Current, unsustainable practices are negatively impacting the socio-ecological systems on which humanity depends. This paper argues that social enterprise, as a market-based approach is an effective tool to help developing countries to transition toward sustainability. To gain an understanding as to how broader participation in social enterprise could be encouraged, this research investigates the motivations, enablers, challenges and incentives for professionals in developing countries to participate in social enterprise. In addition, the role of social enterprise and its limitations in moving society toward sustainability were investigated. A qualitative research design was used. The framework for strategic sustainable development (FSSD) was employed to ensure a systems perspective of sustainability was captured in this study. Findings include seven motivational factors, eight enabling factors, and twelve challenges facing social entrepreneurs; as well as seven categories of suggested incentives to increase participation. Strategic recommendations targeted toward government agencies, non-governmental and multilateral development organizations, and social enterprise incubators, were provided as guidelines to encourage participation and ensure sustainability.

Bakgrund: Tidigare studier på området socialt entreprenörskap visar på att sociala företag syftar till att skapa socialt värde. Hur detta värde skapas har dock varit svårt att konkretisera. Med anledning av att flera sociala företag med fokus på att öka mångfalden på den svenska arbetsmarknaden grundats de senaste åren, är det av intresse att studera hur dessa företag skapar socialt värde. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att skapa förståelse för hur sociala företag, i samspel med organisationer i andra sektorer i samhället, kan skapa socialt värde genom sitt arbete för en ökad mångfald. Metod: Studiens forskningsdesign är av kvalitativ karaktär och följer en abduktiv ansats. Studien undersöker ett socialt företag och dess partnerföretag och deras gränsöverskridande samarbete i form av ett mentorskapsprogram. Empiriinsamlingen har utförts genom kvalitativa intervjuer, etnografi samt dokumentstudier. Slutsats: Studien finner fem olika aspekter som beskriver hur socialt värde kan skapas genom ett samarbete över sektorsgränserna i samhället. Den första aspekten som identifierats är möten, vilken är den mest centrala förutsättningen för att kunna skapa socialt värde i ett gränsöverskridande samarbete. Utöver den aspekten finner studien att ansvarstagande, samverkan, nätverksskapande och kulturskillnader är aspekter som bidrar till socialt värdeskapande. / Background: Previous research within social entrepreneurship has shown that social enterprises are aiming to create social value. How the value is created is hard to concretize. Due to the fact that several social enterprises focusing on increasing the diversity of the Swedish labor market have been founded in recent years, the key interest is to study how these enterprises create social value. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of how social enterprises, in collaboration with organizations across sectorial boarders in society, can create social value through their aim for a higher diversity on the Swedish labor market. Method: The research design is of qualitative nature and follows an abductive approach. The study investigates a case in the form of a social enterprise and its partner companies and their cross-sectoral cooperation in the form of a mentorship program. Empirical collection has been conducted through qualitative interviews, ethnography and documentary studies. Conclusion: The study finds five different aspects that describe how social value can be created through cooperation across the sectoral boundaries in society. The first aspect identified is the meeting, which is the most central prerequisite for creating social value in cross-sectoral cooperation. In addition to this aspect, the study finds that responsibility, collaboration, networking and cultural differences are aspects that contribute to social value creation.

廚餘分生廚餘與熟廚餘兩種 ，熟廚餘為養豬廚餘，因利用價值高，在市場上是炙手可熱的，生廚餘卻因儲存方式不易，易產生臭味，許多人將其丟入垃圾，當作一般垃圾處理，但生廚餘含有大量水份，若生廚餘當作一般垃圾焚燒處理的話，會減少繁化爐的使用年限，以及產生有害氣體。近年來有許多民間團體引進了利用生廚餘所製作的環保酵素（Eco Enzyme）來解決生廚餘的問題，但推廣上仍有許多人因為環保酵素的氣味與其為垃圾廚餘所製而成，在使用意願上較為卻步，本研究將環保酵素（Eco Enzyme）製作過程增加篩選步驟，也因為這個篩選步驟，成為本創新研究中品牌品質信心的關鍵。本研究第二個目的希望能創新一個社會企業，能接受全職母親除了家庭外瑣碎的閒暇工作時間，讓全職母親除了能兼顧家庭外，也可以有個讓他自我價值提升的事業。 / Kitchen waste can be classified into raw kitchen waste and cooked kitchen waste. The cooked waste is pig kitchen waste. Because of its high value of utilization, the cooked kitchen waste is hot in the market, while the raw kitchen waste is deserted due to its difficult storage and odors and disposed as general waste. However, the raw kitchen waste contains a large amount of water and it will reduce the life-span of incinerator and the production of harmful gas if it is disposed in the ways of general waste incineration. In recent years, many civil groups have introduced the Eco Enzyme made from raw kitchen waste to solve the problem of raw kitchen waste. However, in terms of promotion, many people’s sage intention steps back because the Eco Enzyme is made from kitchen waste and its odor is also a factor. This research aims at adding a screening procedure in the process of Eco Enzyme production. It is this screening procedure that becomes the key to building the brand and quality confidence in this creative research. The second target of this research is in the hope of innovating a social enterprise which can accept a full-time mother’s trivial spare working time except the time for family, providing a career which can realize the promotion of self-value for the full-time mother while balancing her family.

There is no recognised legal structure for social enterprises operating in South Africa and as a result many are running two or more legal entities. This has created confusion and skepticism in the market place, specifically when it comes to funding these enterprises. By using both qualitative and quantitative methods, this research study draws from a small sample to create an understanding of the dynamics that social entrepreneurs are faced with when choosing an appropriate structure. It then draws a correlation between South African social enterprises and those internationally in order to compare the revenue generated from earned income and grant funding. Furthermore, the research compares and discusses the correlations between the forprofit and non-profit social enterprises and how these compare with regards to generating revenue and sustaining their activities. It outlines some important principles of social enterprises which include that they: (1) are mission focused, (2) can access funding in order to scale, (3) earn sufficient income to sustain their operations and (4) provide a social return on investment. The research highlights both similarities and differences between the various entities and suggests an optimal framework for the South African context that guides social entrepreneurs, investors and funders of social enterprises.Copyright / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Social Enterprises face funding challenges. As investors focus too narrowly on risk and return, social enterprises may struggle to compete with commercial enterprises for investment capital. In this context, lending and equity crowdfunding have not been sufficiently examined, and its growing importance for business financing makes it valuable to understand its implications for social enterprises. This study collects qualitative data and uses thematic analysis to identify advantages and disadvantages that social entrepreneurs experience when using lending or equity crowdfunding. By conducting six semi-structured interviews we identified nine major advantages which are Viable funding option, Publicity and marketing, Engagement creation, Access to impact-minded investors, Alignment with company principles, Higher valuation of the company, Tests market viability, Favourable power balance towards investors and Large pool of capital; and five major disadvantages which includes Higher costs, Large number of investors, Inexperienced investors, Public exposure & Efficiency concerns. We discuss that crowdfunding represents values that are attractive for social enterprises. Further, crowdfunding sometimes offer higher valuation or more capital to social enterprises, compared to other funding sources. We see that several advantages are especially important in business’s startup phase. However, crowdfunding can also cause greater stress on the management team, and require time and resources. Entrepreneurs also need to consider factors such as public embarrassment when campaigns fail.

The diploma thesis analyses and compares the current situation of social entrepreneurship in Prague and Plzen region. On the basis of an empirical analysis it evaluates the differences in public awareness and public opinion on the concept of social entrepreneurship and analyses benefits of an individual social enterprise for its employees. The main asset of the thesis is the list of individual recommendations which might help to develop social entrepreneurship in the Czech Republic.

This paper investigated trends in social entrepreneurship within non-profit organisations (NPOs). It was inspired by a survey conducted by Trialogue, a non-profit research organisation that surveys corporate social investment in South Africa. The survey showed a significant number of Non-profit organisations (69%) are moving toward developing social enterprise due to issues of sustainability. The research sought to ascertain what are the causes for the trend. The method of sampling used was non-probability, purposeful sampling to select 12 organisations from the available population. An exploratory qualitative study was conducted via face-to-face interviews with 12 organisations and 14 respondents. The transcripts of each were manually reviewed line-by-line for common themes to compare and generate results. The study was undertaken to better understand what motivated NPOs to social entrepreneurship and how they identified and exploited opportunities; distributed revenues and what form of relationship was created with the parent organization. The study reviewed theoretical models and selected a best-fit model of the Opportunity Creation Process which had to be modified to suit the trends in thought that arose from the study. The findings showed that funding challenges of the parent NPO and limited access to funds were key features likely to illustrate when an NPO will move into social entrepreneurship. The research concludes with evidence demonstrating that NPOs are not always willing participants in the social enterprise game, but are forced to discover opportunities to prove to funders that they are seeking means to be sustainable, with varying degrees of success. The form of social enterprise they select is often determined by the centrality of the NPOs mission to that of the social enterprise. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

This diploma thesis investigates the sources of finance for Czech social enterprises. It comprises of two parts - the Theoretical Part and the Empirical Part. The Theoretical Part is divided into 5 chapters. In these chapters, I start by defining concepts that relate to social enterprises. Then, I explain theories of the establishment of social enterprises and two traditional approaches to this establishment, a European approach and an American approach. Finally, I focus primarily on funding possibilities for Czech social enterprises. The Empirical Part, consisting of 6 chapters, is a case study of two Czech social enterprises - (1) Ethnocatering, which is established by an unincorporated association InBáze, and (2) Rettigovky, operating under a charitable trust Komuniké. The aim of this diploma thesis is, first, to find out similarities and differences in the sources of finance between the two Czech social enterprises, which are established on the basis of two distinct traditional approaches, and, second, to ascertain which traditional approach is better for Czech conditions and why. Keywords Social economy, social enterprise, financial resources, Europe, USA

This thesis aims to examine the internationalization of Swedish social entrepreneurs, with the purpose to acquire a more profound understanding of how social entrepreneurial supporting institutions influence their discovery of international opportunities, as well as their exploitation of the identified opportunities. The study is conducted with qualitative methodology and was conducted by examining the concept of Swedish social entrepreneurship carried out in an international context.

For-profit social enterprises are facing the dual challenges of fulfilling social purpose on the one hand and surviving business competition on the other. Being a sustainable for-profit social enterprise, the company must balance between economic, social and environmental aspects throughout their business operations. In order to achieve the desired end of sustainability, organization need to keep learning about the social needs and the business environment in order to develop sustainable business processes, and better fulfill their purpose as organizations formed to create social value. The study aims to fill the gaps in sustainability research literature about organizational learning in for-profit social enterprises by exploring how effective learning processes occur at individual, group and organizational level and how to facilitate these learning processes to improve sustainability. The study develops an analytical framework by combining the 4I framework for organizational learning process (Crossan et al., 1999) and an AKO (activities, knowledge source, outcomes) framework for understanding learning activities, knowledge sources and learning outcomes. Four for-profit social enterprises in both Denmark and Sweden are chosen as cases. Based on findings, three organizational learning mechanisms are identified on selected cases. Practical implications and insights are also generated for for-profit social enterprises to facilitate organizational learning for sustainability.