Este trabalho apresenta um estudo para a qualificação do sensor de detonação como elemento de realimentação para o sistema de controle eletrônico de motores de combustão interna. A metodologia proposta consiste no uso do sensor de detonação, previamente instalado pelo fabricante do motor com a finalidade de eliminar o indesejável efeito da combustão espontânea, para amostrar as vibrações mecânicas produzidas pelo motor em funcionamento. Tal vibração, resultado de massas em movimento e da oscilação natural do sistema excitado pela combustão, produz uma figura espectral na faixa de freqüências do som audível. O método proposto contempla ainda as variações espectrais das vibrações de um mesmo motor operando com diferentes misturas combustíveis. / This dissertation analyses the suitability of using the knock sensor as a feedback element for the electronic control of internal combustion engines. The proposed approach consists of using the knock sensor, originally installed by the engine maker in order to eliminate the spontaneous combustion effect, to sample the mechanical vibration produced by the engine. This vibration, which results from the moving parts and the natural oscillation of the system in combustion, produces an output in the range of audible sound. This research contemplates using the spectral variation of that sound to estimate information about an engine operating with different fuel blends.

In this thesis, using rigorous methods, we determine the low-lying energy-momentum spectrum of a lattice Quantum Chromodynamics model (QCD) in dimension 3 + 1, imaginary time and in the strong coupling regime. We consider a QCD model with the Wilson action, three quark avors and 4 X 4 Dirac spin matrices. Under these conditions, we reanalyze que question about the existence of baryon particles in the context of the Gell-Mann and Ne´eman Eightfold Way. Completing previous works, where the octet baryons where shown to exist, here we prove the existence of the decuplet baryons detected by showing the existence of isolated dispersion curves in the energy-momentum espectrum restricted to the subspace of the physical quantum-mechanical Hilbert H of the model, associated with states with an odd number of fermions. Besides, we obtain some smoothness properties veried by these curves, as well as analytical properties of the spectral measure for the two-baryon correlations. Also, the octet and the decuplet baryons are shown to be the only states in the odd subspace up to near the energy threshold of the meson-baryon bound state. Using the results obtained here, we can go up in the spectrum and validate some previously obtained results on the two-baryon bound state spectrum beyond the so called ladder approximation, for the complete model. / Nessa tese, usando métodos rigorosos, determinamos a parte inicial do espectro de energia-momento para o modelo de Cromodinâmica Quântica (QCD) na rede, em dimensão 3 + 1, com tempo imaginário e no regime de acoplamento forte. Consideramos o modelo de QCD com a ação de Wilson, três sabores de quarks e matrizes de spin de Dirac 4 X 4. Sob estas condições, reconsideramos a questão da demonstração da existência de bárions, no contexto do Eightfold Way de Gell-Mann e Ne ´eman. Complementando trabalhos anteriores onde a existência dos octetos de bárions foi demonstrada, aqui demonstramos a existência dos decupletos de bárions. Estas partículas são detectadas através de curvas de dispersão isoladas no espectro de energia-momento do modelo, considerando-se o subespaço H0, do espaço de Hilbert (quântico) físico H, com vetores com um número ímpar de férmions. Além disso, obtemos propriedades de suavidade destas curvas, assim como propriedade analíticas da medida espectral da correlação de dois bárions. Estes bárions são demonstrados ser os únicos estados espectrais no modelo, no subespaço ímpar, até o limiar de energia próximo do estado méson-bárion. Com os resultados obtidos nesta tese, podemos subir no espectro e validar, para o modelo completo, resultados espectrais envolvendo estados ligados de dois-bárion obtidos anteriormente na chamada aproximação escada (dominante).

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-11-04T14:53:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Helmuth Reguly Junior_.pdf: 1561804 bytes, checksum: b11f0f561f69a1560738aa1ccb8f4118 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-04T14:53:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Helmuth Reguly Junior_.pdf: 1561804 bytes, checksum: b11f0f561f69a1560738aa1ccb8f4118 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-24 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / No presente trabalho, foram feitas análises espectrais de sinais de flutuação de pressão obtidos de simulações computacionais de leitos fluidizados. As simulações foram realizadas com o aplicativo ANSYS FLUENT 14.0. O modelo multifásico empregado foi o modelo de dois fluidos (TFM) Euler-granular. As tensões das fases sólidas foram modeladas pela Teoria Cinética dos Escoamentos Granulares (KTGF). Foram simulados dois leitos, um leito bidimensional em regime de fluidização rápida e um leito tridimensional em regimes borbulhante e turbulento, ambos com partículas do grupo B de Geldart. Os sinais de flutuação de pressão gerados nas simulações numéricas foram analisados via densidade espectral de potência. Foram identificados o mínimo período de tempo de simulação para gerar sinais estatisticamente significativos, bem como a mínima frequência de aquisição necessária para o tratamento dos sinais, os quais foram iguais a 32,5 s e 250 Hz, respectivamente. No leito 3D, o regime borbulhante foi caracterizado por picos nas frequências de 1,5 e 2,2 Hz, enquanto o regime de fluidização rápida simulado em 2D foi caracterizado por um pico a uma frequência de 0,12 Hz, o que se acredita estar relacionado com a frequência de movimento dos aglomerados de partículas. Também foi possível verificar a diferença entre os espectros de potência dos regimes borbulhante e turbulento, que são diferenciados pelos picos de frequência. No regime borbulhante foram identificados dois picos de frequência, enquanto no regime turbulento foi identificado apenas um pico. / In this study, spectral analyses of pressure fluctuation signals obtained from computational simulations of fluidized beds were done. The simulations were performed using ANSYS FLUENT 14.0. The multiphase model employed was the Euler-granular two-fluid model (TFM). The solid stresses were modeled by the kinetic theory of granular flows (KTGF). Two beds were simulated, a two-dimensional bed in fast fluidization regime and a three-dimensional bed in bubbling and turbulent regimes, both with Geldart-B particles. The pressure fluctuation signals generated by numerical simulations were analyzed via power spectral density. The minimum simulation periods to generate statistically significant signals were identified, as well as the minimum sampling rate required for the processing of signals, which were found equal to 325 and 250 Hz, respectively. In the 3D bed, the bubbling system was characterized by peaks at frequencies of 1.5 and 2.2 Hz, while the fast fluidization regime simulated in 2D was characterized by a peak at a frequency of 0.12 Hz, which may be related to the rate of motion of clusters. A major difference between the power spectra of bubbling and turbulent regimes was observed. In the bubbling regime, two frequency peaks may be identified, while in turbulent regime only one frequency peak appears.

In this thesis, using rigorous methods, we determine the low-lying energy-momentum spectrum of a lattice Quantum Chromodynamics model (QCD) in dimension 3 + 1, imaginary time and in the strong coupling regime. We consider a QCD model with the Wilson action, three quark avors and 4 X 4 Dirac spin matrices. Under these conditions, we reanalyze que question about the existence of baryon particles in the context of the Gell-Mann and Ne´eman Eightfold Way. Completing previous works, where the octet baryons where shown to exist, here we prove the existence of the decuplet baryons detected by showing the existence of isolated dispersion curves in the energy-momentum espectrum restricted to the subspace of the physical quantum-mechanical Hilbert H of the model, associated with states with an odd number of fermions. Besides, we obtain some smoothness properties veried by these curves, as well as analytical properties of the spectral measure for the two-baryon correlations. Also, the octet and the decuplet baryons are shown to be the only states in the odd subspace up to near the energy threshold of the meson-baryon bound state. Using the results obtained here, we can go up in the spectrum and validate some previously obtained results on the two-baryon bound state spectrum beyond the so called ladder approximation, for the complete model. / Nessa tese, usando métodos rigorosos, determinamos a parte inicial do espectro de energia-momento para o modelo de Cromodinâmica Quântica (QCD) na rede, em dimensão 3 + 1, com tempo imaginário e no regime de acoplamento forte. Consideramos o modelo de QCD com a ação de Wilson, três sabores de quarks e matrizes de spin de Dirac 4 X 4. Sob estas condições, reconsideramos a questão da demonstração da existência de bárions, no contexto do Eightfold Way de Gell-Mann e Ne ´eman. Complementando trabalhos anteriores onde a existência dos octetos de bárions foi demonstrada, aqui demonstramos a existência dos decupletos de bárions. Estas partículas são detectadas através de curvas de dispersão isoladas no espectro de energia-momento do modelo, considerando-se o subespaço H0, do espaço de Hilbert (quântico) físico H, com vetores com um número ímpar de férmions. Além disso, obtemos propriedades de suavidade destas curvas, assim como propriedade analíticas da medida espectral da correlação de dois bárions. Estes bárions são demonstrados ser os únicos estados espectrais no modelo, no subespaço ímpar, até o limiar de energia próximo do estado méson-bárion. Com os resultados obtidos nesta tese, podemos subir no espectro e validar, para o modelo completo, resultados espectrais envolvendo estados ligados de dois-bárion obtidos anteriormente na chamada aproximação escada (dominante).

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This work deals with the design of a hybrid time integrator that couples spatially explicit and implicit time integrators. In order to cope with the industrial solver of Ariane Group called FLUSEPA, the explicit scheme of Heun and the implicit scheme of Crank-Nicolson are hybridized using the transition parameter : the whole technique is called AION time integration. The latter is studied into details with special focus on spectral behaviour and on its ability to keep the accuracy. It is shown that the hybrid technique has interesting dissipation and dispersion properties while maintaining precision and avoiding spurious waves. Moreover, this hybrid approach is validated on several academic test cases for both convective and diffusive fluxes. And as expected the method is more interesting in term of computational time than standard time integrators. For the extension of this hybrid approach to the temporal adaptive method implemented in FLUSEPA, it was necessary to improve some treatments in order to maintain conservation and acceptable spectral properties. Finally the hybrid time integration was also applied to a RANS/LES turbulent test case with interesting computational time while capturing the flow physics.

Background: The efficient market hypothesis asserts that one cannot consistently achieve returns in excess of market returns by trading on publicly available information. Since there is no collective market return in the foreign exchange (FX) market, it has generally been perceived as impossible to consistently generate a profit. There is now empirical evidence which seriously call into question the efficiency of the FX market and opens up the possibility to turn a profit on the FX market by ways of analysis.Technical analysis is a method of analysis which by using historical price data tries to deduce future price changes. Technical analysis assumes that financial markets move in sine waves. There are stronger and weaker sine waves simultaneously. An accurate identification of the dominant sine wave gives the investor a good idea about future movement. Most technical trading tools approximate the length of the sine wave by default. This static approach does not consider the specific market or the recent lengths of the dominant sine wave. Spectral analysis will help to identify the dominant cycle, and thus determine the frequency of that cycle making the applied trading rules adaptive to the market. Purpose: The purpose is to investigate whether adding spectral analysis to existing technical analysis tools can create a higher and more stable return on investment on the FX market. Method: An experiment involving four different sets of trading rules was conducted to answer the purpose. In the first test, trades were performed based on a static approach commonly used by technical traders today. In the other three tests different transforms of spectral analysis were applied, thus making the input not static, but adaptive to the market. The four sets of trading rules where coded as an automatic trading algorithm and backtested on data collected for the currency-pair EURGBP during an 11-month period. All four tests were analysed in three different areas; performance, stability of return and crash risk. Results: The study shows that the application of spectral analysis to technical analysis methods on the FX market results in higher return on investment and better stability of returns. The win/lose ratio is significantly higher and the adaptive approach increases profit as well as decreases losses. / Bakgrund: Den effektiva marknadshypotesen stadgar att det inte är möjligt att stadigt generera högre avkastning än marknadens kollektiva avkastning genom att köpa och sälja baserat på tillgänglig information. Eftersom det inte finns någon kollektiv avkastning på valutamarknaden har det länge ansetts omöjligt att generera någon stabil vinst på denna marknad. Det finns numera empiriskt bevis som tydligt ifrågasätter valutamarknadens egentliga effektivitet och som också i sin tur öppnar upp för möjligheten att generera stabil avkastning på valutamarknaden genom analys.Teknisk analys är en analysmetod som genom avläsandet av historisk prisdata försöker utläsa framtida prisförändringar. Teknisk analys antar att finansiella marknader rör sig i sinuskurvor. Det finns starkare och svagare sinuskurvor. En exakt identifikation av den dominanta cykeln ger investeraren en god idé om framtida rörelser. De flesta tekniska analysverktygen uppskattar längden på cykeln statiskt och tar varken hänsyn till den specifika marknaden eller hur den dominanta cykeln har sett ut nyligen. Spektralanalys identifierar den dominanta cykeln varigenom frekvensen av densamma kan bestämmas och analysverktyget görs adaptivt till marknaden. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta reda på huruvida teknisk analys på valutamarknaden kan skapa en högre och mer stabil avkastning på investerat kapital genom användandet av spektralanalys för att mäta den dominanta cykeln. Metod: Ett experiment innehållande fyra olika uppsättningar av analysverktyg gjordes för att besvara syftet. Handel i det första testet baserades på en statisk ansats som normalt används av tekniska analytiker idag. På de andra tre testerna applicerades olika transformer av spektralanalys och gjordes därigenom adaptiva till marknaden. Analysverktygen kodades som en automatisk handelsalgoritm och testades retroaktivt på insamlad data för valutaparet EURGBP under elva månader. Samtliga fyra tester analyserades i tre olika områden; prestation, avkastningsstabilitet och risk att förlora hela kapitalet. Resultat: Studien visar att applikationen av spektralanalys på tekniska analysverktyg på valutamarknaden resulterar i högre avkastning på investerat kapital och högre avkastningsstabilitet. Vinst/förlust ration är väsentligt högre och den adaptiva ansatsen ökar avkastning samtidigt som den minskar förluster.

Wind waves are highly complex, random phenomena. One way to describe the irregular nature of the sea surface is the use of wave energy spectrum. Spectral information for wind waves in the Black Sea is extremely limited. Knowledge on spectral characteristics of wind waves would contribute to scientific, engineering and operational coastal and marine activities in the Black Sea. The aim of the present thesis is to investigate characteristics of wind wave spectra for the Eastern Black Sea. This would allow detailed understanding of the nature of the waves occurring in this enclosed basin. Long-term wave measurements obtained by directional buoys deployed offshore at Sinop, Hopa and Gelendzhik were utilized as the three sets of wave data. Records were analyzed to identify them as uni-modal or multi-modal spectra, and occurrences of spectral peaks were computed. Single peaked spectra were studied as belonging to fully arisen or developing sea states. Model parameters of JONSWAP and PM spectra were estimated for the observed spectra by using a least square error method. The records of developing seas were further analyzed to select the ones belonging to stable wind conditions. Fetch dependencies of non-dimensional spectral variables, mean parameters of JONSWAP model spectrum and the envelop of dimensionless spectra were investigated for this data sub-set.

Trapping centres and their distributions in as-grown TlGaSeS layered single crystals were studied using thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurements. The investigations were performed in the temperature range of 10&ndash / 160 K with various heating rates between 0.6&ndash / 1.2 K/s. Experimental evidence has been found for the presence of three electrons trapping centres with activation energies 12, 20, and 49 meV and one hole trapping centre located at 12 meV. Their capture cross-sections and concentrations were also determined. It is concluded that in these centres retrapping is negligible as confirmed by the good agreement between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions of the model that assumes slow retrapping. The optical properties of TlGaSeS layered single crystals have been investigated by measuring the transmission and the reflection in the wavelength region between 400 and 1100 nm. The optical indirect transitions with a band gap energy of 2.27 eV and direct transitions with a band gap energy of 2.58 eV were found by analyzing the absorption data at room temperature. The rate of change v of the indirect band gap with temperature was determined from the transmission measurements in the temperature range of 10&ndash / 300 K. The oscillator and the dispersion energies, the oscillator strength, and the zero-frequency refractive index were also reported. The parameters of monoclinic unit cell and the chemical composition of TlGaSes crystals were found by X-ray powder diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis, respectively.

The response of geological materials at the scale of meters and the response of buried targets of different shapes and sizes using controlled-source electromagnetic induction (CSEM) is investigated. This dissertation focuses on three topics; i) frac- tal properties on electric conductivity data from near-surface geology and processing techniques for enhancing man-made target responses, ii) non-linear inversion of spa- tiotemporal data using continuation method, and iii) classification of CSEM transient and spatiotemporal data. In the first topic, apparent conductivity profiles and maps were studied to de- termine self-affine properties of the geological noise and the effects of man-made con- ductive metal targets. 2-D Fourier transform and omnidirectional variograms showed that variations in apparent conductivity exhibit self-affinity, corresponding to frac- tional Brownian motion. Self-affinity no longer holds when targets are buried in the near-surface, making feasible the use of spectral methods to determine their pres- ence. The difference between the geology and target responses can be exploited using wavelet decomposition. A series of experiments showed that wavelet filtering is able to separate target responses from the geological background. In the second topic, a continuation-based inversion method approach is adopted, based on path-tracking in model space, to solve the non-linear least squares prob- lem for unexploded ordnance (UXO) data. The model corresponds to a stretched- exponential decay of eddy currents induced in a magnetic spheroid. The fast inversion of actual field multi-receiver CSEM responses of inert, buried ordnance is also shown. Software based on the continuation method could be installed within a multi-receiver CSEM sensor and used for near-real-time UXO decision. In the third topic, unsupervised self-organizing maps (SOM) were adapted for data clustering and classification. The use of self-organizing maps (SOM) for central- loop CSEM transients shows potential capability to perform classification, discrimi- nating background and non-dangerous items (clutter) data from, for instance, unex- ploded ordnance. Implementation of a merge SOM algorithm showed that clustering and classification of spatiotemporal CSEM data is possible. The ability to extract tar- get signals from a background-contaminated pattern is desired to avoid dealing with forward models containing subsurface response or to implement processing algorithm to remove, to some degree, the effects of background response and the target-host interactions.