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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T15:16:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoM.pdf: 1880413 bytes, checksum: c785ee7cbc933eb3ac782dc9ac382e6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / We use a tight-binding formulation to investigate the transmissivity and the currentvoltage (I_V) characteristics of sequences of double-strand DNA molecules. In order to reveal the relevance of the underlying correlations in the nucleotides distribution, we compare theresults for the genomic DNA sequence with those of arti_cial sequences (the long-range correlated Fibonacci and RudinShapiro one) and a random sequence, which is a kind of prototype of a short-range correlated system. The random sequence is presented here with the same _rst neighbors pair correlations of the human DNA sequence. We found that the long-range character of the correlations is important to the transmissivity spectra, although the I_V curves seem to be mostly inuenced by the short-range correlations. We also analyze in this work the electronic and thermal properties along an _-helix sequence obtained from an _3 peptide which has the uni-dimensional sequence (Leu-Glu-Thr- Leu-Ala-Lys-Ala)3. An ab initio quantum chemical calculation procedure is used to obtain the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) as well as their charge transfer integrals, when the _-helix sequence forms two di_erent variants with (the so-called 5Q variant) and without (the 7Q variant) _brous assemblies that can be observed by transmission electron microscopy. The di_erence between the two structures is that the 5Q (7Q) structure have Ala ! Gln substitution at the 5th (7th) position, respectively. We estimate theoretically the density of states as well as the electronic transmission spectra for the peptides using a tight-binding Hamiltonian model together with the Dyson's equation. Besides, we solve the time dependent Schrodinger equation to compute the spread of an initially localized wave-packet. We also compute the localization length in the _nite _-helix segment and the quantum especi_c heat. Keeping in mind that _brous protein can be associated with diseases, the important di_erences observed in the present vi electronic transport studies encourage us to suggest this method as a molecular diagnostic tool / Nesta tese, investigamos a transmissividade e as caracter?sticas de corrente como fun??o da diferen?a de potencial, no contexto da liga??o forte, em seq??ncias de dupla fita do DNA. Com o intuito de investigar a relev?ncia das correla??es subjacentes nas distribui??es dos nucleot?deos, comparamos os resultados de uma seq??ncia gen?mica do DNA com duas seq??ncias artificiais (Fibonacci e Rudin-Shapiro, que apresentam correla??o de longo alcance) e uma seq??ncia aleat?ria, prot?tipo de sistemas de correla??o de curto alcance. A seq??ncia aleat?ria utilizada apresenta a mesma correla??o de pares de primeiros vizinhos que a seq??ncia do DNA humano. Observamos que a caracter?stica de correla??o de longo alcance ? importante para o espectro de transmissividade, apesar das curvas IXV serem mais influenciadas por correla??es de curto alcance. Neste trabalho, analisamos tamb?m as propriedades t?rmicas e eletr?nicas de uma seq?encia α-h?lice, obtida de um pept?deo α3, o qual apresenta a seguinte seq??ncia unidimensional (Leu-Glu-Thr-Leu-Ala-Lys-Ala)3 (estrutura prim?ria). C?lculos ab initio qu?nticos s?o utilizados para obter as energias dos orbitais moleculares mais altos (HOMO, highest occupied molecular orbital), bem como suas integrais de transfer?ncias de cargas quando a seq??ncia α-h?lice forma uma estrutura fibrosa (variante 5Q) e n?o fibrosa (variante 7Q), as quais podem ser observadas atrav?s de microscopia eletr?nica de transmiss?o. A diferen?a entre as duas estruturas ? que a estrutura 5Q (7Q) apresenta a substitui??o Ala → Gln na 5a (7a) posi??o, respectivamente. N?s estimamos, teoricamente, a densidade de estado bem como o espectro de transmiss?o eletr?nico dos pept?deos, utilizando um Hamiltoniano no formalismo da liga??o-forte juntamente com a equa??o de Dyson. Al?m disso, n?s resolvemos a equa??o de Schr?dinger dependente do tempo para obter o espalhamento de um pacote de onda inicialmente localizado. N?s calculamos tamb?m o comprimento de localiza??o e, por fim, o calor espec?fico qu?ntico. Vale lembrar que a forma??o de prote?nas fibrosas podem estar associadas ? doen?as, de forma que as importantes diferen?as observadas no estudo das propriedades eletr?nicas de transporte nos encorajam a sugerir este m?todo como uma ferramenta de diagn?stico molecular

Im Jahr 1964 wurde eine Theorie der Supraleitung vorgestellt, welche Cooper-Paarbindungen mit nichtverschwindendem Gesamtimpuls berücksichtigt. Sie wird nach den maßgeblich beteiligten Physikern P. Fulde, R. A. Ferrell, A. I. Larkin und Y. N. Ovchinnikov als FFLO-Supraleitung bezeichnet [1, 2]. Aufgrund recht anspruchsvoller Voraussetzungen kommen nur wenige Festkörper-Systeme in Frage, die eine FFLO-Phase ausbilden könnten. Im Jahr 2007 konnte R. Lortz durch Messungen der spezifischen Wärme an dem organischen Supraleiter kappa-(ET)2Cu(NCS)2 einen soliden Nachweis für eine weitere thermodynamische Supraleitungs-Phase in hohen Magnetfeldern erbringen [3]. ET steht hierbei für Bis-(ethylen-dithiolo)-tetrathiafulvalen. Die Hochfeld-Phase von kappa-(ET)2Cu(NCS)2 erfüllt alle bekannten Bedingungen für einen FFLO-Zustand. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Erbringung eines gleichwertigen Beweises einer thermodynamischen Hochfeld-Supraleitungs-Phase in dem quasi-zweidimensionalen und vollständig organischen Supraleiter beta\'\'-(ET)2SF5CH2CF2SO3 durch hochauflösende Messungen der spezifischen Wärme. Darüber hinaus sollte durch eine präzise Ausrichtung der Probe zum Magnetfeldvektor die Feldorientierungsabhängigkeit der spezifischen Wärme und damit der supraleitenden Phasen bestimmt werden. [1] - P. Fulde and R.A. Ferrell, Phys. Rev., 135:A550, (1964). [2] - A.I. Larkin and Y.N. Ovchinnikov, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz., 47:1136,(1964). [3] - R. Lortz et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 99:187002, (2007).

The interaction between magnetism and the nuclear lattice is investigated experimentally, using thermal expansion, magnetostriction, specific heat, magnetisation and neutron scattering measurements. Both localised moment systems, as represented by the rare earth compounds Tb2Agln, Pd2Gdln and Cu2Gdln, as well as transition metal compounds, Ni2MnGa and V20 3 have been characterised at low temperatures. Measurements of the lattice properties are important due to the intrinsic coupling of magnetic degrees of freedom to them. The response of the lattice to magnetic order, and also to applied magnetic fields have been probed by the use of the aforementioned techniques. Such techniques allow the direct determination of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion, over a wide temperature range and the forced magnetostriclion in applied fields of 0 to 7T. Indirect determination of the spontaneous magnetostriction and the total magnetic entropy contribution via measurements of isostructural compounds further enhance the range of experimental data available. The dynamic properties are characterised by spin polarised neutron scattering measurements. The experimental results are presented and discussed. Various methods of coupling lattice and electronic degrees of freedom have been investigated. It is argued that in order to fully understand and appreciate the low temperature properties of the materials investigated such a coupling must be taken into account.

A differential, membrane-based nanocalorimeter has been designed and constructed for thermal studies of mesoscopic samples at low temperatures. The calorimeter is intended for sample masses from mg to sub-μg and a broad temperature range from above room temperature down to the sub-K region. It allows concurrent use of ac steady state and relaxation methods. Effort was spent to achieve good absolute accuracy to enable investigations of the electronic contribution to the heat capacity of superconductors. The calorimeter consists of a pair of cells, each of which is a stack of heaters and thermometer in the center of a silicon nitride membrane, in total giving a background heat capacity less than 100 nJ/K at 300 K, decreasing to 10 pJ/K at 1 K. The device has several distinctive features: i) The resistive thermometer, made of a GeAu alloy, displays a high sensitivity, dlnR/dlnT ≈ −1 over the entire temperature range. ii) The sample is placed in direct contact with the thermometer, which is allowed to self-heat. The thermometer can thus be operated at high dc current to increase the resolution. iii) Data are acquired with a set of eight synchronized lock-in amplifiers measuring dc, 1st and 2nd harmonic signals of heaters and thermometer. iv) Absolute accuracy is achieved via a novel variable-frequency fixed-phase technique in which the measurement frequency is automatically adjusted during ac-calorimetry measurements to account for the temperature variation of the sample specific heat and the device thermal conductance. The properties of the empty cell and the effect of the thermal link between sample and cell were analytically studied. Practical expressions for describing the frequency dependence of heat capacity, thermal conductance, and temperature oscillation amplitude of the system were formulated. Comparisons with measurements and numerical simulations show excellent agreement. Calibration procedures are simple, but care should be taken to minimize thermal radiation effects. The experimental setup is operated with self-regulation of heater powers and thermometer bias, including compensation to zero the differential dc signal. As a result its high resolution and compact format, the calorimeter is well suited for studies of phase transitions and phase diagrams as well as electronic specific heat. The performance of the device is demonstrated by a study of the superconducting state of a small lead crystal. / En differentiell, membran-baserad nanocalorimeter har designats och tillverkats för termiska studier av mesoskopiska prover vid låg temperatur. Kalorimetern är avsedd för provmassor från mg till sub-μg och ett brett temperaturområde från över rumstemperatur till under 1 K. Den tillåter samtidig användning av både ac steady state och relaxations-metod. Fokus har lagts på att uppnå en god absolut noggrannhet för att möjliggöra studier av det elektroniska bidraget till värmekapaciteten hos supraledare. Kalorimetern består av två celler, var och en uppbyggd som en stack med värmeelement och termometer i mitten av ett kiselnitrid-membran, med en total bakgrundsvärmekapacitet på mindre än 100 nJ/K vid 300 K, minskande till 10 pJ/K vid 1 K. Kalorimetern har flera särdrag: i) Den resistiva termometern, gjord av en GeAu legering, visar en hög känslighet, dlnR/dlnT ≈ −1 över hela temperaturområdet. ii) Provet placeras i direkt kontakt med termometern, som tillåts att självvärma. Termometern kan alltså användas vid hög dc ström för att öka upplösningen. iii) Mätningarna genomförs med en uppsättning av åtta synkroniserade lock-in förstärkare, som mäter dc, grundfrekvens och 1:a övertonen hos värme-element och termometer. iv) Absolut noggrannhet uppnås genom en ny variabel-frekvens konstant-fas teknik där mätfrekvensen justeras automatiskt under ac-kalorimetrimätningar för att kompensera temperaturberoendet hos provets specifika värmekapacitet och kalorimetercellens värmeledningsförmåga. Egenskaperna hos den tomma cellen och inverkan av den termiska länken mellan prov och cell studerades analytiskt. Praktiska uttryck för att beskriva frekvens beroendet hos systemets värmekapacitet, värmeledningsförmåga, och temperaturoscillationer har formulerats. Jämförelser mellan mätningar och numeriska simuleringar visar mycket bra överensstämmelse. Kalibreringsförfarandet är enkelt, men försiktighet bör vidtas för att minimera värmestrålningseffekter. Experimentuppställningen drivs med självreglering av värmare och termometer, inklusive kompensation för att nollställa den differentiella dc signalen. Som en följd av dess höga upplösning och kompakta format är kalorimetern väl lämpad för studier av fasövergångar och fasdiagram såväl som det elektroniska specifika värmet. Kalorimeterns prestanda demonstreras genom en studie av det supraledande tillståndet hos en liten blykristall. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 5: Accepted.

Cette thèse expérimentale explore les propriétés du point critique de la phase pseudogap dans le diagramme de phase des cuprates supraconducteurs. Dans une première partie, j’expose un état de l’art sur les connaissances du diagramme de phases température-dopage (T-p) de ces systèmes. Des études récentes montrent une chute importante de la densité de porteurs électroniques au voisinage du point critique suggérant une reconstruction de la surface Fermi. Pour comprendre la nature exacte de la transition de phases liée à cette reconstruction, j’ai réalisé des mesures complémentaires de transport thermique et de chaleur spécifique sous champ magnétique intense sur les familles La1.8-xSrxEu0.2CuO4 et La1.6-xSrxNd0.4CuO4.Dans une deuxième partie, après une introduction théorique sur la chaleur spécifique et le transport thermique, je détaille comment ces deux grandeurs ont été mesurées. En particulier, une technique originale de mesures de la chaleur spécifique a été mise au point pour combiner haute résolution et précision absolue en champ magnétique intense et basse température. Différents modèles thermiques et électroniques ont été développés pour comprendre et analyser les mesures et ont permis d’optimiser les différents montages de chaleur spécifique selon les gammes de température.Dans une troisième partie, je présente l’ensemble des résultats obtenus en transport thermique et chaleur spécifique. Le transport thermique confirme la chute de la densité de porteur dans l’état normal (sans supraconductivité) des cuprates déjà observée en transport électrique sous champ intense. Par ailleurs, j ‘ai montré que cette chute existe également au sein de la phase supraconductrice (à champ magnétique nul), montrant qu’elle n’est influencée ni par la présence de la supraconductivité ni par le champ magnétique. Dans l’état normal, la loi de Wiedemann-Franz est respectée prouvant le caractère métallique de la phase pseudogap.La chaleur spécifique électronique montre un comportement non classique à proximité du point critique. Ce comportement anormal est caractérisé par une dépendance logarithmique en fonction de la température au dopage critique p* correspondant à la chute du nombre de porteurs. De plus, ces mesures suggèrent une divergence de la masse effective à p* en fonction du dopage. Ces deux observations sont la signature d’un point critique quantique localisé à T = 0 et p = p* dont l’origine est discutée dans la dernière partie. Les différentes classes d’universalités possibles sont discutées et une comparaison avec d’autres composés (fermions lourds, pnictures) possédant un point critique quantique est présentée. / This experimental PhD thesis explores the properties of the pseudogap critical point in the phase diagram of superconducting cuprates. In a first part, I present a state of the art on the knowledge of the temperature-doping (T-p) phase diagram of these systems. Recent studies show a dramatic drop in the electronic carrier density near the critical point, suggesting a Fermi surface reconstruction. To understand the exact nature of the phase transition related to this reconstruction, I performed complementary high magnetic field measurements of thermal transport and specific heat on La1.8-xSrxEu0.2CuO4 and La1.6-xSrxNd0.4CuO4 cuprates.In a second part, after a theoretical introduction on specific heat and thermal transport, I detail how these two quantities were measured. In particular, an original technique for measuring specific heat has been developed to combine high resolution and absolute accuracy in high magnetic field and low temperature. Different thermal and electronic models have been developed to understand and analyze the measurements in order to optimize the different set-ups according to the temperature range.In a third part, I present the results obtained in thermal transport and specific heat. Thermal transport confirms the drop in carrier density in the normal state (without superconductivity) of cuprates, already observed in high magnetic field electrical transport. Moreover, this drop also exists within the superconducting phase (in zero magnetic field), showing that it is neither influenced by the presence of superconductivity nor by the magnetic field. In the normal state, the Wiedemann-Franz low is satisfied, proving the metallic character of the pseudogap phase.Electronic specific heat shows non-classical behavior in the vicinity of the critical point. This abnormal behavior is characterized by a logarithmic dependence as a function of temperature at the critical doping p *, corresponding to the drop in the carrier density. Moreover, these measurements suggest a divergence of the effective mass at p * as a function of doping. These two observations are the signature of a quantum critical point located at T = 0 and p = p *, whose origin is discussed in the last part. I discuss the possible universality classes, and I compare with others compounds (heavy fermions, pnictides) which present a quantum critical point.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Desde a descoberta do estado quasicristalino por Daniel Shechtman et al. em 1984 e da fabricação por Roberto Merlin et al. de uma superrede artificial de GaAs/ AlAs em 1985 com características da sequência de Fibonacci, um grande número de trabalhos teóricos e experimentais tem relatado uma variedade de propriedades interessantes no comportamento de sistemas aperiódicos. Do ponto de vista teórico, é bem sabido que a cadeia de Fibonacci em uma dimensão se constitui em um protótipo de sucesso para a descrição do estado quasicristalino de um sólido. Dependendo da regra de inflação, diferentes tipos de estruturas aperiódicas podem ser obtidas. Esta diversidade originou as chamadas regras metálicas e devido à possibilidade de tratamento analítico rigoroso este modelo tem sido amplamente estudado. Neste trabalho, propriedades de localização em uma dimensão são analisadas considerando-se um conjunto de regras metálicas e o modelo de ligações fortes de banda única. Considerando-se o Hamiltoniano de ligações fortes com um orbital por sítio obtemos um conjunto de transformações relativas aos parâmetros de dizimação, o que nos permitiu calcular as densidades de estados (DOS) para todas as configurações estudadas. O estudo detalhado da densidade de estados integrada (IDOS) para estes casos, mostra o surgimento de plateaux na curva do número de ocupação explicitando o aparecimento da chamada escada do diabo" e também o caráter fractal destas estruturas. Estudando o comportamento da variação da energia em função da variação da energia de hopping, construímos padrões do tipo borboletas de Hofstadter, que simulam o efeito de um campo magnético atuando sobre o sistema. A natureza eletrônica dos auto estados é analisada a partir do expoente de Lyapunov (γ), que está relacionado com a evolução da função de onda eletrônica ao longo da cadeia unidimensional. O expoente de Lyapunov está relacionado com o inverso do comprimento de localização (ξ= 1 /γ), sendo nulo para os estados estendidos e positivo para estados localizados. Isto define claramente as posições dos principais gaps de energia do sistema. Desta forma, foi possível analisar o comportamento autossimilar de cadeias com diferentes regras de formação. Analisando-se o espectro de energia em função do número de geração de cadeias que seguem as regras de ouro e prata foi feito, obtemos conjuntos do tipo-Cantor, que nos permitiu estudar o perfil do calor específico de uma cadeia e Fibonacci unidimensional para diversas gerações / Since the discovery of a quasicrystalline state by Daniel Shechtman et al. in 1984 and the growth of artificial GaAs/AlAs superlattices on nonperiodic Fibonacci sequence by Roberto Merlin et al., a number of theoretical and experimental works have reported a variety of interesting physical properties of aperiodic systems. Theoretically, it is well known that in one dimension, the Fibonacci chain is a successful prototype to describe a quasicrystalline state. Depending on the in ation rule, different kinds of aperiodic structures can be obtained. This diversity originates the called metallic means, and due to the possibility of analytical and rigorous mathematical treatments the Fibonacci model has been applied by several authors. In this work, electronic localization properties are studied, taking into account a set of metallic means in one dimension. Considering a single band tight-binding Hamiltonian, a set of decimation transformations is obtained allowing the calculation of the Density of States (DOS) for all configurations. The detailed study of the Integrated Density of States (IDOS), shows the appearance of plateaux in the occupation number curve exhibiting the so-called "devil's staircase"indicating the fractal nature of the structures. Studying the behavior of the energy as a function of the hopping we derive Hofstadter butter y type patters, which simulate the effect of a magnetic field acting on the system. The electronic nature of the eigenstate is analyzed by looking at the Lyapunov exponent which is related to the evolution of the electronic wave unction along the one dimensional chain. Since it is zero for an extended state and positive for a localized one, defining the main gaps positions, it is related to the inverse of the localization length. Through a careful analysis of the Lyapunov curves it was also possible to obtain the perfect self-similarity structures for all chains. In particular,for the chains that follow the golden and silver rules, the study of the energy behavior was done by analyzing the energy spectrum as a function of the generation number of each one of the chains. The results yield Cantor-like sets, which allowed us to calculate the specific heat profile for several generations of the one-dimensional Fibonacci chain.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T15:16:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DarlanAM.pdf: 1538525 bytes, checksum: af051bdcc4894d0bf236b2e6f943baa9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Esta tese apresenta um abrangente e atualizado estudo de algumas propriedades f?sicas da mol?cula do DNA, tais como seus aspectos termodin?micos (calor espec?fico) e eletr?nicos (transmissividade eletr?nica, fator de localiza??o, entre outros). A mol?cula do DNA pode ser considerada uma seq??ncia simb?lica de quatro letras: guanina (G), adenina (A), citosina (C) e timina (T). Ela ? usualmente descrita como uma cadeia bidimensional aleat?ria com correla??o de curto-alcance, mas n?o h? impedimentos para que a cadeia seja crescida seguindo seq??ncias quasi-peri?dicas, como por exemplo, as sequ?ncias de Fibonacci e Rudin-Shapiro. Com o intuito de investigar a relev?ncia das correla??es subjacentes nas distribui??oes dos nucleot?deos, comparamos os resultados para a sequ?ncia gen?mica do DNA (Ch22) com as duas seq??ncias artificiais citadas acima, que possuem correla??ao de longo alcance. A an?lise do calor espec?fico ? feita considerando-se formalismos apropriados; o cl?ssico, utilizando a distribui??o de Maxwell-Boltzmann; a descri??oo qu?ntica, utilizando a distribui??o de Fermi-Dirac; e o formalismo da n?o-extensividade, usando a entropia de Tsallis. Os espectros de energias s?o calculados utilizando-se a equa??o de Schrodinger unidimensional na aproxima??o de liga??o forte. N?s calculamos tamb?m a transmissividade eletr?nica, o comprimento de localiza??o, bem como I (corrente) vs V (potencial), curva que caracteriza as propriedades el?tricas de uma mol?cula de DNA dupla fita. O modelo te?rico considerado faz uso de um Hamiltoniano efetivo com aproxima??o de liga??o-forte descrevendo um el?tron movendo-se em uma cadeia com um simples orbital por s?tio e intera??es entre vizinhos mais pr?ximos, juntamente com a equa??o de Schrodinger, e a muito conveniente t?cnica da matriz de transfer?ncia

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Desde a descoberta do estado quasicristalino por Daniel Shechtman et al. em 1984 e da fabricação por Roberto Merlin et al. de uma superrede artificial de GaAs/ AlAs em 1985 com características da sequência de Fibonacci, um grande número de trabalhos teóricos e experimentais tem relatado uma variedade de propriedades interessantes no comportamento de sistemas aperiódicos. Do ponto de vista teórico, é bem sabido que a cadeia de Fibonacci em uma dimensão se constitui em um protótipo de sucesso para a descrição do estado quasicristalino de um sólido. Dependendo da regra de inflação, diferentes tipos de estruturas aperiódicas podem ser obtidas. Esta diversidade originou as chamadas regras metálicas e devido à possibilidade de tratamento analítico rigoroso este modelo tem sido amplamente estudado. Neste trabalho, propriedades de localização em uma dimensão são analisadas considerando-se um conjunto de regras metálicas e o modelo de ligações fortes de banda única. Considerando-se o Hamiltoniano de ligações fortes com um orbital por sítio obtemos um conjunto de transformações relativas aos parâmetros de dizimação, o que nos permitiu calcular as densidades de estados (DOS) para todas as configurações estudadas. O estudo detalhado da densidade de estados integrada (IDOS) para estes casos, mostra o surgimento de plateaux na curva do número de ocupação explicitando o aparecimento da chamada escada do diabo" e também o caráter fractal destas estruturas. Estudando o comportamento da variação da energia em função da variação da energia de hopping, construímos padrões do tipo borboletas de Hofstadter, que simulam o efeito de um campo magnético atuando sobre o sistema. A natureza eletrônica dos auto estados é analisada a partir do expoente de Lyapunov (γ), que está relacionado com a evolução da função de onda eletrônica ao longo da cadeia unidimensional. O expoente de Lyapunov está relacionado com o inverso do comprimento de localização (ξ= 1 /γ), sendo nulo para os estados estendidos e positivo para estados localizados. Isto define claramente as posições dos principais gaps de energia do sistema. Desta forma, foi possível analisar o comportamento autossimilar de cadeias com diferentes regras de formação. Analisando-se o espectro de energia em função do número de geração de cadeias que seguem as regras de ouro e prata foi feito, obtemos conjuntos do tipo-Cantor, que nos permitiu estudar o perfil do calor específico de uma cadeia e Fibonacci unidimensional para diversas gerações / Since the discovery of a quasicrystalline state by Daniel Shechtman et al. in 1984 and the growth of artificial GaAs/AlAs superlattices on nonperiodic Fibonacci sequence by Roberto Merlin et al., a number of theoretical and experimental works have reported a variety of interesting physical properties of aperiodic systems. Theoretically, it is well known that in one dimension, the Fibonacci chain is a successful prototype to describe a quasicrystalline state. Depending on the in ation rule, different kinds of aperiodic structures can be obtained. This diversity originates the called metallic means, and due to the possibility of analytical and rigorous mathematical treatments the Fibonacci model has been applied by several authors. In this work, electronic localization properties are studied, taking into account a set of metallic means in one dimension. Considering a single band tight-binding Hamiltonian, a set of decimation transformations is obtained allowing the calculation of the Density of States (DOS) for all configurations. The detailed study of the Integrated Density of States (IDOS), shows the appearance of plateaux in the occupation number curve exhibiting the so-called "devil's staircase"indicating the fractal nature of the structures. Studying the behavior of the energy as a function of the hopping we derive Hofstadter butter y type patters, which simulate the effect of a magnetic field acting on the system. The electronic nature of the eigenstate is analyzed by looking at the Lyapunov exponent which is related to the evolution of the electronic wave unction along the one dimensional chain. Since it is zero for an extended state and positive for a localized one, defining the main gaps positions, it is related to the inverse of the localization length. Through a careful analysis of the Lyapunov curves it was also possible to obtain the perfect self-similarity structures for all chains. In particular,for the chains that follow the golden and silver rules, the study of the energy behavior was done by analyzing the energy spectrum as a function of the generation number of each one of the chains. The results yield Cantor-like sets, which allowed us to calculate the specific heat profile for several generations of the one-dimensional Fibonacci chain.

L'usage des matériaux composites dans les différents domaines technologiques (microélectronique, aéronautique, transports…) ne cesse de croître. Une telle augmentation vient du fait qu'il est possible de développer de nouveaux matériaux avec des propriétés adaptées à une application bien préc ise en combinant les propriétés physiques des différents constituants. Dans le travail de thèse, nous nous intéressons à l'étude des propriétés thermophysiques, électriques et diélectriques de composites à base de matrice polymère chargée avec des fibres naturelles et/ou de particules minérales. L'objectif final étant d'une part d'accroître notre connaissance sur le mécanisme de transfert (thermique, électrique et diélectrique) au sein des matériaux composites et d'autre part, de développer une méthode de mesure des propriétés thermophysiques des matériaux à différentes températures (-20°C etlt; T etlt; 180°C) / The use of composite materials in various fields of technology (microelectronics, aerospace, transportation ...) continues to grow. Such an increase is that it is possible to develop new materials with properties tailored to a specific application by combining the physical properties of different constituents.In the thesis, we focus on the study of thermophysical properties, electrical and dielectric of composites based on polymer matrix loaded with natural fibers and/or mineral particles.The final goal is to increase our knowledge on the mechanism of transfer (thermal, electrical and dielectric) in composite materials and secondly, to develop a method for measuring thermophysical properties of materials at different temperatures (-20°C etlt; Tetlt; 180°C)