The objective of this work is to analyze the relation of a literary text to one's identity, to its understanding and to its formation through the written language. The relation between man and the world founded on the awareness of one's own visibility serves as the basis for this analysis. Further, the analysis draws on a hypothesis that one's own visibility within the world is perceived as both a threat and as something inauthentic. Thus, human beings make considerable effort to form themselves according to their own principles or to become someone else with the help of literary text, to take on various disguises and masks, but also to use language as a tool enabling them to uncover their own authenticity. On the onset, such approach was represented by Stendhal's work that is considered as the founding stone of literary egotism. The reason is that, in his work, Stendhal focuses exclusively on himself, which is manifested by a double gesture: self-analysis and self-construction. Both these gestures, performed by the means of language, have a number of successors in various literatures, including Czech literature and the work of Jakub Deml. In Deml's texts, too, the double gesture of self-analysis and self-construction can be recognized. By modifying his own identity, mainly through the inclusion of other...

Thesis--University of Helsinki, 1994. / English summary. Includes bibliographical references (p. [165]-172).

L’emploi du mot arriviste vise souvent à réduire le personnage des romans du XIXe siècle à son portrait psychologique d’un héros atemporel, avançant impitoyablement vers son objectif. Cependant, le rôle qu’il joue dans l’histoire littéraire est plus important. Le modèle de l’arriviste est créé en même temps que le roman réaliste moderne, bien que le terme en lui-même n’apparaisse qu’en 1893. Ce terme caractérise a posteriori toute la génération des personnages littéraires à partir des romans de Stendhal et de Balzac. Issu des changements sociaux et inspiré par l’exemple devenu mythique de Napoléon, l’arriviste est un héros qui reflète la société nationale contemporaine, ce que montrent les vingt-six œuvres du corpus. Il est également une figure du déplacement qui facilite le regard panoramique sur la société et la construction du récit réaliste. Tel un héros de conte moderne, l’arriviste suit un parcours qui constitue la base de son intrigue. Il devient un Argonaute moderne, en quête d’une nouvelle Toison d’Or : la réussite sociale.La carrière de l’arriviste littéraire invite également à la réflexion narratologique et questionne sa relation avec le lecteur. La scène de première apparition du personnage permet au narrateur d’éveiller chez le lecteur les premières impressions qui influencent sa compréhension globale du protagoniste. La triple perspective de la narratologie comparée, des effets de la réception de l’œuvre et des recherches en psychologie sociale, met en évidence les procédés narratifs utilisés par le narrateur. Le succès de l’arriviste dépasse ainsi le monde diégétique et se traduit par la longévité du type littéraire qu’il définit et du terme qui le désigne. / By the use of the word arriviste, the hero of the Nineteen-Century novels is often reduced to his psychological portrait of a timeless character, ruthlessly seeking his aim. Nevertheless, the role that he plays in the history of literature is more important. The model of the arriviste was created at the same time as the modern realist novel, even if the term itself only appeared in 1893. The arriviste characterises a posteriori a whole generation of heroes, beginning with Stendhal’s and Balzac’s novels. Inspired by the social changes and the now-mythical example of Napoleon, the arriviste is a hero that mirrors the national and contemporary society, as the twenty-six novels of the corpus exemplify it. He is also a figure of displacement that facilitates a panoramic view on the society and a construction of the realist narrative. As a hero of a modern tale, the arriviste follows a course on which his story is based. He becomes a modern Argonaut searching for a new Golden Fleece: social success. The career of a literary arriviste raises questions about narratology and his relationship with the reader. The scene of first appearance of the character enables the narrator to kindle the reader’s first impressions that influence the general comprehension of the protagonist. A triple perspective of the comparative narratology, the effects of the work’s reception and the research in social psychology reveals the narrative schemes used by the narrator. Therefore, the success of the arriviste goes beyond the diegetic world. It means also his longevity in the collective memory as a literary type and as a word that describes him. / Termin arywista, używany do określenia postaci z powieści dziewiętnastowiecznej, często redukuje ją do portretu psychologicznego ponadczasowego bohatera, który zmierza do celu bez najmniejszych skrupułów. Jednakże jego rola w historii literatury jest znacznie istotniejsza. Wzór arywisty powstaje w tym samym czasie, co nowoczesna powieść realistyczna, mimo tego, iż sam termin pojawia się dopiero w 1893r. Arywista charakteryzuje a posteriori całe pokolenie postaci literackich, począwszy od bohaterów Stendhala i Balzaka. Inspirowany zmianami społecznymi oraz na wpół mityczną historią Napoleona, arywista jest bohaterem, który ukazuje współczesne społeczeństwo, co widoczne jest w każdej z dwudziestu sześciu powieści z naszego korpusu. Jest on również symbolem przemieszczania się, który ułatwia panoramiczne spojrzenie na społeczeństwo oraz konstrukcję narracji realistycznej. Niczym bohater współczesnej baśni, arywista podąża szlakiem, który stanowi podstawę intrygi powieści. Staje się on współczesnym argonautą, w poszukiwaniu nowego Złotego Runa – sukcesu społecznego. Kariera powieściowego arywisty zachęca również do refleksji narratologicznej oraz stawia problem relacji z czytelnikiem. Scena pierwszego pojawienia się postaci pozwala ona narratorowi na wywołanie pierwszych wrażeń, które wpływają na ogólne rozumienie protagonisty. Potrójna perspektywa narratologii porównawczej, efektów odbioru dzieła i badań z zakresu psychologii społecznej, uwypukla procesy narracyjne używane przez narratora. Tym samym, sukces arywisty wychodzi poza świat diegezy. Jest nim także jego miejsce w pamięci kolektywnej jako typ literacki, jak również kariera lingwistyczna słowa, które go definiuje.

The study is a comparative analysis of Stendhal's romantic interpretation and Flaubert's realistic interpretation of outdated myths. The first purpose of the study is to reveal the linear development of Julien Sorel and Emma Bovary in quest of their respective myths. The second is to reveal technical devices used by the authors that lead to diverse interpretations of the myths. The sources of data used in the study are Le Rouge et le noir and Madame Bovary and secondary materials concerning the two novels. The study is divided into five chapters including an introduction, two chapters that develop Julien's and Emma's respective myths, a chapter concerning technical devices used in the novels and a conclusion.

This dissertation explores the numerous literary representations of the femme de lettres during the first half of the nineteenth century in order to illustrate the complexities of women’s entrance into the male-dominated domain of literature and also to suggest the impact these fictional characters might have had on the reception of actual women writers as well as their omission from the century’s literary canon. The works that will be included in this analysis include: Mme de Staël’s Corinne, ou l’Italie, Stendhal’s Le Rouge et le noir, Honoré de Balzac’s Béatrix, La Muse du département and Illusions perdues, Delphine de Girardin’s La Canne de M. de Balzac, Napoline and La joie fait peur and George Sand’s Histoire de ma vie, Lettres d’un voyageur and Un Hiver à Majorque. In compiling such diverse works of literature, it becomes clear that both male and female authors from the early nineteenth century were unable to envision a publicly embraced female genius. Although almost all of the fictional femmes de lettres in this study faced a destiny of professional silence, the reasons given for their failures are split between the male and female authors. For the male authors, the woman as a successful intellectual, artist or author was ultimately impossible because of her inability to combine her female body and psyche with the “masculine” pursuit of knowledge. Conversely, the female authors wrote characters whose inability to fully embrace a public literary or artistic career stemmed from society’s unwillingness to tolerate her exceptionality rather than from an inherent disconnect between genius and the female sex. / text

L’étude ici présentée porte sur l’histoire de la traduction et de la réception de Stendhal en Chine depuis les années 1920. Il s’agit de mettre en relief, par une approche comparatiste, les images nuancées du romancier et les caractéristiques de la réception de ses œuvres dans les différentes époques. En effet, les études sur Stendhal en Chine sont étroitement liées au contexte social et politique de la société chinoise. Le Rouge et le Noir, roman étranger qui connaît le plus de traductions chinoises, est considéré tantôt comme un chef-D’œuvre de la littérature réaliste, tantôt comme une « herbe vénéneuse » contre le Parti communiste. La réception de Stendhal en Chine reflète, dans une certaine mesure, celle de toute la littérature occidentale. Nous avons essayé de mettre en évidence les facteurs essentiels à la réception de Stendhal en Chine et les transformations des œuvres du romancier face à l’épreuve d’une culture et d’une société étrangères. / The study hereby presented tackles the history of the translation and reception of Stendhal in China since the 1920s. The aim is to point out, by the comparative approach, different images of the novelist and features of reception of Stendhal’s works in China during different periods. The study of Stendhal in China is closely associated with social and political contexts of China’s society. The Red and the Black, the most translated foreign novel in China, is sometimes considered as a masterpiece of realist literature, sometimes as a poisonous weed against the Communist Party. The reception of Stendhal in China reflects the whole history of reception of western literature to some degree. We have tried to reveal the essential factors for the reception of Stendhal in China and the transformation of his literary works during this experience in the foreign culture and society.