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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
241

Mixed fuels composed of household waste and waste wood : Characterization, combustion behaviour and potential emissions

Edo Giménez, Mar January 2016 (has links)
Incineration with energy recovery is the main disposal strategy for waste that cannot be reused or recycled, and a well-established source of energy in Europe, especially in Sweden where 2.2 Mtonnes of waste including domestic and imported municipal solid waste (MSW) and waste wood (WW) were combusted during 2015. However, owing to its inherent heterogeneous composition, inclusion of such waste in Waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies is challenging. These heterogeneities may lead to operationally-related issues in the WtE facilities and contribute to toxic emissions, which can be reduced by waste pre-treatment technologies.    This thesis examines the variations in the composition of MSW and WW streams used as a fuel supply in WtE facilities after undergoing waste pre-treatment technologies, and the effect of fuel composition on its combustion behaviour and formation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). The overall objective is to contribute to a more thorough understanding of the selection of waste pre-treatment technologies to mitigate harmful emissions into the atmosphere when waste fuels are combusted in WtE facilities.    This thesis describes the high variability of contaminants in domestic and imported WW and suggests adaptation of WW pre-treatment techniques to produce fuels with a low potential for generating pollutants. A comparison of mechanical solid waste pre-treatments revealed that screening and shredding is more efficient than extrusion for reducing emissions of pollutants such as PCDDs and PCDFs in combustion. The evaluation of the combustion behaviour of MSW-based fuels showed a three-stage oxidative decomposition, and an acceleration of the decomposition of the MSW compared to the lignocellulosic materials, which may be attributed to the presence of food waste and plastics in the MSW. Combustion tests of fuel blends containing WW and MSW-based fuels with different food waste content suggested that WW, not food waste content, is the key factor for the formation of PCDDs, PCDFs, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), benzenes (PCBzs) and phenols (PCPhs). Torrefaction may be a suitable technology for improving the properties of waste as a fuel e.g. due to its low PCDD and PCDF emissions. / Förbränning med energiåtervinning är det huvudsakliga sättet att ta hand om avfall som inte kan återanvändas eller återvinnas. Det är en väletablerad energikälla i Europa och särskilt i Sverige där 2,2 miljoner ton avfall, däribland inhemskt och importerat hushållsavfall och returträ, förbrändes under 2015. På grund av den heterogena sammansättningen hos hushållsavfall och returträ är förbränning av dessa material i anläggningar med energiåtervinning (så kallade WtE-anläggningar) förknippade med en del driftsrelaterade utmaningar. Det kan även ge upphov till miljöfarliga utsläpp, som dock kan reduceras genom förbehandling av avfallet. I denna avhandling har variationer i sammansättningen hos hushållsavfall och returträ som förbränns i WtE-anläggningar undersökts. Effekten av bränslemixens sammansättning och ev förbehandling på bränslets förbränningsegenskaper samt bildning av långlivade organiska föroreningar (så kallade POPar) såsom polyklorerade dibenso-p-dioxiner och polyklorerade dibensofuraner vid förbränning har utvärderats. Det övergripande målet är att bidra till en djupare förståelse av hur valet av förbehandlingsteknik för avfall kan bidra till att minska skadliga utsläpp till luft när avfallsbränslen förbränns i WtE-anläggningar. Denna avhandling beskriver den stora variabiliteten av metall- och materialföroreningar i inhemskt och importerat returträ och föreslår förbehandlingstekniker för att producera bränslen med låg potential att generera föroreningar. En jämförelse av mekaniska förbehandlingstekniker visade att mekanisk sönderdelning och separering (krossning och siktning) är mer effektivt än s.k. högtrycks-pressning för att minska utsläppen av föroreningar som dioxiner och furaner vid förbränning. Utvärderingen av bränslemixar innehållande hushållsavfall uppvisade en oxidativ nedbrytning i tre steg vid förbränning, och en accelererad nedbrytning av avfallsmaterialet jämfört med vedmaterialet i bränslet, troligen som effekt av innehållet av matavfall och plast i hushållsavfallet. Förbränningsförsök med bränsleblandningar av returträ och hushållsavfall med olika innehåll av matavfall visade att mängden returträ, och inte mängden matavfall, är den viktigaste faktorn för bildning av dioxiner, furaner, klorbifenyler, klorbensener, och klorfenoler. Torrefiering kan vara en lämplig teknik för att förbättra avfallets bränsleegenskaper, t.ex. på grund av dess låga emissioner.
242

The Analysis of PCDD and PCDF Emissions from the Cofiring of Densified Refuse Derived Fuel and Coal

Moore, Paul, 1962- 08 1900 (has links)
The United States leads the world in per capita production of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), generating approximately 200 million tons per year. By 2000 A.D. the US EPA predicts a 20% rise in these numbers. Currently the major strategies of MSW disposal are (i) landfill and (ii) incineration. The amount of landfill space in the US is on a rapid decline. There are -10,000 landfill sites in the country, of which only 65-70% are still in use. The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) predicts an 80% landfill closure rate in the next 20 years. The development of a viable energy resource from MSW, in the form of densified Refuse Derived Fuel (dRDF), provides solutions to the problems of MSW generation and fossil fuel depletions. Every 2 tons of MSW yields approximately 1 ton of dRDF. Each ton of dRDF has an energy equivalent of more than two barrels of oil. At current production rates the US is "throwing away" over 200,000,000 barrels of oil a year. In order to be considered a truly viable product dRDF must be extensively studied; in terms of it's cost of production, it's combustion properties, and it's potential for environmental pollution. In 1987 a research team from the University of North Texas, in conjunction with the US DOE and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), cofired over 550 tons of dRDF and bdRDF with a high sulfur Kentucky coal in a boiler at ANL. This work examines the emission rates of polychlorinated dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs) during the combustion of the dRDF, bdRDF, and coal. Even at levels of 50% by Btu content of dRDF in the fuel feedstock, emission rates of PCDDs and PCDFs were below detection limits. The dRDF is shown to be an environmentally acceptable product, which could help resolve one of the major social and environmental problems facing this country today.
243

Manufacturer [Sic] of Densified-Refuse Derived Fuel (d-RDF) Pellets and Methods for the Determination of d-RDF Pellet Densities

Attili, Bassam Saleem 12 1900 (has links)
There are 150 million tons of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) annually produced in the United States, which is approximately equivalent to 150 million barrels of oil. MSW production is inexhaustible, and is increasing on an annual per capita basis of approximately three per cent. After controlling the moisture and adding a binder, the combustible portion of MSW was converted to pellets. The objects of this project were to 1) evaluate the binder, 2) prepare the pellets, and 3) evaluate the pellets with regard to density. The manufacture of pellets was conducted at the Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida. The evaluation of the binders and the pellets was done at North Texas State University (NTSU). There were three procedures for measuring the density. The first, using water displacement, was from the American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM). The second, using wax coating, was also from ASTM. The third, using sharply-cut cylindrical pellets, was developed at NTSU.
244

Characterizing the Municipal Solid Waste Stream in Denton, Texas

Brady, Patricia D. 08 1900 (has links)
Forty-two commercially collected dumpsters from Denton’s Municipal Solid Waste Stream were emptied, sorted and weighed to characterize the material types and make preliminary recycling policy recommendations. The general composition of Denton’s solid waste stream was not significantly different from the composition of the nation’s solid waste stream. Fifty-eight percent of the observed waste stream was recyclable. Paper made up the largest portion of recyclable materials and the "grocery" source category had more paper than any of the other five categories. Based on these findings, an incrementally aggressive approach is recommended to reduce certain types of wastes observed in the waste stream. This would include a Pay-As-You-Throw Program followed by an Intermediate Processing Center that can be converted to a Materials Recovery Facility.
245

Differences between urban and landfill citizens in the An Giang province of Vietnam : - a field study about landfilling & solid waste management

Jonsson, Nina January 2019 (has links)
Landfilling is the most common treatment of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in the An Giang province in south Vietnam. Many of the landfills are not sanitary and can be harmful to the environment and the residents, especially those who live within the settled distance limit of 1000 meters. There is a lack of knowledge about the people living close to landfills in the An Giang province. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate any issues about living close to landfills, by comparing health, knowledge and social issues, between people living near landfills and people in urban areas in the An Giang province. A total of 80 people was chosen in Long Xuyen and An Phu, for a questionnaire. The data was compiled and coded in Excel for further analyzation in SPSS. The results show differences in social issues, health and knowledge related to landfilling and solid waste. The experiences in the landfill areas could be taken in advantage. The study suggests using students in communication programs and workshops to increase knowledge and practice about solid waste among the citizens. To monitor landfills and the air in due to open burning of solid waste, is recommended. / Deponering är den vanligaste behandlingen av hushållsavfall i An Giang-provinsen i södra Vietnam. Många av dessa soptippar (deponier) är inte sanitära och kan vara skadliga för både miljön och invånarna som bor inom den bestämda avståndsgränsen på 1000 meter. Det finns brist på kunskap om de människor som bor nära deponier i An Giang-provinsen. Därför var syftet med studien att undersöka förekomsten av problem av att bo nära deponier i provinsen. Detta gjordes genom att jämföra hälsa, kunskap och sociala frågor mellan människor som bor intill deponier och människor i urbana områden. Totalt valdes 80 personer i Long Xuyen och An Phu till en enkätstudie. Uppgifterna sammanställdes och kodades i Excel för vidare analys i SPSS. Resultaten visade skillnader i sociala frågor, hälsa och kunskap relaterade till deponering och fast avfall. I deponiområdena fanns det mycket erfarenhet som skulle kunna utnyttjas. Studien föreslår bl.a. att använda skolungdomar i kommunikationskampanjer och workshops för att öka kunskap och praxis hos invånarna. Att övervakning och mäta deponier och luften p.g.a. öppen eldning av avfall, rekommenderas.
246

Impacto ambiental gerado pela disposição de areias de fundição: estudo de caso / Environmental impact generated by foundry sand disposal: case study

Penkaitis, Gabriela 26 March 2012 (has links)
A disposição de areia de fundição em áreas não licenciadas foi uma prática até pouco tempo empregada por muitas empresas do setor. Em função dessa prática estuda-se nessa dissertação um passivo ambiental produzido em uma área no estado de São Paulo, que recebeu resíduos de fundição e pouco se sabe sobre o impacto ao meio ambiente ocasionado pela disposição inadequada desse material. O presente trabalho propõe avaliar potenciais impactos no meio ambiente pela disposição deste resíduo em um aterro não controlado de uma indústria de fundição e promover análise crítica diante das atuais normas e ferramentas de análises de impactos ambientais e classificação de resíduos sólidos, verificando eventuais conflitos entre as atuais ferramentas aplicadas. Para essa avaliação, foram empregadas algumas ferramentas de investigação científica como Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura compreendendo análise morfológica e química qualitativa do resíduo depositado, análise granulométrica e análise química das águas subterrâneas, a partir de amostragens realizadas em campo e dados fornecidos por empresa de recuperação ambiental que atua na área. Assim foram obtidos dados que permitiram caracterizar a área, monitorar a qualidade das águas subterrâneas dentro e no entorno do aterro e caracterizar o resíduo sólido em questão, onde se analisou as questões ambientais e legais com base nas atuais normas e ferramentas de gestão de áreas contaminadas e resíduos sólidos. Os dados obtidos a partir das análises das amostras de água e resíduo demonstram clara e forte concentração de metais nas águas (ferro, manganês, boro e selênio) e no resíduo (cromo, cobre, cobalto, níquel, zinco, alumínio, ferro, manganês), no caso desse último, dentro dos limites da atual normatização para classificação, identificando-o como resíduo não perigoso. Ainda que esse não seja considerado perigoso, a identificação de elementos nas águas em concentrações acima do permitido compromete a qualidade ambiental do local, colocando em risco a população do entorno, visto que em suas adjacências algumas propriedades realizam cultivo agrícola, além de extrair água do subsolo. Evidenciase, a partir desse cenário, a necessidade de estreitamento técnico entre as atuais normas e ferramentas de análises de impacto ambiental e classificação de resíduos sólidos, permitindo realizar avaliações de passivos gerados pela disposição inadequada de resíduos que levem em consideração suas possíveis interações com o ambiente ao longo de seu tempo de exposição. / The disposal of foundry sand illegal areas was a practice until recently employed by many companies. Because this practice is studied in this dissertation an environmental liability produced in a land in the state of São Paulo that received foundry waste and little is known about the environmental impact caused by inadequate disposal of this material. This issue proposes detected the real effect in the environment by the disposal of this waste in an uncontrolled landfill foundry industry and promote critical analysis before the current standards and tools of environmental impact analyses and classification of solid waste, checking possible conflicts between the current tools applied. For this evaluation, some scientific research tools were employed as Electronic Microscopy of Scan including morphological and chemical waste analyses, particle size analysis and chemical analysis of groundwater samples collected from the field and data provided by an environmental recovery company that operates in the area. Thus data were obtained which allowed to characterize the area, monitor the groundwater quality in and around the landfill and to characterize the solid waste in question, which examined the environmental and legal issues based on current standards and management tools of contaminated lands and solid waste. The data from the analyzes of samples of water and waste show a clear and strong concentration of metals in water (iron, manganese, boron and selenium) and in the waste (chromium, copper, cobalt, nickel, zinc, aluminum, iron, manganese), in the last one according to current regulation for classification, identifying it as not dangerous. Although the waste is not considered dangerous, the identification of elements in water at concentrations above permitted to compromise the quality of the local environment, endangering the surround population, since in its surrounding some properties carry out agricultural, in addition extracting groundwater. It is evident from this scenario, the need for technical narrowing between the current standards and environmental impact analyzes tools and classification of solid waste, permitting carry out evaluations of liabilities generated by inadequate disposal of waste that take into account their possible interactions with the environment over time of exposure.
247

Arqueologia do Lixo: um estudo de caso nos depósitos de resíduos sólidos da cidade de Mogi das Cruzes em São Paulo / Archaeology of Garbage: a study of case in the solid waste landfill of the city of Mogi das Cruzes in Sao Paulo

Andrade, André Wagner Oliani 04 July 2006 (has links)
A presença do lixo como parte integrante e inevitável na vida do homem, o qualifica como um importante agente de interação nos mais diversos setores de atividade. A partir de uma visão holística, os resíduos sólidos relacionam-se com questões como energia, educação, saúde e saneamento, recursos naturais, geração de renda e de empregos, turismo e recreação, direito e cidadania, meio ambiente etc. (Andrade, 2001), através de várias áreas de conhecimento como Antropologia, Engenharia, Física, Química, Biologia, Geofísica, Economia, Geografia, Sociologia, Direito, entre tantas outras, inclusive ARQUEOLOGIA, principal objeto de interface deste trabalho. Neste sentido, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma metodologia que, através das técnicas de escavação, interpretação e análises arqueológicas, favoreça uma compreensão maior sobre as questões históricas, sociais, culturais, econômicas e ambientais relacionadas aos resíduos sólidos (lixo), visando encontrar informações que norteiem a gestão dos mesmos através de procedimentos que atendam às particularidades de uma fonte geradora específica. O projeto foi fundamentado em um estudo de caso, através da investigação do depósito de resíduos sólidos de Volta Fria na cidade de Mogi das Cruzes, localizada na região metropolitana de São Paulo. / The presence of solid wastes as an integrant and inevitable part in the life of the human being, characterizes it as an important agent of interaction in the most diverse sectors of activity. From a holistic vision, we relate the wastes to issues such as education, citizenship, health, sanitation, energy and environment, through knowledge areas as anthropology, engineering, chemistry, biology, economy, sociology and also archaeology. The purpose of this work is to show how techniques of archaeological intervention and interpretation can assist in the understanding on historical, social, cultural, economic and environmental questions related to the municipal solid wastes, aiming at to find information that guide its management in a specific generating source. Supporting our analysis the methodology of archaeological inquiry applied for the study of case in the Volta Fria landfill of the city of Mogi das Cruzes in Sao Paulo state, will be presented.
248

As parcerias em Programas de Coleta Seletiva de Resíduos Sólidos Domésticos / Partnerships in domestic waste segregative collection programs

Aguiar, Alexandre de Oliveira e 16 December 1999 (has links)
Objetivo. Estudar experiências de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos domésticos envolvendo parcerias, identificando pontos positivos e negativos nas relações inter-institucionais, e verificando a relação entre os dados da bibliografia e o constatado nos programas estudados. Métodos. Foram realizados estudos de caso de programas de coleta seletiva em Goiânia (GO), Campinas (SP), Embu (SP), Santos (SP) e Botucatu (SP). Foram feitas entrevistas e visitas técnicas em entidades envolvidas, incluindo órgãos do governo, empresas e ONGs. Os programas foram analisados nos aspectos sócio-ambiental, operacional, econômica e político-institucional. Resultados. As taxas de desvio observadas variaram entre 0,1 e 2,39 por cento e as taxas de recuperação entre 1,67 e 7,82 por cento . Os custos totais dos programas estiveram entre US$ 150 e US$ 650 por tonelada recuperada. Os custos de coleta representam entre 19 e 82 por cento e os custos de triagem entre 14 e 52 por cento . As dificuldades mais freqüentes relatadas pelos entrevistados são relacionadas aos aspectos humanos: comportamentais, políticos e educacionais. Conclusões. As parcerias podem disponibilizar recursos financeiros, equipamentos, materiais diversos e mão-de-obra para a implementação de programas de coleta seletiva. As parcerias são uma forma eficiente de redução de custos dos programas. Diversos programas municipais têm desenvolvido parcerias para a operação de triagem. As iniciativas espontâneas desempenham um papel importante e devem ser incentivadas. Os investimentos em recursos humanos e os incentivos às indústrias locais de reciclagem são fatores-chave do sucesso dos programas. A reciclagem de lixo constitui-se uma alternativa importante de atividade econômica, com geração de emprego e renda. A pesquisa foi apoiada pela FAPESP / Objective. To study domestic solid waste management experiences through partnerships, identifying strengths and weaknesses in inter-institutional relationships and verifying the concordance between bibliography recommendations and the studied programs characteristics. Methods. Segregative collection and recycling programs cases were studied in the following cities: Goiânia (GO), Campinas (SP), Embu (SP), Santos (SP) e Botucatu (SP). Technical visits and interviews were accomplished in institutions involved, including government offices, companies and NGOs. Programs were analysed in social-environmental, operations, economics and political-institutional features. Results. Decipe rates varied between 0,1 e 2,39 per cent and recovery rates between 1,67 and 7,82 per cent . Programs´ total costs ranged from US$ 150 to R$ 650 per recovered metric ton . Collection costs were between 19 and 82 per cent and sorting costs between 14 to 52 per cent . The most frequent difficulties described in interviews were those related human features: behavior, policy and education. Conclusions. Os investimentos em recursos humanos e os incentivos às indústrias locais de reciclagem são fatores-chave do sucesso dos programas. A reciclagem de lixo constitui-se uma alternativa importante de atividade econômica, com geração de emprego e renda. Partnerships can contribute to obtain financial and human resources, equipment and several materials to the implementation of segregative collection programs. They are an efficient way to reduce costs of programs. Several municipal programs develop partnerships in the operation of sorting. Equipment and buildings continue being financed by municipality. The spontaneous initiatives play an important role and should be encouraged. Investiments in human resources and incentives to local industries are key factors to the success of programs. Garbage recycling is an important alternative economic activity to bring employment and income. Research supported by FAPESP
249

A utilização dos resíduos sólidos no setor de manufatura do vestuário de moda na reciclagem em anel fechado e em anel aberto / The utilization of solid waste from the fashion\'s clothing manufacture in open ring and closed ring recycling

Carvalho, Adriana Teresa de 29 January 2016 (has links)
Atualmente, a preocupação com o meio ambiente está relacionada à qualidade de vida desta e de futuras gerações, o que torna a busca pelo desenvolvimento sustentável uma responsabilidade coletiva. A competição no mercado e a crescente mudança de perfil dos consumidores, impulsionam as empresas a buscarem soluções capazes de atenuar os impactos ambientais negativos e otimizar os processos produtivos, resultando em fomento da responsabilidade socioambiental, produtos com maior valor agregado e incremento da competitividade. O crescimento da população mundial e o consumo exacerbado aumentaram significativamente a demanda por recursos naturais. A quantidade de resíduos sólidos gerados pelas atividades industriais também cresceu em importância mundial e ambiental, pois estes são produzidos por vários tipos de processos, gerando milhões de toneladas por dia em todo o mundo. A disposição adequada desses resíduos é indispensável para a preservação ambiental. A redução da geração de resíduos, a reciclagem e reutilização de resíduos, e o destarte adequado são fundamentais para a preservação ambiental e diminuição do consumo de recursos naturais não renováveis do planeta. A presente pesquisa tem o propósito de promover a compreensão sobre o gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos industriais e apresentar um estudo de caso abordando a reciclagem de resíduos sólidos oriundos do setor de manufatura do vestuário, especificamente os retalhos gerados no setor de corte, como alternativa para a redução dos impactos ambientais negativos em consonância com as políticas públicas e o desenvolvimento sustentável. Para atingir esse propósito, mas sem esgotar o tema, que é complexo e abrangente, foram delimitados os seguintes objetivos específicos: (1) Classificar os resíduos sólidos na manufatura do vestuário; (2) Pesquisar algumas empresas que compõe o ciclo do desfibrado têxtil; (3) Pesquisar a aceitação do tecido reciclado pelo consumidor de moda; (4) Pesquisar a utilização do desfibrado na produção de peças acústicas para o setor automobilístico; (5) Identificar os desafios e limitações encontrados na utilização do desfibrado têxtil; No Brasil, a forma mais comum de reciclagem de resíduos têxteis é a desfibragem mecânica, cujos produtos finais são denominados fibras desfibradas que serão destinadas à produção de tecidos reciclados para vestuário de moda e decoração, não-tecidos, mantas acústicas para o setor automobilístico, e estopas, panos (para uso industrial, de limpeza de maquinário e materiais). A metodologia de pesquisa empregada está fundamentada em uma abordagem qualitativa de natureza teórico-empírica, que utiliza como método de pesquisa o estudo de caso. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental e realização de entrevistas com os atores-chave do setor de reciclagem têxtil. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, verifica-se, que através do processo de reciclagem os resíduos sólidos industriais originários da indústria têxtil são uma oportunidade lucrativa de mercado viabilizada pela logística reversa. A pratica da reciclagem agrega valor aos resíduos sólidos, prolonga a vida de bens ambientais esgotáveis e a vida útil de aterros, além de gerar empregos propicia a economia de energia e diminuição da poluição dos compartimentos ambientais / Nowadays, the concern with the environment is related to the quality of life for this, and the coming generations, which makes the pursuit for sustainable development a collective responsibility. The competition in the market and the change of the consumers profile, force the companies to search for solutions that are able to diminish the negative environmental impacts, and optimize the productive processes, fomenting the socio-environmental responsibility, products that aggregate more value and the increase of competition. The increase of the world`s population, and the exaggerated consumption elevated the demand for natural resources. The amount of solid waste generated by the industries activities also have reached an elevated degree of importance, environmental and worldwide, as these are produced on a large scale every day. The adequate disposal of such waste is necessary for the preservation of our environment. The reduction of the waste generation, recycling, and reutilization of these waste and the correct discard, are the basis for the preservation, conservation and saving of consumption of non-renewable natural resources. This paper intends to promote the comprehension of the textile industry\'s solid waste management and to present a study for the recycling of solid waste generated from the clothing manufacture, more specifically in the snippet sector, as an alternative to reduce the negative impact against the environment, according to the public policies and its sustainable development. In order to achieve this goal, but not exhausting the subject, as i tis complex and comprehensive, the following milestones were defined: (1) Classify the solid waste in the clothing manufacture; (2) Research some companies that compose the textile shredded cycle; (3) Research the acceptance of the recycled cloth for the fashion consumer; (4) Research the utilization of the shredded in the production of acoustic parts to the automotive sector; (5) Identify the challenges and limitations found in the utilization of the shredded cloth; In Brazil, the most common way of textile waste recycling is to use mechanical process to shred the cloth, process on which the final product is called shredded fiber, that are destined to the production of recycled cloth for fashion clothing and decoration, non-woven, acoustic parts to the automotive sector, oakum, fabric (for industrial usage, for material and machinery cleaning). The research methodology applied, is based on a qualitative, theoretical and empirical approach, that uses the case study as a mean. The data collection was based on bibliographic research, documentary research, and interviews with the key players of the textile recycling sector. According to the results achieved, it is possible to verify that through the recycling process, the solid waste generated from textile industry, are a profitable opportunity, made possible by the reversal logistics. The recycling activity adds value to the solid waste, enhances the lifecycle of the non-renewable environmental assets and the landfills\' lifecycle. It also generates job positions and saves energy, minimizing the pollution of the environmental compartments
250

Avaliação do gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos em indústrias de extração e transformação de madeiras localizadas na Amazônia mato-grossense / Evaluation of solid waste management in industries of extraction and processing of wood located in Mato Grosso\'s states Amazon

Santos, Marcelo Elias dos 01 July 2011 (has links)
Dentre os resíduos sólidos industriais, os provenientes do processo de extração e transformação de madeira se destacam, primeiro, pelo volume e, segundo, pelo seu potencial energético pouco explorado. A exploração e o processamento industrial de madeira estão entre as principais atividades econômicas da Amazônia, sendo que o aproveitamento da matéria-prima pelas madeireiras é estimado em 45% do volume de uma tora. Vários fatores definem o aproveitamento da madeira como espécie, produto fabricado, maquinário utilizado e defeitos naturais, fazendo com que cada segmento tenha um percentual de aproveitamento. Entretanto, os últimos anos foram de mudanças para o setor, principalmente na destinação dos resíduos, que de problema ambiental e social, passou a ser uma solução rentável e barata para suprir as necessidades energéticas impostas pelo avanço das indústrias no Estado de Mato Grosso. De soluções paliativas que aumentavam as proporções do problema, como a queima do resíduo em fornos ou a céu aberto, passou-se a utilizá-lo para a geração de energia; como queima direta, briquetes, carvão vegetal, maravalha, serragem, cavaco, lenha e pellets. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos nas indústrias de extração e transformação de madeira localizadas na Amazônia Mato-Grossense sob o aspecto da geração de energia a fim de oferecer auxílio aos tomadores de decisão em vários níveis de produção sobre a destinação mais adequada para os resíduos sólidos, levando em conta aspectos ambientais, econômicos e financeiros. Para tanto, foi utilizado o método exploratório, qualitativo, orientado por quatro estudos de caso realizados em indústrias de base florestal. Os resultados indicam que não é possível aproveitar 100% da madeira nos processos de desdobro e beneficiamento sendo a geração de resíduos inerente ao processamento da madeira. Porém, as empresas buscam alternativas para o aproveitamento seja comercializando o resíduo e promovendo o intercâmbio de massa com empresas que fabricam outros produtos ou utilizando-o na própria indústria para gerar energia. Observou-se que os projetos com o objetivo de aproveitar os resíduos nas quatro empresas analisadas são viáveis economicamente e além do benefício financeiro oferecem soluções para problemas ambientais e sociais decorrentes da atividade madeireira. Com esta pesquisa, espera-se contribuir para o aproveitamento mais sustentável dos resíduos desta atividade. / Among solid industrial residues, those from the wood extraction and processing stand out for two reasons. First for the volume and second for the energy potential that it has and is not being explored yet. The industrial processing and harvesting of wood are among the most important economical activities in the Amazon region, given that only around 45 % of a log is actually used by the industry. Many factors define how much of a log is used, such as: species of tree, final product, machinery and natural defects, causing all segments to have a percentage of loss. However, during the last years there were changes for the sector regarding the destination of the residues, which went from having environmental and social problems to a profitable and inexpensive solution to the energy needs of the industries in Mato Grosso State. Irrational solutions which increased the problem such as the burning of residues without any use are now changing to use the wood residues to generate energy and; direct burning, briquettes, charcoal, wood shavings, sawdust, wood chips, firewood, and pellets. The aim of this research was to evaluate the management of solid residues which come from the extraction and transformation of wood in the Amazon Forest in the state of Mato Grosso regarding the generation of energy in order to offer support to the decision makers at various levels of production about the best destination for the solid residues, considering environmental, economical and financial aspects. To do this, the exploratory, qualitative method was used, oriented by a case study performed in four logging industries. Our results indicate that it is not possible utilize 100 % of wood in unfolding mechanisms and processing, where residues generation is inherent to wood process. But the companies are searching for alternative ways for the use of their residues. One way is the using of it for commercial purposes promoting an exchange of mass with companies that manufacture others products. The other way would be using it in the own company to generate energy. Thus, it was possible to observe that the projects aiming the use of residues in the four companies analyzed were economical viable and besides of financial benefit they offer solutions to resolve environmental and social problems arising of wood activity. The results of this research will contribute to a more sustainable usage of this industrys residues.

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