O presente estudo visou ao desenvolvimento de um estudo epidemiológico do tipo transversal para a avaliação do risco para a saúde da população residente próxima a uma área de disposição final de resíduos sólidos urbanos. O levantamento dos dados foi realizado no bairro de Perus, na cidade de São Paulo, SP, vizinho ao aterro sanitário Bandeirantes. O aterro Bandeirantes recebe diariamente cerca de 6.000 toneladas de resíduos sólidos do tipo Classe II e III. O aterro ocupa uma área total de 1.400.000 m2, contendo aproximadamente 33 milhões de toneladas de resíduos dispostos. Os riscos para a saúde pública foram avaliados junto à população de estudo, 972 crianças na faixa etária de 1 a 5 anos incompletos, residente próxima ao aterro Bandeirantes. A área de estudo foi dividida em faixas distantes de 500 m do limite do aterro, para a definição das condições de exposição. Os indicadores de saúde utilizados foram: as prevalências de enfermidades diarréicas e parasitárias e os índices antropométricos. Na área de estudo, foi realizado um levantamento da qualidade ambiental, com intuito de relacionar os impactos ambientais, ocasionados pela prática de disposição final considerada, aos indicadores de saúde empregados. Os resultados obtidos, pela realização deste estudo, permitiram concluir que há relações estatisticamente significativas entre as exposições pesquisadas e os indicadores de saúde empregados. / This work had the objective to develop an epidemiological study, using a transversal design, to evaluate the health risk to people who lives near a municipal solid waste disposal site. The study was accomplished at bairro de Perus, in the city of São Paulo - SP, Brazil, near to the Bandeirantes landfill site. The Bandeirantes landfill receives daily around 6,000 tons of Class II and III solid waste types. The landfill occupies a total area of 1,400,000 m2, containing around 33 millions of tons of disposed waste. The public health risks were evaluated among 972 children, of one to five years old, who live near the Bandeirantes landfill. The studied area was divided in distant lines of 500 meter from the landfill limit to define the exposure conditions. The used health indicators were: diarrhoeal, intestinal parasite prevalence and nutritional status. In the studied area, an environmental quality survey was accomplished with the intentions of relating the environmental impacts occasioned by the solid waste disposal to the used health indicators. The obtained results made it clear to conclude that the there are statistical associations between the researches environmental exposures and the used health indicators.

O aumento da população nos meios urbanos, juntamente com o modo de produção capitalista que incentiva o consumo, resultaram no aumento da produção de resíduos em todo o mundo, tornando-se mais um problema a ser administrado pelo município. A gestão integrada dos resíduos sólidos não é tarefa simples, pois envolve vários aspectos a serem gerenciados como políticas públicas, estrutura física, escassez de recursos e conhecimento sobre o assunto, além de capacidade técnica das operações envolvidas. Os impactos provenientes da disposição final inadequada dos resíduos sólidos, conseqüência da má gestão de resíduos sólidos, comprometem o meio ambiente, influenciam a qualidade de vida da população e aumentam os gastos das prefeituras com a remediação dos problemas, sendo que estes recursos poderiam ser alocados em outros setores mais necessitados. No Brasil, grande parte dos municípios com menos de 20.000 habitantes não conseguem destinar seus resíduos sólidos de maneira adequada, sendo eles os mais atingidos por esse problema. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi a de realizar uma proposta de gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos urbanos domiciliares, com uso da ferramenta de gestão Balanced Scorecard (BSC), elaborada a partir dos princípios e objetivos da Política Estadual de Resíduos Sólidos de São Paulo. A pesquisa visou à sustentabilidade como foco e por isso foram considerados na construção dessa ferramenta aspectos relacionados às dimensões econômicas, ambientais, sociais, culturais e políticas. Para o desenvolvimento da proposta de BSC foram utilizados dados secundários técnicos e acadêmicos, além de informações da legislação e regulação brasileira e paulista que serviram de base para a proposição de indicadores de sustentabilidade. O resultado foi a elaboração de uma estrutura de BSC genérica para auxílio na gestão pública deste setor. A ferramenta proposta pode ser aplicada a qualquer localidade, bastando adaptá-la às necessidades e às características locais. Verificou-se que para a máxima eficiência na gestão dos resíduos sólidos há necessidade de participação popular efetiva e vontade política dos governantes, pois o grande desafio do setor seria ainda fazer com que toda sociedade revisse o seu modo de consumo. Para que isso aconteça, ações governamentais de conscientização são de fundamental importância. A ferramenta proposto é de grande auxílio na Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos, pois consegue integrar aspectos de gestão e de gerenciamento das atividades deste setor. O usa da ferramenta tem como característica o alcance da sustentabilidade por meio da inserção das dimensões econômicas, ambientais e sociais nas quatro perspectivas do BSC Além disso, a ferramenta proposta deve ser continuada entre governos, pois o BSC tem a característica de alcance de resultados em longo prazo. Pretendeu-se, com essa pesquisa, auxiliar os municípios em sua gestão de resíduos sólidos além de contribuir com a promoção da conscientização ambiental no meio acadêmico e da sociedade em geral. / The increase of the population in the cities due to some factors, resulted in the enlargement of the production of the garbage, becoming this in another sector to be managed by the municipal district. To make the management of solid waste is not easy question, therefore it involves some aspects to be managed as publish politics, physical structure, scarcity of resources, the lack of knowledge on the subject and capacity limited technique. The impacts from inadequate final disposition of the solid waste, consequence of repute management, impact the environment, act on the quality life of population and increase the expenses of the City Hall destining resources in the remediation of problems, in fact that these resources could be replaced in others weakness sectors. In Brazil the cities with less than 20.000 do not achieve the destination of these solid wastes on the right form. They have been reached by this problem in a large scale. The main objective of this research was to make a proposal for integrated management of municipal solid waste at home, using the management tool Balanced Scorecard (BSC), developed from the principles and objectives of State Policy for Solid Waste São Paulo. The research aimed to focus on sustainability and therefore was considered in developing this tool aspects of the economic, environmental, social, cultural and political. For the development of the proposed BSC secondary data were used - technical and academic, in addition to information legislation and regulation Brazil and Sao Paulo that formed the basis for the proposal of sustainability indicators. The result was the elaboration of a structure of BSC general to aid in the management of public sector. The proposed tool can be applied to any location, just adapt it to local needs and theirs characteristics. It was found that for maximum efficiency in the management of solid waste there is need a popular participation and effective political will of rulers, because the great challenge of the sector would also make the entire society revise its mode of consumption. For that to happen, government action awareness is essential. The proposed tool is a great help in Integrated Solid Waste, for it can integrate aspects of management and managing the activities of this sector. The use of the tool is characterized by achieving sustainability through the integration of economic, environmental and social in the four BSC perspectives. Moreover, the proposed tool should be continued between governments, because the BSC has the characteristic of achieving results in long term. It was intended, with this research, assist municipalities in their solid waste management in addition to contributing to the promotion of environmental awareness in academia and society in general.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The generation of solid waste has considerably increased due to the society habits for consumption of products, having as main characteristic a short shelf-life. Many Brazilian towns do not have either a management plan or infrastructure for an adequate final disposition of waste, using improper areas as a provisory solution, ending up to be definitive ones, causing a series of environmental problems. The only possibility to eliminate the unbalance between the aspirations of the society and the incipient action of the government in solving such problems, up to now, superficially equated. The following paper aims to contribute with information, data, and discussions on the management of solid waste produced in the towns of Quarta Colônia de Imigração Italiana in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. These are small cities (Dona Francisca, Faxinal do Soturno, Ivorá, Nova Palma, Pinhal Grande, São João do Polêsine e Silveira Martins) with a total population of about 30 thousand inhabitants, mostly rural, being agriculture and cattle the economy basis. The total territory is 1,400 Km² and is located in the central portion of the State. The methodological procedure used was basically bibliographical research, interviews, and visits to the places where waste are treated and dumped. Through results‟ analysis it was possible to consider that in five out of the seven municipalities composing the study area, the management is outsourced, being the service rendered by a specialized company, from the collection to the dumping of domestic and commercial waste. In the towns of Ivorá and Silveira Martins, the management is made by the city administration, where the procedures are not standardized by the rules and environmental law, being its monitoring bad or inexistent. Concerning the waste of health service, generated in hospitals and health care institutions, the services of external collection to the final dumping are in charge of the company RTM Ambiental, in the seven cities. The internal dealing of the waste is made by the administration of the hospital, which in despite of not generating a great amount of rubbish, are not in accordance with the current rules. The paper points out a necessity that city administration, with basis on the State Environmental Regulation and the specific ruling, set a Management Plan aiming to find viable and environmental adequate solutions for the management of solid waste, like the establishment of intercity renders. Besides, technical qualification is fundamental, as well as the monitoring of used procedures in the management of waste in the towns, avoiding environmental problems from wrong management. The matter of solid waste requires political responsibility and concrete actions to face the problem. / A geração de resíduos sólidos tem aumentado de modo considerável, devido aos hábitos da sociedade voltados para o consumo de bens e produtos, que possuem como principal característica o prazo de vida útil reduzido. Muitos municípios brasileiros não apresentam plano de gestão e infra-estrutura que ofereça a adequada disposição final dos seus resíduos, utilizando áreas inadequadas como solução provisória, e que acabam tornando-se definitivas, gerando uma série de problemas ambientais. Somente com ações conjuntas será capaz de eliminar o descompasso entre as aspirações da sociedade e a incipiente ação do poder público na solução destes problemas, até agora superficialmente equacionados. O presente trabalho busca contribuir com informações, dados e discussões sobre o gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos gerados nos municípios da Quarta Colônia de Imigração Italiana do RS. Esses municípios (Dona Francisca, Faxinal do Soturno, Ivorá, Nova Palma, Pinhal Grande, São João do Polêsine e Silveira Martins) se caracterizam por serem municípios de pequeno porte, com uma população total de aproximadamente 30 mil habitantes, sendo a população rural a sua maioria e tendo como base econômica a agricultura e pecuária. Apresentam uma extensão territorial total de 1.400 Km² e localizam-se na porção central do Estado. O procedimento metodológico utilizado compreendeu basicamente de levantamento bibliográfico, entrevistas e visitas aos locais de tratamento e disposição final dos resíduos. Mediante a análise dos resultados foi possível considerar que em cindo, dos sete municípios que compõem a área de estudo, o gerenciamento dos resíduos é terceirizado, ficando a cargo de uma empresa prestadora de serviços, que realiza desde a coleta até a disposição final dos resíduos de origem domiciliar e comercial. Nos municípios de Ivorá e Silveira Martins, o gerenciamento é realizado pela administração pública municipal, onde se constatou que os procedimentos adotados para o tratamento e a disposição final dos resíduos, fogem as recomendações de normas e da legislação ambiental, e o seu monitoramento, por parte da administração municipal, é precário ou inexistente. Quanto aos resíduos de serviço de saúde, gerados em hospitais e postos de saúde, os serviços de coleta externa até a sua disposição final ficam a cargo da empresa RTM Ambiental, nos sete municípios. Já o manejo interno dos resíduos fica a cargo da administração dos estabelecimentos, e que apesar de serem pequenos geradores, alguns procedimentos estão em desacordo com as normas vigentes. O trabalho aponta para a necessidade que as administrações municipais, com base na Legislação Ambiental do Estado e perante as normatizações específicas, estabeleçam um Plano de Gerenciamento buscando encontrar soluções viáveis e ambientalmente adequadas para a questão dos resíduos sólidos, como a formação de consórcios intermunicipais. Além disso, é fundamental o treinamento e a qualificação técnica de pessoal, assim como o monitoramento dos procedimentos adotados no manejo dos resíduos nos municípios, evitando problemas ambientais decorrentes de um manejo inadequado. A questão dos resíduos sólidos carece de responsabilidade política e ações concretas para enfrentar o problema.

Nowadays, municipal solid waste (MSW) has got great attention from world-wide decision makers in the field of waste management. When they are making a MSW management decision, there are lots of factors that may influence their final decision for picking up an optimal alternative. In order to find out the influence factors in municipal solid waste management decision-making, incineration and anaerobic fermentation techniques are selected as example for comparison. Literature study and interview are used for collecting theoretical and practical information respectively. A list of theoretical influence factors is created, which integrates environmental, social and financial aspects of incineration and anaerobic fermentation. This list can help the decision-maker to have a better choice when they are choosing an alternative from MSW management methods. Practical information is achieved by interviewing the City of Stockholm Waste Management Administration. Differences are revealed between theory and the Stockholm case. The priority of each influence factor is discussed in this paper. Base on the decision between theoretical factors and the Stockholm case, the result shows that the theoretical factors are not completely sufficient for the practical use in the city of Stockholm. The list of theoretical influence factors should be extended by integrating more factors and more MSW management alternatives to meet different requirements in practical cases. There is no clear definition on which factor has the highest degree of influence for the decision-maker. The priority of influence factors is depended on the local condition and subjective choice of decision-maker. / www.ima.kth.se

Curitiba is a city of two million inhabitants located in the South of Brazil. It is a pioneer in waste management in the country, and is famous for its programs promoting recycling and organic waste collection. The city is now willing to take waste management one step further by investigating new solutions to treat and recover energy from organic municipal solid waste. This report is the fruit of a collaboration between two departments of the municipality of Curitiba, four local universities, the Swedish environment protection agency and the Royal Institute of Technology – KTH. The purpose of this report is to assess the potential for the development of anaerobic digestion as a solution to treat the organic municipal solid waste generated in Curitiba. The report offers an overview of the current waste treatment and of the main sources of organic waste in Curitiba. The annual amount of organic waste generated in the city is estimated to 144,350 tons, of which 913 tons come from food markets supervised by SMAB, the secretary of food supply. Three different scenarios, corresponding to three ranges of waste sources, have been considered. In the first one, the organic wastes generated by one of the two public markets of Curitiba are treated on-site. In the second one, all the organic wastes from food markets, street markets and popular restaurants are treated together in a medium-scale anaerobic digester. In the third one, all the sources of organic municipal solid waste identified in Curitiba are considered, including residential, institutional and small commercial waste. The annual methane production is estimated to 5,400 m3, 86,000 m3 and 12,600,000 m3 respectively for the three scenarios. In the last two scenarios, the methane could be converted into electricity, resulting in an annual electricity production of 257 MWh and 37,600 MWh. The first scenario does not consider a post-treatment of the digestate remaining at the end of the digestion. Between 46 and 50 tons of digestate could be used as a liquid fertilizer on-site and the surplus could be sold. For the two other scenarios, the digestate would be dewatered and composted to be sold as a dry fertilizer. The dry fertilizer production is estimated to 386 tons and 63,000 tons respectively every year. Each of the scenario considered would be financially viable, with a discounted payback period varying from 8 months for the small-scale scenario, to over 15 years for the second scenario. The third scenario would be the most lucrative, with a net present value of about 150 million reals. / Curitiba i Södra Brasilien är en stad med två miljoner invånare som har positionerat sig som pionjär inom avfallshantering. Staden är känd i landet med sin främjande strategi för återvinning och organisk avfallshantering. Curitiba planerar att undersöka och experimentera med nya metoder för behandling av avfall kombinerad med energiåtervinning från kommunalt organiskt avfall. Denna rapport är resultat av ett samarbete mellan två avdelningar inom Curitibas kommun, fyra lokala universitet, Sveriges miljöskyddsmyndighet och den Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan. Syftet med denna rapport är att utvärdera den potentialen som den anaeroba nedbrytningen har som medel för behandling av det kommunala fasta avfallet som genereras i Curitiba. Rapporten går även igenom hur avfallshanteringen ser ut i staden i dagsläget samt sammanfattar de största källorna för organiskt avfall i Curitiba. Den årliga mängden organiskt avfall som produceras i staden uppskattas till 144 350 ton, varav 913 ton kommer från livsmedelsaktiviteter som övervakas av det brasilianska livsmedelsverket SMAB. Tre olika scenarier representeras i denna rapport och omfattar tre områden av avfallskällor. I det första scenariot behandlas det organiska avfallet som genereras av en av de två köpmarknaderna i Staden direkt på plats. I det andra behandlas allt organiskt avfall från livsmedelsmarknader, gatumarknader och populära restauranger tillsammans i en medelstor anaerob kokare. I det tredje beaktas alla källor till organiskt kommunalt avfall som identifierats i Curitiba, inklusive bostads-, institutionellt och litet kommersiellt avfall. Den årliga metanproduktionen uppskattas till 5 400 m3, 86 000 m3 respektive 12 600 000 m3 för de tre scenarierna. I det andra och tredje scenariot kunde metan omvandlas till el, vilket resulterade i en årlig elproduktion på 257 MWh respektive 37 600 MWh. I det första scenariot anses inte en efterbehandling av digestatet kvar vid slutet av matsmältningen. Mellan 46 och 50 ton digestat kan användas som flytande gödselmedel på plats och överskottet kan säljas. För de två andra scenarierna skulle digestatet avvattnas och komposteras för att senare säljas som torr gödsel vars produktion beräknas uppgå till 386 ton respektive 63 000 ton varje år. Alla tre scenario som presenteras i denna rapport anses vara ekonomiskt genomförbara med en diskonterad återbetalningstid som varierar mellan 8 månader för det första scenariot till över 15 år för det andra scenariot. Det tredje scenariot anses vara det mest lukrativa med ett nuvärde på ca 150 miljoner realer.

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[ES] Dentro de las temáticas asociadas al campo de acción de la Ingeniería Ambiental se encuentra la referente a la gestión adecuada de los residuos sólidos que son generados por las comunidades. Los residuos sólidos urbanos (RSU) se han constituido en una de las problemáticas que debe ser atendida por los países de forma prioritaria, dadas las tendencias crecientes en su aumento y para los cuales se requiere la adopción de estrategias que permitan su aprovechamiento y disposición adecuada. Por tanto, las administraciones locales, regionales y nacionales deben tomar decisiones de forma eficiente para que se realice una gestión correcta de estos residuos que tenga presente las particularidades de su región. Dentro de estas particularidades se encuentra, entre otros elementos, la caracterización de la población, la cantidad de RSU generados, el clima, las mejores técnicas y tecnologías disponibles, las tendencias y políticas nacionales, la disponibilidad de recursos económicos, los planes de ordenamiento territorial, la legislación vigente y las características del servicio público de limpieza. Todos estos aspectos pueden influir dentro de la toma de decisiones para cada una de las etapas definidas dentro del proceso de gestión de este tipo de residuos. En este marco de trabajo, en esta investigación se presenta una metodología para la toma de decisiones relacionada con la gestión de residuos sólidos en grandes ciudades. La investigación se ha desarrollado tomando como referencia la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia) y, particularmente, dos zonas de esta ciudad llamadas Engativá y Suba (denominadas "localidades" según la división administrativa de la ciudad). En estos emplazamientos se han desarrollado alternativas para la selección de estrategias que permitan la gestión de RSU más adecuada. La investigación se ha desarrollado en tres fases. En primera instancia, se han analiza-do las características de la generación de residuos en la ciudad mediante una ruta analítica que integra el análisis espacial junto con el tratamiento estadístico de datos, para evaluar y predecir su comportamiento en cada una de las zonas de Bogotá. En la segunda parte de la investigación, se realizó el análisis predictivo de la generación de estos residuos a través de tres herramientas de inteligencia artificial: árboles de decisión (Decision trees), redes neuronales artificiales (RNA) y máquinas de soporte vectorial (Support Vector Machines, MSV). Como etapa final, se realizó el planteamiento y desarrollo del modelo metodológico, incorporando tanto aspectos predictivos como variables económicas, y se analizó el comportamiento del modelo a través de redes neuronales artificiales de tipo Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), foco principal del presente trabajo. De igual forma, dentro de esta última fase se presenta también la revisión del comportamiento del modelo a través de la implementación de máquinas de soporte vectorial, como estrategia comparativa del rendimiento de las RNA frente a otros posibles modelos que pueden implementarse a este tipo de procesos. Como principal resultado obtenido de la investigación realizada, se concluye que las redes neuronales artificiales constituyen una alternativa viable para el planteamiento de modelos que incluyan todas las etapas de la gestión de los RSU de una ciudad. Por otra parte, se ha comprobado que el modelo diseñado se encuentra estructurado de forma que permite la modificación, inclusión, precisión y optimización de la informa-ción de forma permanente. Todo ello constituye una gran ventaja, ya que mejora de forma continua la eficiencia de la metodología propuesta. De este modo, la metodología propuesta puede ser aplicada en zonas determinadas de ciudades con características similares, en la medida que los países vayan estableciendo y fortaleciendo sus sistemas de información de forma confiable para así obtener datos más precisos, lo cual es un proc / [CA] Dins de les temàtiques associades al camp d'acció de l'Enginyeria Ambiental es troba la referent a la gestió adequada dels residus sòlids que són generats per les comunitats. Els residus sòlids urbans (RSU) s'han constituït en una de les problemàtiques que ha de ser atesa pels països de forma prioritària, donades les tendències creixents en el seu augment i per als quals es requereix l'adopció d'estratègies que permeten el seu aprofitament i disposició adequada . És així que les administracions locals, regionals i nacionals han de prendre decisions de manera eficient perqué es realitze una gestió correcta d'aquests residus tenint present les particularitats de la seva regió, dins de les que es poden trobar la caracterització de la població, la quantitat de RSU generats, el clima, les millors tècniques i tecnologies disponibles, les tendències i polítiques nacionals, la disponibilitat de recursos econòmics, els plans d'ordenament territorial, la legislació vigent, les característiques del servei públic de neteja, entre altres elements, els quals poden influir dins de la presa de decisions per a cadascuna de les etapes definides dins el procés de gestió d'aquest tipus de residus. És així com es presenta en aquesta investigació una metodologia per a la presa de decisions relacionada amb la gestió de residus sòlids en grans ciutats, prenent com a referència la ciutat de Bogotà (Colòmbia), i particularment dues zones d'aquesta ciutat anomenades Engativá i Suba (denominades "localitats" segons la divisió administrativa de la ciutat), com una alternativa per a la selecció de la millor estratègia que permeta l'adequada gestió de RSU d'aquesta regió. En primera instancia, s'analitza el comportament de la generació de residus de la ciutat a través d'una ruta analítica que integra l'anàlisi espacial juntament amb el tractament estadístic de dades, per avaluar i predir el comportament de la generació dels RSU a cadascuna de les zones de Bogotà. Com a segona part de la investigación, es va realitzar l'anàlisi predictiva de la generació d'aquests residus a través de tres eines d'intel·ligència artificial, per a això es va incorporar l'aplicació d'arbres de decisió (Deci-sion trees), xarxes neuronals artificials (RNA) i màquines de suport vectorial (Support Vector Machines, MSV). Com a principal resultat obtingut de la investigació realitzada, es conclou que les xarxes neuronals constitueixen una alternativa viable per al plantejament de models que incloguen totes les etapes de la gestió dels RSU d'una ciutat. D'altra banda, s'ha comprovat que el model dissenyat es troba estructurat de manera que permet la modificació, inclusió, precisió i optimització de la informació de forma permanent, la qual cosa constitueix en un avantatge, ja que permet de forma contínua millorar la eficiència de la metodologia proposada i aplicarla en una zona determinada d'una ciutat amb característiques similars en la mesura que els països van establint i enfortint els seus sistemes d'informació de forma fiable per així obtenir dades més precises, la qual cosa és un procés que Colòmbia té com a meta de curt termini. Com a etapa final, es va realitzar el plantejament del model metodològic incorporant aspectes predictius així com variables econòmiques, i es va analitzar el comportament d'aquest a través de xarxes neuronals artificials de tipus Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), focus principal del present treball. De la mateixa manera, dins d'aquesta última fase es presenta el mateix model, però en aquesta ocasió es va realitzar la revisió del seu comportament a través de la implementació de màquines de suport vectorial, com a estratègia comparativa del rendiment de les RNA enfront d'altres possibles models que poden implementarse a aquesta mena de processos. / [EN] Ensuring the proper management of solid waste generated by communities is included among the topics associated within the scope of environmental engineering. Municipal solid waste (MSW) has become one of the problems that countries must place a priority on addressing, given the trends of its increasing generation. Strategies must be adopted that facilitate MSW use and its proper disposal. Therefore, local, regional and national governments must make decisions in an efficient manner, taking into account the particularities of their region, in order to correctly manage this waste. These particularities include the characterization of their population, amount of MSW generated, climate, best available techniques and technologies, national guidelines and policies, availability of economic resources, land use plans, current legislation, characteristics of the public sanitation service, among other components. These factors can influence decision-making in each defined stage in the process of MSW management. Accordingly, this research study presents a methodology for decision-making regarding solid waste management in large cities. The city of Bogotá (Colombia) is used as a reference, specifically, two areas of the city named Engativá and Suba Bogotá (called "localities", which are based on the administrative division of the city). The goal of the methodology is to determine an alternative to select the best strategy to facilitate proper MSW management in the region. First, the behavior of waste generation in the city was analyzed through an analytical approach that integrates spatial analysis with statistical data processing to evaluate and forecast the behavior of MSW generation in each area of Bogotá. The second part of the study was a predictive analysis of MSW generation which employed the following three artificial intelligence tools: decision trees, artificial neural networks (ANN), and support-vector machines (MSV). Lastly, the methodological model was proposed, which incorporated predictive aspects as well as economic variables. The model was analyzed by Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) artificial neuronal networks, the primary focus of this research. Similarly, within this last phase, the same model is presented, but a review of its behavior was conducted by implementing support-vector machines, as a comparative strategy of ANN performance with respect to other possible models that can be implemented in these types of processes. The primary conclusion of this research is that neural networks are a viable alternative to develop models that include all stages of MSW management in a city. While these mathematical models require a large amount of data to minimize the results' margin of error, with the data obtained for the modelling the ANNs were properly adapted and showed satisfactory performance according to the proposed methodology. Moreover, the study demonstrated that the designed model is structured in such a manner that it allows for continuous modification, inclusion, precision and optimization of the information. This is an advantage as it enables the proposed methodology's efficiency to be improved on an ongoing basis, in order for it to be applied to a specific area in a city with similar characteristics. The above is dependent on countries establishing and strengthening their information systems in a reliable manner, in order to obtain more precise data, which is a short-term goal for Colombia. / Solano Meza, JK. (2021). Propuesta metodológica basada en redes neuronales artificiales para la determinación de la gestión óptima de residuos sólidos urbanos: aplicación en las localidades de Suba y Engativá de la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/168119

El presente articulo tiene como objetivo revisar producciones científicas vinculado con el manejo de residuos sólidos en gobiernos regionales, provinciales y de distritales; la metodología de tipo y diseño cuantitativo comprendió procesos exploratorios y descriptivos; el uso de métodos teóricos; y, como muestra se tomó 10 artículos confiables y originales lo cual fueron publicados entre los años 2016 y 2023. Para el análisis y procesamiento de datos se utilizó la técnica que corresponde a un análisis documental y como instrumento una matriz lógica. Los resultados de dicho artículo manifiestan que la mayoría de las investigaciones científicas están relacionados en la gestión, manejo y mitigación de los residuos sólidos municipales; con propuestas de modelos sistémicos innovadores, políticas públicas y tecnologías perdurables ; y con respecto a las conclusiones de mayor importancia quecomprenden una evaluación diagnóstica en la cual se concluye el escaso e insuficiente conocimiento sobre el mal manejo de los residuos sólidos municipales en cada gobierno local , asimismo, lo cual se conocen lineamientos teóricos prácticos para minimizar la contaminación del medio ambiente sobre el entorno de los gobiernos regionales, provinciales y distritales para garantizar la sostenibilidad ambiental, mejor calidad económica, y mejorcalidad de vida. / The objective of this article is to review scientific productions linked to solid waste management in regional, provincial and district governments; The quantitative type and design methodology included exploratory and descriptive processes; the use of theoretical methods; and, as a sample, 10 reliable and original articles were taken, which were published between the years 2016 and 2023. For the analysis and processing of data, the technique that corresponds to a documentary analysis and a logical matrix as an instrument was used. The results of said article show that the majority of scientific research is related to the management, handling and mitigation of municipal solid waste; with proposals for innovative systemic models, public policies and lasting technologies; and with respect to the most important conclusions that include a diagnostic evaluation in which the scarce and insufficient knowledge about the poor management of municipal solid waste in each local government is concluded, likewise, which theoretical and practical guidelines are known to minimize the environmental pollution on the surroundings of regional, provincial and district governments to guarantee environmental sustainability, better economic quality, and better quality of life.

In order to deal with the mounting issue of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in a way that is in line with sustainable development and Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) a systems approach is necessary.This approach can practically be integrated into the MSW decision-making process through Life Cycle Thinking(LCT) and environmental systems analysis tools such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This paper is written within the context of the RECO Baltic 21 Tech (RB21T) project which aims to improve waste management practices in 12 countries in the Baltic Sea Region. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the extent to which LCA is used as decision-support in MSW management in Sweden, Estonia and Lithuania. The use of LCA is examined on a national level as well as on a local or regional level based on relevant literature and a set of interviews conducted in each country. According to the results the use of LCA as decision-support in MSW management is very limited in Estonia and Lithuania whilst it is already a well-established tool in Sweden. Most of the LCA efforts in the Baltic States have been conducted in connection with foreign projects and investments,such as RB21T. Although an actual LCA might not always be applied in Sweden, LCT is prevalent in MSW management both on a national and local level. In order for LCA to be better integrated into MSW management this paper argues that there is a need for increased knowledge, data, more user-friendly LCA-tools andstrengthening regional partnerships for further transfer of knowledge between countries.

A widespread phenomenon on dumpsites in the developing world, subsistence waste picking is also a common practice at the city-owned Coastal Park Landfill (CPL) in Muizenberg. Poor unemployed people from the townships of Capricorn, Vrygrond and Hillview, situated at the foot of the tip “skarrel for scrap” every day. The word skarreling is an Afrikaans term meaning to rummage or scrabble, scuttle or scurry. Thus, if one talks of “skarreling for scrap”, it generally refers to poor peo-ple trying to eke out a living by looking for recyclables in the waste that can be put to personal use or turned into money.In the two decades since the transition to democracy, South Africa and the City of Cape Town (CCT) have formulated a number of framework and subordinate policies which express their commitment to sustainable development (SD). SD aims to achieve a balance between its three components, econom-ic, environmental and social sustainability. Thus, SD is not only about increased economic efficiency and stability, while at the same time reducing pollution and handling natural resources more thought-fully; it is also about promoting social equity by reducing poverty and empowering the poor. This study is guided by the assumption that waste pickers in developing countries play an important part in recycling efforts, and that recycling in turn is an integral component of SD, which is the guid-ing principle of South African policy-making. In an ideal scenario – as implicitly promised by the policies on SD – the management of solid waste should pursue the economic and environmental goals of SD by promoting recycling and should be aligned with the goal of creating sustainable livelihoods.However, the reality in the CCT is a different one. Landfill skarreling in the CCT, and particularly at CPL, is accompanied by conflict and a criminalisation of the skarrelaars. The CCT decided to phase out landfill salvaging in 2008, and subsequently has put a lot of effort into keeping skarrelaars away from its landfills. The implications of this decision – job losses for poor people and a potential in-crease in crime – have not been thought through. There is thus a dysfunctional triangular relationship around waste recycling in the CCT, leading to tensions between (1) the City’s commitment to SD; (2) its approach towards recycling (as part of solid waste management) in policy and practice; and (3) the livelihoods of the poor in adjacent townships. In the CCT the goals of SD are undermined by the City’s recycling strategies, with adverse effects for the livelihoods of the people who live off skarrel-ing.There are several causes for this disjuncture between policy and reality. The first has to do with igno-rance on the side of the policymakers. They seem to be badly informed about the extent and nature of skarreling, perhaps assuming that this activity is performed only by a few people who need quick cash for drugs. The second cause can be attributed to the neoliberal macro-policies pursued in South Africa, as well as to the global competition between cities for investment. This neoliberal urbanism leads cities like Cape Town to re-imagine themselves as “world (-class) cities”, in which poor waste pickers are perceived as a disturbing factor. In the CCT, this goes hand in hand with an approach reminiscent of the apartheid mindset, which saw the need to control poor, black (and potentially unru-ly) people.The dissertation therefore focuses on the core themes of sustainable development, (urban) neoliberal-ism, and informality in combination with a case study of the informal waste pickers at the chosen landfill site. Writing from a political studies angle, this study is framed as a policy critique: it argues that the policies around SWM ignore South African realities, and that the SD policies and their im-plementation lack coherence. Moreover, the conflict between the skarrelaars and the CCT at the CPL is rooted in inadequate national and local legislation which does not acknowledge the role of informal waste pickers in SWM and aims at excluding rather than including them. If waste pickers were sup-ported in their recycling efforts in both policy and practice, this would be a win-win situation for the state/city (economic benefits and less crime), the skarrelaars (regular employment and incomes) and the environment (less waste buried on landfills).The case study is primarily designed as a qualitative study, but also includes quantitative elements as it attempts a first quantification of the extent and nature of skarreling at the CPL site, one of only three operating dumpsites in Cape Town. The aim on the one hand is to estimate the contribution of the skarrelaars to waste reduction (and therefore to sustainability) in the City, especially since the waste they collect is not buried on the landfill, thereby prolonging the operational life span of the landfill. The other aim is to assess the role of the skarrelaars as an economic factor in the township, in particular the question of how important the incomes generated from skarreling are for their individu-al livelihoods and for the community as a whole. / Magister Artium - MA