Institutional logics create order and stability. They organize interaction and prescribe how we should behave towards each other. Such logics have generally been regarded as exclusive, in the sense that an organizational field is always guided by a single institutional logic. If there are two or more institutional logics in one setting at the same time this will create conflicting demands and contradictions. So how do organizations and individuals that act in these settings, where different institutional logics do meet, cope with the conflicting demands?    This question is researched by studying actors who organize partnerships between corporations and non-profit organizations. Institutional logics have typically been studied at field level. My study follows a more recent literature strand focusing on individuals and their way of coping with conflicting institutional logics. In this thesis, interviews, text analysis and observations are used. The interviews were conducted with CSR managers of corporations, managers of corporate partners at non-profit organizations, CSR consultants, and project managers of intermediary organizations. These actors are working in an environment where conflicting institutional logics are played out. Using a narrative approach it is shown how these actors are aware of their institutional environment and its conflicts which requires them to constantly act as translators. The study shows that the actors organize an interplay between a market-logic and a social-welfare logic by bringing together the logics and establishing limits to what extent logics can be mixed. Thus, the actors can be understood as bilingual, rather than hybrids. Furthermore, it is argued that a narrative approach provides the possibility to understand institutional logics in empirical contexts as more present and visible than they are usually considered to be. The study concludes that bilingual actors balance conflicting demands and negotiate requirements set by institutional logics in their day-to-day work.  Settings where institutional logics meet can hence be understood as both a contradiction and an ongoing interplay.

Bakgrund: Tidigare studier på området socialt entreprenörskap visar på att sociala företag syftar till att skapa socialt värde. Hur detta värde skapas har dock varit svårt att konkretisera. Med anledning av att flera sociala företag med fokus på att öka mångfalden på den svenska arbetsmarknaden grundats de senaste åren, är det av intresse att studera hur dessa företag skapar socialt värde. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att skapa förståelse för hur sociala företag, i samspel med organisationer i andra sektorer i samhället, kan skapa socialt värde genom sitt arbete för en ökad mångfald. Metod: Studiens forskningsdesign är av kvalitativ karaktär och följer en abduktiv ansats. Studien undersöker ett socialt företag och dess partnerföretag och deras gränsöverskridande samarbete i form av ett mentorskapsprogram. Empiriinsamlingen har utförts genom kvalitativa intervjuer, etnografi samt dokumentstudier. Slutsats: Studien finner fem olika aspekter som beskriver hur socialt värde kan skapas genom ett samarbete över sektorsgränserna i samhället. Den första aspekten som identifierats är möten, vilken är den mest centrala förutsättningen för att kunna skapa socialt värde i ett gränsöverskridande samarbete. Utöver den aspekten finner studien att ansvarstagande, samverkan, nätverksskapande och kulturskillnader är aspekter som bidrar till socialt värdeskapande. / Background: Previous research within social entrepreneurship has shown that social enterprises are aiming to create social value. How the value is created is hard to concretize. Due to the fact that several social enterprises focusing on increasing the diversity of the Swedish labor market have been founded in recent years, the key interest is to study how these enterprises create social value. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of how social enterprises, in collaboration with organizations across sectorial boarders in society, can create social value through their aim for a higher diversity on the Swedish labor market. Method: The research design is of qualitative nature and follows an abductive approach. The study investigates a case in the form of a social enterprise and its partner companies and their cross-sectoral cooperation in the form of a mentorship program. Empirical collection has been conducted through qualitative interviews, ethnography and documentary studies. Conclusion: The study finds five different aspects that describe how social value can be created through cooperation across the sectoral boundaries in society. The first aspect identified is the meeting, which is the most central prerequisite for creating social value in cross-sectoral cooperation. In addition to this aspect, the study finds that responsibility, collaboration, networking and cultural differences are aspects that contribute to social value creation.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Growth rates of three commercial eucheumoids: brown Eucheuma denticulatum and green and brown Kappaphycus alvarezii were studied at three sites (Gazi Bay, Kibuyuni and Mkwiro) in southern Kenya. The study was conducted using the fixed off-bottom rope technique over a 15 month period from August 2001 to October 2002, in 4 plots (5 m x 1.5 m) set up at each site. The brown E. denticulatum had the highest mean growth rate over the entire period of 4.7% day-I compared to the green and brown K. alvarezii which were 4.3% day l and 4.2% dayl, respectively. Mean relative growth rates were highest at Gazi (5.6% dayl), and lowest in Kibuyuni (3.2% day-I) with intermediate values of 4.8% dail at Mkwiro. Increased water motion was observed to increase thallus nitrogen and hence the growth of eucheumoids. The 'ice-ice' syndrome affected both brown E. denticulatum and brown K. alvarezii but not green K. alvarezii. Mean growth was higher during the southeast monsoon (4.7% day+) than during the northeast monsoon (4.0% dayl).The carrageenan characteristics of the three morphotypes were measured for 12 months. The highest carrageenan yield was obtained for green K. alvarezii (59.1% dry wt), whereas the average carrageenan yield for brown K. alvarezii was 56.5% dry wt and 56.6% dry wt for brown E. denticulatum. The plants at Gazi (58.0% dry wt) had a slightly, though significantly, higher carrageenan yield than both those at Kibuyuni (57.1 % dry wt) and Mkwiro (57.3% dry wt). However, from a commercial point of view the differences in carrageenan yields were not meaningful. Highest gel strengths were obtained in carrageenans from green K. alvarezii (1042.1 g cm") and brown K. alvarezii (1053.7 g ern"), whereas low values of 100.8 g ern" were obtained for brown E. denticulatum. The brown E. denticulatum had carrageenan with higher viscosity (81.7 mPa.s) and sulphate content (29.1% dry wt) than both green and brown K. alvarezii. The gel viscosities of all the morphotypes were higher during the southeast monsoon (67.3 mPa.s) than during the northeast monsoon (46.3 mPa.s) and were positively correlated with gel strengths.A survey was conducted among households in the three villages, from April to September 2001 to assess their socio-economic characteristics. There were 182 household heads interviewed; about 20% were women. Fishing was the main source of livelihood for about 48% of the household members. In 2001, the average monthly income for the surveyed households was Kshs. 9904 (1 US$=75 Kshs.), with about 67% having less than Kshs. 10 000. The average prevalence of poverty among the households surveyed was 45.1% with 38.8%,54.8% and 46.7% of households in Gazi, Kibuyuni and Mkwiro villages, respectively, living below the poverty line of Kshs. 1239 per month per adult person. An economic feasibility study for growing brown E. denticulatum and brown K. alvarezii in pilot farms of 0.1 ha was conducted at Gazi and Kibuyuni. A higher yield of 793 kg dry wt was obtained for plants grown at Gazi than those at Kibuyuni (793 kg dry wt). The net income derived from E. denticulatum was estimated at Kshs. 7549 annually in a 0.1 ha seaweed farm. A higher annual income of Kshs. 49 126 was generated from K. alvarezii. The rate of return on investment in farming E. denticulatum ranged from 15 to 63%, while 122 to 380% for K. alvarezii. The pay back period was shorter for the latter (0.3 to 0.7 years) than the former (1.2 to 2.7 years).A cross-sectoral policy analysis regarding legislation and policy relevant to the introduction and development of eucheumoid cultivation in Kenya, with particular reference to Kenyan legislation was conducted. The analysis showed that there is no system of promoting or regulating mariculture, though there are fragmented regulations that are scattered among the policies, Acts and regulations of various institutions. Such regulations were not designed specifically for mariculture and as a result they do not fully address the needs of mariculture. The establishment of a national mariculture development programme in Kenya is proposed as a means to develop and manage the farming of marine resources, including seaweeds.

Begreppet Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) innebär att företagen har ett ansvar för den påverkan dess verksamhet har på samhället. Ansvaret består i att identifiera problemområden och frågor som berör företagets intressenter, d.v.s. kunder, anställda, leverantörer, aktieägare samt lokalsamhällen och sedan aktivt agera på att ansvarsfullt sätt gentemot dessa. Det finns ett tydligt gap mellan teorier kring vad CSR är och bör innefatta och hur företagen använder sig av CSR som strategi i sin företagsverksamhet. Det finns ingen entydighet kring vad företagsansvar är och bör vara. Det är troligt att olika branscher, trots stora skillnader, också har gemensamma nämnare vad gäller identifierade utmaningar. Det är av intresse att kartlägga dessa skillnader och likheter i en branschöverskridande jämförelse för att kunna förstå hur företag bäst bör arbeta med sina CSR- strategier. Syftet med denna studie är främst att undersöka hur svenska företag inom olika branscher implementerar strategiskt hållbarhetsarbete i sin affärsverksamhet. Studien ämnar kartlägga hur företagen kommunicerar sitt arbete inom områdena miljö och socialt ansvarstagande, samt identifiera gemensamma faktorer och skillnader som är kopplade till implementering av strategisk CSR. Studien omfattar fyra svenska företag som är börsnoterade och ledande inom sin bransch: ABB, Electrolux, H&M och SEB. Denna studie utgörs av dels en litteraturstudie i syfte att undersöka den vetenskapliga forskningen kring CSR-området och dels har en rad intervjuer genomförts med de företag som ingår i studien. Litteraturstudien visar att den akademiska utvecklingen av CSR helt stannat av då nutida forskning inom området uteslutande hänvisar till tidigare studier. På grund av förvirringen kring begreppet CSR så har svenska företag helt valt övergå till att använda hållbarhet när de beskriver sitt strategiska arbete inom CSR. Resultatet visar att det har skett en branschspecifik anpassning av konceptet CSR både vad gäller tolkning och praktisk tillämpning. Det finns inga egentliga skillnader i hur företagen strategiskt arbetar med CSR eftersom samtliga företag i denna studie tillämpar samma riktlinjer och metoder för intressentanalys, materialitetsanalys osv. Den största skillnaden är vilka aktiviteter som strategierna resulterar i. Här ser man skillnader mellan olika branscher eftersom specifika prioriterade områden är nära kopplade till den egna verksamheten. Det är inte självklart att företag ska ta ett samhällsansvar. Det går inte heller att fastställa hur stort och vilken typ av samhällsansvar företagen bör ta utöver den egna verksamheten. Vad som däremot går att avgöra är att ett företag oundvikligt påverkas av samhället eftersom ett företag utgörs av människor. Slutsatsen är att ju större ett företag är, desto med ansvar kan och bör de ta. / The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) means that companies have a responsibility for the impact its activities have on society. The responsibility is to identify problem areas and issues affecting the company’s stakeholders, that is, customers, employees, suppliers, shareholders, and local communities and then actively acts in a responsible manner towards them. There is a clear gap between theories about what CSR is and should include and how companies use CSR as a strategy in their business. There is no clarity about what corporate responsibility is and should be. It is likely that different industries, despite major differences, also have common denominators in terms of identified challenges. It is of interest to identify these differences and similarities in a cross- industry comparison in order to understand how companies should work with their CSR strategies. The purpose of this study is primarily to investigate how Swedish companies in various industries implement strategic sustainability work in their business. The study intends to identify how companies communicate their work in the areas of environmental and social responsibility, and to identify common factors and differences linked to the implementation of strategic CSR. The study comprises four Swedish companies that are listed and leading within their respective industry: ABB, Electrolux, H&M and SEB. This study consists of both a literature review in order to examine the scientific research in the area of CSR and also includes a series of interviews conducted with the companies. The literature review shows that the academic development of CSR as a concept has come to a standstill since modern research in the field exclusively refer to previous studies. Because of the confusion about the concept of CSR Swedish companies are using the term sustainability when they describe their strategic work in the field of CSR. The results show that there has been an industry- specific adaptation of the concept of CSR in terms of both interpretation and practical application. There are no real differences in how companies are working strategically with CSR, as all companies in this study apply to the same policies and guidelines for stakeholder analysis, materiality analysis etc. The main difference is which activities the strategies result in. Here you see the differences between different industries, since the established areas of priority are closely linked to the companies’ own operations. It is not obvious whether companies should take social responsibility. Nor is it possible to determine how much and what kind of social responsibility companies should take in excess of its own operations. However, it is possible to determine that a company is inevitably influenced by society, since a company consists of people. The conclusion is that the bigger a company is, the more responsibility can and should it take.

In this research the empirical case of the “Partnership for Sustainability”, a long-term partnership between a major player in the German grocery retail industry and one of the biggest environmental organizations in Germany, was explored in order to gain an understanding of organizational learning processes within non-profit and business collaborations towards sustainability. Using existing theoretical concepts about organizational learning and sustainability in the field of cross-sectoral collaboration these fields of research are brought together. As a result, organizational learning processes within the non-profit and between the partnering organizations were identified and the associated learning results were pointed out. Therefore, essential changes and adaptations in the Partnership for Sustainability could be explored throughout theyears of the collaboration. Furthermore, the contribution of organizational learning processes to a cross-sectoral collaboration has been illuminated.

This thesis explores the nature of cyber-security at the beginning of the 21st century. In the current security paradigm, security strategies based on anticipatory governance have become essential in the management of the constantly changing cyber-security environment. Thus, this thesis aims to understand security strategies and governance introduced in the European region. The increased dependency on cyber-space is visible in all public-private sectors and governmental operations, as well as communications between groups and individuals. As a result, cyber-attacks on public and private entities are increasing. This requires a security framework that is flexible and establishes different types of security cooperation to manage the widespread cyber-risks. This is essential to the development of security strategies, governance forms, practices, and guidelines for enhancing resilience and preparedness towards cyber-risks. Therefore, I am examining cyber-security through the lenses of nodal governance and governmentality, which enables me to understand European cyber-security strategies and governance forms developed by the Council of Europe, the European Union, and the North-Atlantic Treaty Organization. To analyse existing strategies and governance forms, I have used two critical security schools, the Copenhagen School and the Paris School, which cover different aspects of the security agenda. The thesis develops a substantive analytical framework through two case studies, namely cyber-security and cyber-terrorism. The findings in this thesis identifies problem areas, such as the complexity of the nodal system, the legislative lacuna, reliance on different governance forms, transparency and accountability, and types of anticipatory governance and regulatory practices.

The increased complexity in the public administration has shed light on cross sectoral governance and its challenges. The aim of this study is to investigate how governments organize cross sectoral policy areas. Through a comparison between the Integration Agency and the Gender Equality Agency in Sweden, I investigate how the government has organized the integration policy and the gender equality policy, as well as how the government has argued for the agencies existence. The results show how the policy areas were organized, and the conclusions of the study are that cross sectoral agencies have a difficult mission to work for a policy’s breakthrough in the society, through collaborations with non-defined agencies, municipalities, and organizations. Other agencies tend to not prioritize the cross sectoral policies. Another conclusion is that cross sectoral agencies risk termination when there is a change of government, especially if the creation of the agency lacks a wide support from the parliament. A last conclusion is that the government might react to “problems” in the policy field by both creating a new agency and terminating an existing one. This sheds light on government’s tendency to reform policy as a way of rationalizing and legitimize the policy area.

The purpose of this thesis is to design an organisation attempting to facilitate cross-sectoral, action-oriented collaboration to influence systemic change towards sustainability, and to create a Design Guide for achieving this objective. To answer this, we conducted a participatory action research with Smart Urbanism: London (SU:LDN) as a case study. This is a start-up organisation whose goal is to introduce the paradigm of complexity thinking to the planning, design and delivery of cities in order to create a new, responsive and sustainable urban fabric. They intend to faciitate a mass collaboration across the relevant sectors. The Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD) was used as a lens for the overall research, the analysis of SU:LDN and the construction of the Design Guide.

This diploma thesis deals with cross-sectoral cooperation in the field of corporate social responsibility (CSR). This topic is researched using a case study of the Food Bank for Prague and Central Bohemia and food chains that have established a cooperative partnership with the organization. Empirical research took the form of an initial fieldwork, interviews, and analysis of websites and other available documents. The thesis aims to introduce the insufficiently- explored issue of food banks and CSR that is created around them by food chains. First, it deals with the types of cooperation that occur within these relationships and proceeds to explore their dynamics. Furthermore, it examines the motivations of chains for cooperation and the appraisal of mutual cooperation both on their part as well as the part of the food bank, a representantive of the non-profit sector. The thesis can serve as an inspiration for further research on the topic of food banks or cross-sectoral cooperation that would involve perspectives of entities from both cooperating sectors as this represents a fact that is often overlooked in research. Keywords: Cross-sectoral cooperation, corporate social responsibility, food bank, food wasting, non-profit organization.

Samverkan mellan Trafikverket och kommunen i styrningen av rummet är vad som studeras i denna uppsats. Dessa två aktörers makt och ansvar i den övergripande samhällsutvecklingen ses som stort, varför samverkan mellan dessa aktörer är intressant att undersöka. En central utgångspunkt i studien är att målet med samhällsplanering är den goda staden. Trafikverkets interna styrdokument Etablera samverkan, vars riktlinjer ämnar öka graden av samverkan mellan Trafikverket och Sveriges kommuner i samhällsplaneringsprocessens tidiga skeden med hjälp av överenskommelser, utgör initiativet till detta uppsatsämne. Överenskommelser om samverkan är sedan tidigare etablerade i Trafikverkets Region Mitt och när implementering av samverkansöverenskommelser bedrivs aktivt på nationell nivå inom Trafikverket blir utvärderingen av dessa överenskommelser viktig. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med informanter som arbetar utifrån skilda samverkansformer, samt innehållsanalys av centrala dokument, skapas en bild av samverkan mellan dessa aktörer. Studien syftar till att undersöka vilka attityder och roller som styr förutsättningar för aktörerna att samverka i tidiga skeden, samt hur en överenskommelse om samverkan påverkar dessa attityder och roller. Syftet uppnås genom tre frågeställningar: Hur yttrar sig attityder hos respektive aktör kring samverkan och överenskommelser som reglerar samverkan? Hur kan samverkansprocessen påverkas av överenskommelser? Vilka olika roller har de två aktörerna i samhällsutvecklingen och hur yttrar det sig när de ska samverka i styrningen av rummet? Utifrån en socialkonstruktivistisk ansats och med en bakgrund i kulturgeografiskt rumsperspektiv, nyliberal governance samt kommunikativ planeringsteori besvaras dessa frågeställningar. Resultatet visar på ett stort förtroende för dialogbaserad samverkan som har potential att föda förståelse och enighet. Resultatet visar att överenskommelser tillför ett antal värden till samverkan som samtliga informanter ser som positiva. Resultatet visar även att kommunen och Trafikverket har olika roller i samhällsutvecklingen. De arbetar på olika skalor och med olika, om än liknande, mål. När dessa aktörer samverkar tydliggörs deras skilda uppdrag och roller. Att motsättningar och meningsskiljaktigheter finns upplevs som en naturlig del i samverkansprocessen och samverkan kan ses som ett gemensamt antagande att utifrån respektive parts uppdrag och roller, gemensamt bygga den goda staden.