema flexível para modificar o comprimento de onda da luz utilizada e obter informações adicionais em relação aos sistemas convencionais. Os resultados obtidos comprovaram que é possível excitar o efeito SPR através de uma luz policromática para o modo de interrogação angular, encontrando a influência da componente do comprimento de onda desejada através de um filtro realizado por software no sinal de imagem captado. Além disto foi proposta a utilização da análise morfológica da curva SPR para identificação da substância a ser medida, o que reduz a complexidade computacional e aumenta a sensibilidade do instrumento. Os resultados obtidos com a análise morfológica demonstraram a possibilidade de identificação de características não observadas com o monitoramento da condição de ressonância. Com o monitoramento dos valores da largura T e assimetria da curva G , foi possível observar efeitos da variação do soluto e das condições da superfície. Para minimizar o efeito das variáveis espúrias, foi proposto um modelo matemático que permite analisar a relação sinal ruído do sistema decomposto em cada componente básico. Neste modelo foi considerado as variáveis de controles disponíveis, como corrente de injeção e tempo de integração, além da influência da temperatura. Com base neste modelo foi demonstrado que a variação do comprimento de onda da fonte de luz é mais crítica do que a temperatura. Desta forma, foram propostas duas alternativas para controlar a fonte de luz, modificando o valor da corrente para manter constante o comprimento de onda sem a necessidade do controle da temperatura. / This work presents the development of a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) portable system. The proposed solution aims to transform a portable commercial computing device, such as smartphone, tablet or a notebook, in an instrument able to analyze organic and inorganic substances. In this way considerably reduces the cost compared with conventional devices based on SPR , besides providing the use in remote locations and turn possible to applying in several purposes by any users, such as residencial exams for disease prevention and water quality analysis. It was demonstrated the possibility to use the device’s screen to generate the light source for excite the SPR effect, which turns the system flexible to modify the light wavelength used and acquire additional information compared to conventional systems. The results showed that it is possible to excite SPR effect through a polychromatic light to the angular interrogation mode, finding the desired influence of wavelength component using a software filter in captured image signal. Furthermore it was proposed to use SPR curve morphological analysis for substance identification to be measured, which reduces the computational complexity and increases the instrument sensitivity. The morphological analysis results demonstrated the possibility of identify characteristics didn’t observed by monitoring the resonance condition. Monitoring the values of the SPR line broadening Gamma and asymmetry G, it was observed effects of changes in solute and surface conditions. To minimize the spurious variables effect, it was proposed a mathematical model that allow analyze the signal noise relationship of the system that was decomposed in each basic component. In this model was considered the control variables available, as light source’s current and camera integration time, further the temperature influence. Based in this model it was demonstrated that light source wavelength drifts is more critical than temperature effect. Thus it was proposed two ways for control the light source, changing the current for maintain constant the wavelength without temperature control.

Abstract Context: Advancement in mobile technology is truth of this Century. Mobile phone is used mainly for calling and Short Message Service, but Smartphone are advanced form of mobile phone which have multiple features. Smartphone can have Global Positioning System, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and Near Field Communication like features. These Smartphone devices are designed considering general public and can be difficult to use by people with limited cognition. But proper use of Smartphone features while developing applications to support people with cognitive disabilities is vital. The interfaces and structure of information can have impact on the success of application. Although, some special systems exist to support these people but they create a distinction among functional and non-functional population. Smartphone with Near Field Communication (NFC) technology feature was considered in this research work as a cognitive support for independence in their daily life activities. Objectives: The objectives were the Identification of issues to be considered while providing cognitive support through technology for cognitive disabled persons. And if technology used to support them is Smartphone then to investigate the appropriate structure of information to be displayed on screen to make them able to perform their activities by following instruction provided by application. To know how NFC Smartphone feature can be helpful to start an application designed to provide cognitive support i.e. providing them information of weather and suggesting appropriate clothes to wear. Methods: The systematic literature review was conducted to find the issues which should be considered while supporting cognitive disabled. The survey was used to identify the needs, abilities and disabilities of cognitive disabled persons. Interviews with higher administration involved in support facilities to the cognitive disabled were conducted to get in-depth knowledge from their experience which can be helpful for developing the application. The Participatory design workshop was conducted by involving stakeholders. Appropriate structure of information for weather and clothes scenario was decided. The NFC enabled Smartphone application was implemented and tested in real environment. For validation focus group interviews were conducted. Conclusions: The NFC enabled Smartphone application to assist in deciding clothes to be worn according to outside weather condition was evaluated in real environment. The results of user testing and focus group interviews indicate that Smartphone application through NFC feature can support people with cognitive disabilities. Furthermore, for validation purpose ethnographic methods can be used for validation of proposed NFC enabled Smartphone application.

The commercial mobile phone industry is a relatively new one. Starting out in the 1980s, it has proliferated in both numbers and in terms of technology. The last decade saw a sharp increase in both the number of subscribers and the amount of services which was offered by mobile devices. In order to keep up with this fast evolution of the industry, phones have started to get much more complicated and ‘smarter’ due to the software which is used to run these phones. Multi touch screen menus, High Definition video playback, multi megapixel cameras and a plethora of connectivity options are just some of the features a consumer takes for granted in his/her new mobile device. In order to provide these services to the user the software inside the phone has gotten complex to the scale of becoming its own Operating System much akin to the Operating Systems used on personal computers. These mobile operating systems contain millions of lines of software code and cost a lot of money to maintain and develop. Moreover having a popular operating system benefits the organization as it draws in many developers who can write applications which run on this operating system and also develop services which are specific to the operating systems. Having these services generate revenue for the network operators who get to bill the consumers for using the services or for the data which has been transferred to and from these mobile phones via the operator’s network. Nokia’s dominant market share in the smartphone market entails that it holds a near 40% share with its smartphone operating systems. Gradually the company has been moving towards opening up its previously proprietary operating systems to the public in the form of Open Source Software, where everyone is able to view, share, distribute and contribute to the software code. This strategy change has been taking place over the last couple of years and continues under an overall change of direction and focus which is taking place in the company. This thesis work relates as to what exactly is the current placement of Nokia in the economic and mobile devices market and how the company has been adapting to the challenges it has been facing at the hands of both old and new rivals who have been coming with innovative ideas in order to topple over Nokia from its throne of being the biggest mobile phone maker in the world. The thesis first looks at exactly what is Open Source Software. From there it gradually moves to do comparisons between closed and Open Source Software in order to give the reader an idea as to what are the pros and cons of each. In the second half of the thesis a snapshot of the current market situation and competitors is given in order to understand the environment in which Nokia has been working and developing its strategy in. Later on the thesis goes in depth about the decisions, their triggers and their implications with regards to Nokia and the use of Open Source Software as a strategy in this changing environment.

Many people in the world today own a smartphone. Smartphones of today usually have an advanced array of inputs in forms of tilting, touching and speaking, and outputs in forms of visual representation on the screen, vibration of the smartphone and speakers for sound. They also usually have different kinds of connectivity in forms of WLAN, Bluetooth and USB. Despite this we are still not seeing a lot of interaction between computers and smartphones, especially within games. We believe that the high presence of smartphones amongst people combined with the advanced inputs and outputs of the smartphone and the connectivity possibilities makes the smartphone a very viable option to be used as a game controller for the PC. We experimented with this developing the underlying architecture for the smartphone to communicate with the PC. Three different games were developed that users tested to see if the smartphone’s inputs are good enough to make it suitable for such purpose. We also attempted to find out if doing this made the gaming experience better, or in other words increased the enjoyment, of a PC game. The phone was suitable to be used as a game controller for the first two types of game, the space-racing game and the puzzle game, as our results shows in both terms of enjoyment and in terms of quality of the technical features of the phone such as accuracy and response time. The third game (First Person Shooter) however was better suited to be used with a keyboard and mouse, which our results shows in terms of both reduced enjoyment and complaints about response time of the phone. / Många människor äger idag en smarttelefon. Dagens smarttelefoner har oftast en mängd avancerade intag av data i form av lutning, pekskärm och mikrofon, och ut data i form av visuell representation på skrämen, vibration av telefonen samt högtalare för ljud. De har oftast också olika sorters anslutningar i form av WLAN, Bluetooth och USB. Trots detta så ser vi fortfarande inte särskillt mycket interaktion mellan datorer och smarttelefoner, speciellt inom spel. Vi tror att den höga förekomsten av smarttelefoner hos människor kombinerat med de avancerade in och ut data av smarttelefonen och anslutningsmöjligheterna gör smarttelefonen en bra kandidat till att användas som spelkontroll för datorer. Vi experimenterade med detta genom att utveckla den underliggande arkitekturen för kommunikationen mellan smarttelefonen och datorn. Vi utvecklade även tre olika spel som vi lät användare testa för att se om smarttelefonens intag av data är tillräckligt bra för att göra den användbar för ett sådant ändamål. Vi försökte även ta reda på om detta gjorde spelupplevelsen bättre, eller med andra ord om det var roligare att spela med hjälp av smarttelefonen. Smarttelefonen var lämplig för att användas som spelkontroll i de två första typen av spel som vi testade med, ett rymd-racing spel och ett puzzle spel, vilken kan ses i vårt resultat både när det gäller spelgäldje och kvaliten på de tekniska funktionerna av telefonen, som precision och responstid. Det tredje spelet (Första Persons Skjutare) var däremot bättre lämpat att spela med tangentbord och mus, vilket vårt resultat visar i form av minskad spelglädje och klagomål om responstiden med telefonen.

Research on network traffic measurement is becoming popular because it could find the reason and valuable information regarding the occurrence of timestamp accuracy error. In this thesis the performance of UDP traffic between application level and link level has been investigated on three different Smartphone operating systems. One Java ME traffic generator and sink was developed for this thesis work. Distributed Passive Measurement Infrastructure with Measurement Point was used for the experiment. To get high timestamp accuracy DAG 3.5E card was used which was synchronized with GPS. Through the different tests under different protocol layers, it can be concluded that the Android mobile performs better as Java ME application works like a native application, whereas Symbian and Windows mobile struggles with incompatible implementation for poor JVM support. Time stamping at link level is more accurate and far different from application level. This thesis also investigated the performance evaluation of different JVM for Windows mobile.

Informationsöverbelastning blir alltmer vanligare i den ständigt uppkopplade värld vi män- niskor lever i. Smarttelefonen skickar hela tiden ut notiser och information när någonting nytt sker till sina användare och den här utveckling har bidragit till att människor distraheras från viktiga livshändelser och effekterna kan resultera i tappat fokus, stress, depression och ut- brändhet. Syftet med det här kandidatarbetet är att skapa en designmetod som kan reducera informa- tionsöverbelastning. Vi har skapat en prototyp för ett socialt nätverk där användarna kan filtr- era innehållet i det sociala nätverket genom en filterfunktion. Användarna kan skapa nya fil- ter, aktivera samt avaktivera och byta mellan de skapade filtren för att stänga ute information som inte är relevant för stunden. Genom vår gestaltning undersöker vi om informationsöver- belastningen går att reducera genom kontextmedvetna system i mobilapplikationer där sys- temet känner av din kontext och därefter kan filtrera bort irrelevant information som du inte behöver ta del av just nu. Vi påpekar även säkerheten i sådana system och hur det kan kränka din integritet. / Information overload is becoming more common in the constantly connected world in which people live in. The smartphone constantly sends notifications and information to its users when something new happens, and this development has contributed to distracting people from vital life events, and the effects can result in lost focus, stress, depression and getting burned out. The main purpose of this Bachelor thesis is to create a design method that can reduce infor- mation overload. We have created a social network prototype where users can filter the con- tents of the social network through a filter function. Users can create new filters, enable and disable filters which then enables the user to filter out information that is not vital at the mo- ment. Through our prototype we examine whether information overload can be reduced through context aware systems in mobile applications, where the system recognizes your con- text and can filter out none vital information that you do not need to access at the moment. We also point out the security of such systems and how it may violate the users privacy.

Context. Reminder system offers flexibility in daily life activities and assists to be independent. The reminder system not only helps reminding daily life activities, but also serves to a great extent for the people who deal with health care issues. For example, a health supervisor who monitors people with different health related problems like people with disabilities or mild dementia. Traditional reminders which are based on a set of defined activities are not enough to address the necessity in a wider context. To make the reminder more flexible, the user’s current activities or contexts are needed to be considered. To recognize user’s current activity, different types of sensors can be used. These sensors are available in Smartphone which can assist in building a more contextual reminder system. Objectives. To make a reminder context based, it is important to identify the context and also user’s activities are needed to be recognized in a particular moment. Keeping this notion in mind, this research aims to understand the relevant context and activities, identify an effective way to recognize user’s three different activities (drinking, walking and jogging) using Smartphone sensors (accelerometer and gyroscope) and propose a model to use the properties of the identification of the activity recognition. Methods. This research combined a survey and interview with an exploratory Smartphone sensor experiment to recognize user’s activity. An online survey was conducted with 29 participants and interviews were held in cooperation with the Karlskrona Municipality. Four elderly people participated in the interview. For the experiment, three different user activity data were collected using Smartphone sensors and analyzed to identify the pattern for different activities. Moreover, a model is proposed to exploit the properties of the activity pattern. The performance of the proposed model was evaluated using machine learning tool, WEKA. Results. Survey and interviews helped to understand the important activities of daily living which can be considered to design the reminder system, how and when it should be used. For instance, most of the participants in the survey are used to using some sort of reminder system, most of them use a Smartphone, and one of the most important tasks they forget is to take their medicine. These findings helped in experiment. However, from the experiment, different patterns have been observed for three different activities. For walking and jogging, the pattern is discrete. On the other hand, for drinking activity, the pattern is complex and sometimes can overlap with other activities or can get noisy. Conclusions. Survey, interviews and the background study provided a set of evidences fostering reminder system based on users’ activity is essential in daily life. A large number of Smartphone users promoted this research to select a Smartphone based on sensors to identify users’ activity which aims to develop an activity based reminder system. The study was to identify the data pattern by applying some simple mathematical calculations in recorded Smartphone sensors (accelerometer and gyroscope) data. The approach evaluated with 99% accuracy in the experimental data. However, the study concluded by proposing a model to use the properties of the identification of the activities and developing a prototype of a reminder system. This study performed preliminary tests on the model, but there is a need for further empirical validation and verification of the model. / +46707560843

De teknologiska framstegen inom mobiltelefoni de senaste åren, har bidragit till att människor kan utföra sysslor oberoende av plats. För företag som tillhandahåller webbtjänster är mobila applikationer någonting som kan utnyttjas för att öka användning av deras tjänst. I uppsatsen undersöks om detta stämmer eller ej.För företag blir det viktigt hur en mobil applikation integreras mot den befintliga webbtjänsten. Det är dessutom relevant för företag att veta hur applikationen påverkar användningen av den initiala webbtjänsten.I studien utvecklas en mobil applikation från grunden för att se vilka potentiella problem företag kan stöta på vid utveckling av en mobil applikation. Intervjuer görs med företag som utvecklat mobila applikationer till befintliga webbtjänster, för att undersöka hur de upplevt effekterna av applikationen efter lansering.Resultaten visar att lansering av en mobil applikation ofta görs till mer än en typ av mobiltelefon. För att underlätta integration av mobila applikationer mot företagets tjänst, undersöks i uppsatsen vilka förutsättningar som krävs av det underliggande systemet. Med en flexibel arkitektur kan företaget vid vidare utveckling spara resurser.Vidare visar resultaten att tjänster i helhet ser ökad användning vid implementering av en mobil applikation. Funktioner i tjänster tenderar dessutom att delas upp mellan den mobila applikationen och webbtjänsten. / The technological advancements in the mobile technology industry have enabled people to perform tasks regardless of time or place. For companies that provide web services, mobile applications can boost service usage. In this thesis we examine if the usage of a service tends to increase in general, by using mobile applications.For companies it is important to know how mobile applications can be integrated with an existing web service. It is also relevant to know about the mobile applications’ effects on the usage of the initial web service.In this study a mobile application is developed from scratch in order to explore potential difficulties that companies can run into while developing a mobile application. Interviews are made with companies that provide web services to their customers, in order to get answers on how mobile applications have affected usage of their respective web services.Results show that the launch of a mobile application is often done towards more than one mobile platform. In the study, we investigate which requirements that has to be met to ease integration of a mobile application to an existing web service. By implementing flexible back-end system architecture, companies can save resources for future development. Furthermore, results show that services in general tend to see increased usage after a mobile application has been launched. Service-specific functionality also tends to get split up between the mobile application and the initial web service.