Socio-economic status form a big part of each person's physical development. Socio-economic status is defined by house income, house standards, family size, physical activity level and parents education level and occupation. Socio-economic status influence posture as well as physical activity levels of adolescents. Adolescents living in low socio-economic areas show delayed growth with an influence on posture. Posture is mainly influenced by genetics as well as some socio-economic variables such as diet, malnutrition en obesity. Posture development is also related to physical activity. A sedentary lifestyle is more common under adolescence in low socio-economic areas than those in high socio-economic areas. This incidence can be due to the fact that a lack of equipment and safety are more common in low socio-economic areas, subsequently the lack of organised physical activity. The benefits of physical activity are endless and should be integrated as part of our daily living. Different studies of socio-economic status, physical activity and posture deformities were found although none compared all three valuables with each other. Literature is only used as a guideline and not for a comparison with this study. The goal of this study was firstly to determine the influence of socio-economic status on posture deformities on black African adolescence and secondly to determine the influence of socio-economic status on physical activity levels of black African adolescence. A total of 251 pupils participated in the study. Questionnaires were completed on socio-economic status as well as on physical activity levels. Posture screening was done according to the New York posture test and a posture grid. Pupils were evaluated from anterior, posterior and lateral sides together with evaluation of foot deformities and a more defined scoliosis screening by the Adams forward bending test. The prevalence of posture deformities and insufficient organised physical activity are high in black African adolescence. The most common posture deformity is lordosis (84%) and a protruding abdomen (67%). These deformities are closely correlated to socio-economic status especially diet because it influences growth and development of children. Physical activity levels are influenced by a lack of transport and organised physical activities. A total of 87,5% of pupils use walking as transport, based on which can conclude that little time is left for organised physical activity. Socio-economic status does have an influence on posture and participation in physical activity. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

This qualitative research seeks to improve our understanding of the relatively under-researched phenomenon of repeat teenage pregnancies, by exploring the underlying factors and meanings that teenagers ascribe to their pregnancies. The study uses a comparative approach to provide a comprehensive psychosocial and economic understanding of the factors leading to repeat teenage pregnancies. This is achieved by exploring both the diverse and similar experiences of two groups of teenagers within different socio-economic environments - one group of 26 respondents from the Caribbean islands of Jamaica and Barbados and the other group of 26 respondents from London. The research also capitalises on a unique opportunity to contextualize the welfare dependency/teenage pregnancy discourse. The behaviours, motivations, values and attitudes of young women who become repeatedly pregnant in a Welfare state such as England, are compared with those living in countries with limited state resources and few state benefits. The comparison shows that in the latter case, the lack of state intervention can have the disempowering impact of fostering dependency in many insidious forms. The findings demonstrate the very powerful influence that both intentional and hidden or masked factors can have on a young woman's decision to repeat a pregnancy. The intrinsic relationship between the personal driving forces of the young women and their repeated pregnancies is convincingly highlighted. These driving forces are accompanied by very strong and deep-rooted beliefs in the importance of motherhood and fertility, as well as anti-abortion views. When these factors are added to economic stringency, they provide the fuel for a young woman's journey into repeat pregnancies. The findings therefore caution against a reliance on a mechanistic understanding of both single and repeat teenage pregnancies and emphasise the fact that social, psychological, and emotional processes, as well as the economic influences, are also crucial to our understanding of repeat teenage pregnancies.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Education, 1976.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1970. / Vita. Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Princeton University, 1978. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 532-545).

Background Literature supports a relationship between low income status and poor diabetes control. However this relationship has not been assessed in Botswana. Aim To determine the relationship between socio-economic status and diabetes control in patients presenting to PMH. Objectives To measure the degree of glycaemic control; to determine the relationship between glycaemic control and monthly income as well as between glycaemic control and lifestyle modification factors;to describe the relationship between glycaemic control and core social welfare indicators. Methods A cross-sectional study, conducted over a 3 months in Gaborone, The questionnaire assessed self-care activities, monthly household earnings and core social welfare indicators among diabetes patients attending PMH. A total of 240 patients were randomly selected to complete the questionnaire. Routine HbA1c values were studied alongside questionnaire responses. Results A total of 58 (24%) participants with HbA1c between 4.0%-7.0% were well controlled, 96 (40%) of participants were poorly controlled (7.1%-9.0%) and 86 (36%) in the very poorly controlled category with HbA1c >9.0%. Of the well-controlled category, 59% lived on a monthly income between P0- P5000(the lowest income bracket). Only 3% participants in this category earned above P20000 monthly (the highest income bracket). Of the 40% poorly controlled participants, 69% fell in the lowest income bracket. No participants in this poorly controlled category earned above P20000 monthly. There were 40% participants in the very poorly controlled category. Of these, 63% earned between P0 - P5000. Only 2 participants with HbA1c values of 9.1 earned above P20000. Conclusion In this study high HbA1c percentages were associated with low monthly income levels and low scores in lifestyle modification factors. Participants with poor access to core welfare indicators also had poor glycaemic control. This study suggests that poor socio-economic status is directly related to poor glycaemic control in patients attending PMH diabetes clinic.

O estudo em tela versa sobre processos de legitimação de valores sociais no interior de redes produtivas empresariais, abordando, mais especificamente, as recentes transformações nas concepções empresariais de sustentabilidade a partir do crescente conjunto de pressões sociais que ampliaram os riscos de contestabilidade sobre as práticas e reputações das empresas. A ascensão de valores sociais relacionados à questão ambiental suscita questões sobre suas implicações na dinâmica econômica e a sua capacidade de configurar um novo paradigma econômico da sustentabilidade. Neste contexto, a indagação que norteou este estudo pode ser resumida da seguinte forma: Como o processo de elaboração, difusão e legitimação da sustentabilidade reflete-se na ação socioeconômica das empresas? Mais especificamente, como esse processo relaciona-se com as transformações na rede produtiva do plástico verde? Diante desta indagação, adota-se uma perspectiva diversa da tese das esferas autônomas e hostis, em que práticas de responsabilidade socioambiental empresarial seriam concebidas como nocivas ao livre funcionamento dos mecanismos de mercado. Mas também distinta das abordagens que percebem estas condutas, exclusivamente, como transformações discursivas, movidas por interesses econômicos e políticos. A ênfase do estudo repousa sobre a dinâmica de influência mútua entre mercados, sociedade e natureza, embasada em estudos e teorias da sociologia econômica. O foco empírico da discussão refere-se a transformações na rede produtiva do plástico verde que se trata de um plástico que possui as mesmas propriedades físicas do plástico convencional, porém é derivado de uma matéria prima não fóssil (etanol). Por sua vez, o objetivo geral do estudo é analisar o processo de institucionalização da sustentabilidade como um valor e as transformações na ação econômica empresarial que daí decorrem. Constata-se que diferentes agentes sociais (profissionais, empresas, consumidores, financiadores, governantes) vem alterando suas práticas e discursos em direção a novos valores ambientais. O conjunto destas alterações no universo da produção e do consumo, juntamente às alterações nas legislações ambientais, nos conflitos sociais e nas políticas públicas em diversos níveis, aponta para um gradual processo de institucionalização da sustentabilidade como um valor legítimo na esfera pública e econômica. Nesse sentido, o argumento defendido na análise, com base na investigação do caso da rede produtiva do plástico verde, é sobre uma relação múltipla, oriunda da produção sistêmica de riscos ambientais da sociedade contemporânea, que resultou no processo reflexivo de difusão e institucionalização da sustentabilidade como um valor. / The present study is about processes of social values legitimation within enterprises production networks, approaching, in particular, the recent changes in corporate sustainability concepts based on the growing body of social pressures that increased the risk of contestability on the practices and reputations of companies. The rise of environmental issues related to social values raises questions about its implications for economic dynamics and their ability to set up a new economic paradigm of sustainability. In this context, the question that has guided this study can be summarized as follows: How the drafting process, diffusion and legitimation of sustainability is reflected in the socio-economic action of companies? More specifically, how this process relates to the changes in the productive network of green plastic? Faced with this question, we adopt a different perspective of the thesis of the autonomous and hostile spheres, in which corporate social and environmental responsibility practices would be designed as harmful to the free play of market mechanisms. But also distinct from approaches that understand these conducts exclusively as a discursive changes, driven by economic and political interests. The emphasis of the study rests on the dynamic interplay between markets, society and nature, based on studies and theories of economic sociology. The empirical focus of the discussion refers to changes in the network productive of green plastic that it is a plastic that have the same physical properties as conventional plastics, but is derived from a non-fossil raw material (ethanol). The overall objective of the study is to analyze the process of institutionalization of sustainability as a value and the changes in the business economic action resulting therefrom. It perceives that different actors (professionals, businesses, consumers, lenders, governments) has been changing its practices and discourses toward new environmental values. These changes in the world of production and consumption, along with changes in environmental laws, social conflict and public policy at various levels, points to a gradual process of institutionalization of sustainability as a legitimate value in the public and economic sphere. In this sense, the point made in the analysis, based on the investigation of the case of the production network of green plastic, is about a multiple relationship, arising from the systemic production of environmental risks of contemporary society, which resulted in the reflective process of diffusion and institutionalization of sustainability as a value.

abstract: The issue this study addresses is the need to extend the topic of gifted art education into the multicultural realm. The purpose was to assess accommodations for gifted art students of culturally diverse backgrounds, to see how socio-economic class and culture influence identification and opportunities for gifted art students, and to identify similarities and differences among gifted art students. The research took place at five public high schools containing a high percentage of culturally diverse students around the Phoenix rural and suburban areas. Participants included five high school art teachers and five artistically talented students that each teacher identified. I conducted, transcribed and analyzed interviews with the participants. Analysis of the data has led to many themes. Teacher interviews indicated universities attended by teachers in the study didn’t touch on diversity or gifted art education, although all art teachers have had a lot of experience teaching diverse students, and reported student diversity was growing. Teachers define artistically talented students as students with natural abilities, many times looking at the students' product. Teachers recommend the students to community art classes, such as the local center for the arts, or summer college courses. Teachers vary in support, some saying they have more than enough resources and support, others saying they need more space in the classroom and smaller class sizes, or want to take students to artist studios. Results from student interviews reveal that all students in the study were self-motivated to do art everyday, two mentioning especially after a big life event, such as depression or a father dying. Participating students think of art as something beautiful and something to which they can relate, defining art very vaguely, saying it could be anything or everything. All students have future plans to major or minor in art in college or continuing creating art in their free time. Participants had supportive and encouraging art teachers and parents and had art materials readily available. Universities and high school art teachers may benefit from the study because of the need to prepare for growing diversity. Art teachers may benefit from this study by gaining a better understanding of artistically talented students of diverse backgrounds and by challenging them, and getting parents involved in supporting their child. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Art 2016

O estudo em tela versa sobre processos de legitimação de valores sociais no interior de redes produtivas empresariais, abordando, mais especificamente, as recentes transformações nas concepções empresariais de sustentabilidade a partir do crescente conjunto de pressões sociais que ampliaram os riscos de contestabilidade sobre as práticas e reputações das empresas. A ascensão de valores sociais relacionados à questão ambiental suscita questões sobre suas implicações na dinâmica econômica e a sua capacidade de configurar um novo paradigma econômico da sustentabilidade. Neste contexto, a indagação que norteou este estudo pode ser resumida da seguinte forma: Como o processo de elaboração, difusão e legitimação da sustentabilidade reflete-se na ação socioeconômica das empresas? Mais especificamente, como esse processo relaciona-se com as transformações na rede produtiva do plástico verde? Diante desta indagação, adota-se uma perspectiva diversa da tese das esferas autônomas e hostis, em que práticas de responsabilidade socioambiental empresarial seriam concebidas como nocivas ao livre funcionamento dos mecanismos de mercado. Mas também distinta das abordagens que percebem estas condutas, exclusivamente, como transformações discursivas, movidas por interesses econômicos e políticos. A ênfase do estudo repousa sobre a dinâmica de influência mútua entre mercados, sociedade e natureza, embasada em estudos e teorias da sociologia econômica. O foco empírico da discussão refere-se a transformações na rede produtiva do plástico verde que se trata de um plástico que possui as mesmas propriedades físicas do plástico convencional, porém é derivado de uma matéria prima não fóssil (etanol). Por sua vez, o objetivo geral do estudo é analisar o processo de institucionalização da sustentabilidade como um valor e as transformações na ação econômica empresarial que daí decorrem. Constata-se que diferentes agentes sociais (profissionais, empresas, consumidores, financiadores, governantes) vem alterando suas práticas e discursos em direção a novos valores ambientais. O conjunto destas alterações no universo da produção e do consumo, juntamente às alterações nas legislações ambientais, nos conflitos sociais e nas políticas públicas em diversos níveis, aponta para um gradual processo de institucionalização da sustentabilidade como um valor legítimo na esfera pública e econômica. Nesse sentido, o argumento defendido na análise, com base na investigação do caso da rede produtiva do plástico verde, é sobre uma relação múltipla, oriunda da produção sistêmica de riscos ambientais da sociedade contemporânea, que resultou no processo reflexivo de difusão e institucionalização da sustentabilidade como um valor. / The present study is about processes of social values legitimation within enterprises production networks, approaching, in particular, the recent changes in corporate sustainability concepts based on the growing body of social pressures that increased the risk of contestability on the practices and reputations of companies. The rise of environmental issues related to social values raises questions about its implications for economic dynamics and their ability to set up a new economic paradigm of sustainability. In this context, the question that has guided this study can be summarized as follows: How the drafting process, diffusion and legitimation of sustainability is reflected in the socio-economic action of companies? More specifically, how this process relates to the changes in the productive network of green plastic? Faced with this question, we adopt a different perspective of the thesis of the autonomous and hostile spheres, in which corporate social and environmental responsibility practices would be designed as harmful to the free play of market mechanisms. But also distinct from approaches that understand these conducts exclusively as a discursive changes, driven by economic and political interests. The emphasis of the study rests on the dynamic interplay between markets, society and nature, based on studies and theories of economic sociology. The empirical focus of the discussion refers to changes in the network productive of green plastic that it is a plastic that have the same physical properties as conventional plastics, but is derived from a non-fossil raw material (ethanol). The overall objective of the study is to analyze the process of institutionalization of sustainability as a value and the changes in the business economic action resulting therefrom. It perceives that different actors (professionals, businesses, consumers, lenders, governments) has been changing its practices and discourses toward new environmental values. These changes in the world of production and consumption, along with changes in environmental laws, social conflict and public policy at various levels, points to a gradual process of institutionalization of sustainability as a legitimate value in the public and economic sphere. In this sense, the point made in the analysis, based on the investigation of the case of the production network of green plastic, is about a multiple relationship, arising from the systemic production of environmental risks of contemporary society, which resulted in the reflective process of diffusion and institutionalization of sustainability as a value.

O estudo em tela versa sobre processos de legitimação de valores sociais no interior de redes produtivas empresariais, abordando, mais especificamente, as recentes transformações nas concepções empresariais de sustentabilidade a partir do crescente conjunto de pressões sociais que ampliaram os riscos de contestabilidade sobre as práticas e reputações das empresas. A ascensão de valores sociais relacionados à questão ambiental suscita questões sobre suas implicações na dinâmica econômica e a sua capacidade de configurar um novo paradigma econômico da sustentabilidade. Neste contexto, a indagação que norteou este estudo pode ser resumida da seguinte forma: Como o processo de elaboração, difusão e legitimação da sustentabilidade reflete-se na ação socioeconômica das empresas? Mais especificamente, como esse processo relaciona-se com as transformações na rede produtiva do plástico verde? Diante desta indagação, adota-se uma perspectiva diversa da tese das esferas autônomas e hostis, em que práticas de responsabilidade socioambiental empresarial seriam concebidas como nocivas ao livre funcionamento dos mecanismos de mercado. Mas também distinta das abordagens que percebem estas condutas, exclusivamente, como transformações discursivas, movidas por interesses econômicos e políticos. A ênfase do estudo repousa sobre a dinâmica de influência mútua entre mercados, sociedade e natureza, embasada em estudos e teorias da sociologia econômica. O foco empírico da discussão refere-se a transformações na rede produtiva do plástico verde que se trata de um plástico que possui as mesmas propriedades físicas do plástico convencional, porém é derivado de uma matéria prima não fóssil (etanol). Por sua vez, o objetivo geral do estudo é analisar o processo de institucionalização da sustentabilidade como um valor e as transformações na ação econômica empresarial que daí decorrem. Constata-se que diferentes agentes sociais (profissionais, empresas, consumidores, financiadores, governantes) vem alterando suas práticas e discursos em direção a novos valores ambientais. O conjunto destas alterações no universo da produção e do consumo, juntamente às alterações nas legislações ambientais, nos conflitos sociais e nas políticas públicas em diversos níveis, aponta para um gradual processo de institucionalização da sustentabilidade como um valor legítimo na esfera pública e econômica. Nesse sentido, o argumento defendido na análise, com base na investigação do caso da rede produtiva do plástico verde, é sobre uma relação múltipla, oriunda da produção sistêmica de riscos ambientais da sociedade contemporânea, que resultou no processo reflexivo de difusão e institucionalização da sustentabilidade como um valor. / The present study is about processes of social values legitimation within enterprises production networks, approaching, in particular, the recent changes in corporate sustainability concepts based on the growing body of social pressures that increased the risk of contestability on the practices and reputations of companies. The rise of environmental issues related to social values raises questions about its implications for economic dynamics and their ability to set up a new economic paradigm of sustainability. In this context, the question that has guided this study can be summarized as follows: How the drafting process, diffusion and legitimation of sustainability is reflected in the socio-economic action of companies? More specifically, how this process relates to the changes in the productive network of green plastic? Faced with this question, we adopt a different perspective of the thesis of the autonomous and hostile spheres, in which corporate social and environmental responsibility practices would be designed as harmful to the free play of market mechanisms. But also distinct from approaches that understand these conducts exclusively as a discursive changes, driven by economic and political interests. The emphasis of the study rests on the dynamic interplay between markets, society and nature, based on studies and theories of economic sociology. The empirical focus of the discussion refers to changes in the network productive of green plastic that it is a plastic that have the same physical properties as conventional plastics, but is derived from a non-fossil raw material (ethanol). The overall objective of the study is to analyze the process of institutionalization of sustainability as a value and the changes in the business economic action resulting therefrom. It perceives that different actors (professionals, businesses, consumers, lenders, governments) has been changing its practices and discourses toward new environmental values. These changes in the world of production and consumption, along with changes in environmental laws, social conflict and public policy at various levels, points to a gradual process of institutionalization of sustainability as a legitimate value in the public and economic sphere. In this sense, the point made in the analysis, based on the investigation of the case of the production network of green plastic, is about a multiple relationship, arising from the systemic production of environmental risks of contemporary society, which resulted in the reflective process of diffusion and institutionalization of sustainability as a value.