There is plenty of research on effects of negative stereotypes on performance, but less is known about effects of positive stereotypes. Research examining effects of positive stereotypes on performance has found mixed, often competing, results; positive stereotypes have been shown to lead to performance decrements, performance boosts, both boosts and decrements, or neither. One goal of the current study was to examine how domain identification, mode of stereotype activation, group membership of social referents, and valence of performance feedback (i.e. threat salience antecedents) influence whether positive stereotypes harm or benefit performance. I asserted that different combinations of the aforementioned variables would result in differential levels of threat salience, which I define as feelings of stress or pressure that arise from a dynamic interplay between performance motivation, anxiety and self-efficacy. Furthermore, as threat salience increased performance boosts from the positively stereotyped identity were expected to decrease and eventually lead to performance decrements. I also aimed to pinpoint the exact condition, or level of threat salience, that would lead to the switch from performance boosts to performance decrements (i.e. a tipping point). The threat salience antecedents of social referent’s group membership and feedback valence were combined to create a 2 (male/negative feedback vs female/positive feedback) X 2 (implicit activation vs explicit activation) design with a measured causal antecedent (domain identification). Participants took part in a laboratory study utilizing the positive stereotype that females are better than males at verbal ability tasks. Before arriving to the lab, participants were required to complete measures of verbal ability domain identification. Upon arrival to the lab, participants completed one trial of verbal ability items before being exposed to one of the four combinations of threat salience antecedents; following the manipulations, participants completed a subsequent trial of verbal ability items. The results of the study did not support the hypotheses; greater threat salience was not found to lead to worse performance nor was there support for a tipping point whereby performance boosts shifted to performance decrements. Possible reasons for null findings are discussed along with implications of exploratory analyses. / Master of Science / Research on the impact of positive stereotypes on performance has often resulted in mixed conclusions, with some research finding evidence for performance boosts, some finding evidence for performance decrements, and some finding both or neither. The current study sought to demonstrate that certain variables (i.e. domain identification, mode of stereotype activation, group membership of social referents, and valence of performance feedback) impact whether positive stereotypes lead to increases or decreases in performance outcomes through presenting differential threat salience. Threat salience essentially being feelings of pressure or worry about contradicting a positive stereotype; said feelings are believed to be the result of a dynamic interplay between motivation, self-efficacy, and anxiety about performance outcomes. I hypothesized that as threat salience increased then performance would decrease, eventually causing performance boosts from positive stereotypes to switch to performance decrements. Furthermore, I aimed to identify the exact level of threat salience that resulted in a switch from performance boosts to performance decrements (i.e. a tipping point). The study results did not provide support for the hypotheses, nor was I able to identify a tipping point whereby performance switched from boosts to decrements. Implications of exploratory analyses are discussed, along with possible explanations for null findings.

The “think leader, think male” phenomenon continues to persist in terms of implicit conceptualizations that people hold about leaders (Schein, 1973; Offermann & Coats, 2018). Men are often perceived as more suitable occupants of leadership roles than women, resulting in women leaders facing stereotype-based expectations. Being in a situation where the stereotype about women applies (i.e., leadership) has been found to be an antecedent to experiencing stereotype threat—the psychological threat of validating a stereotype about the indivdiual’s social group, which can have detrimental effects on performance and self-perceptions. This research focuses on how women leaders' positive gender identity (i.e., the favorable regard that a woman holds for her gender identity) may buffer against stereotype threat. We hypothesized that the more positive a woman's gender identity, the better she would cope with identity-threatening experiences in terms of better performance, better perceived performance, and reduced identity separation. To examine the impact of stereotype threat on female participants’ performance on a leadership task, 72 female participants were primed with a blatant stereotype threat before completing a managerial in-basket task. Contrary to our predictions, the results revealed that stereotype threat vulnerability did not have a direct negative impact on women's performance on the leadership task, or their perceptions of how well they performed. However, our findings confirmed a significant interaction between positive gender identity and stereotype threat vulnerability on identity separation, revealing that the association between stereotype threat vulnerability and identity separation was weaker at higher levels of positive gender identity. In other words, positive gender identity buffered against the negative effect of stereotype threat on women’s identity separation. The unexpected results and the failure of stereotype threat to evoke vulnerability responses suggest that further investigation of stereotype threat boundary conditions, situational cues, and effect sizes is needed. Limitations and future research directions are discussed. / M.S. / Stereotype threat, a psychological phenomenon where individuals fear confirming negative stereotypes about their social group, can negatively impact performance and self-perceptions. This study aimed to understand if a positive gender identity (a woman's favorable regard for her gender) could help counter stereotype threat among female leaders. The results showed that stereotype threat did not directly impact the participants' task performance or their perception of their performance. However, positive gender identity helped buffer against the negative effect of stereotype threat on women's identity separation. The findings suggest that more research is needed to understand the boundaries, situational cues, and effect sizes of stereotype threat.

This study measures the campus climate for Asian Americans on a college campus before and after tragic events, and places it in the context of what is known about the social location of Asian American students nationally. Using a multi-method approach, including in-depth interviews supplemented by data from content analyses and surveys, it addresses perceptions of Asian American students about themselves and the campus climate. In doing so it addresses the more general question of minority stereotyping and strategies taken by minority groups to compensate for such stereotypes. Findings from this study suggest that the campus climate for Asian American undergraduates appears to be welcoming, and respondents do not report stress emanating from their 'model minority' status. Instead, they embrace and offer full-support for the 'model minority' stereotype. / Ph. D. / This study measures the campus climate for Asian Americans in higher education. In doing so it addresses the question of minority stereotyping and strategies taken by minority groups to compensate for such stereotypes. Findings from this study suggest that the campus climate for Asian American undergraduates appears to be welcoming; counter to the much of the literature in Asian American studies, this study suggests that the “model minority” stereotype can have positive outcomes for those to whom it is applied.

Syfte: Stereotyper försvårar för kvinnor att nå ledande positioner, de kvinnor som når ledande positioner har tagit sig över barriärer för att ta sig till sin position. Vi vill ta reda på hur de lyckats ta sig över barriärerna. Syftet med vår studie är att öka förståelsen för hur kvinnliga ledamöter i aktiebolag upplever och hanterar barriären stereotyper. Syftet ska besvaras med hjälp av följande forskningsfrågor: På vilket sätt upplever kvinnor att barriären stereotyper påverkar möjligheterna att nå högre positioner? På vilket sätt kan kvinnorna påverka barriären stereotyper? Metod: Studien har utförts på ett kvalitativt vis och datan är insamlad genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Totalt har 10 kvinnliga ledamöter från svenska aktiebolag intervjuats, sex från Uppsala, tre från Bollnäs och en från Gävle. Den insamlade datan har sedan analyserats med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Resultat & slutsats: Studien visar att kvinnor upplever stereotyphot i form av barriärer men att de klarar av att ta sig igenom dessa. Barriärerna försvårar för kvinnorna att nå ledande positioner och kvinnorna hanterar dessa barriärer genom att läsa på mer och bevisa att dem kan, envishet är en viktig egenskap för att lyckas. Kvotering som är ett lagförslag från regeringen med syfte att få in fler kvinnor i styrelser är ingen bra idé. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Efter denna studie genomförts anser vi att det är nödvändigt att studera hur organisationer kan arbeta för att skapa en medvetenhet kring stereotyphot och hur de ska arbeta för att eliminera dem. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studiens bidrag till forskningen är att vi har kunnat namnge vissa av de barriärer som kvinnor möter i arbetslivet. Vi har undersökt hur kvinnorna upplevt dem och även bidragit med svar på hur de har hanterat barriären stereotyper. Studien har skapat en medvetenhet hos kvinnorna om stereotyper. / Aim: Stereotypes makes it difficult for women to reach senior positions, the women who does reach leadership positions have crossed barriers to get into that position. We want to find out how they managed to cross the barriers. The aim of this study is to create a greater understanding for the way female board members in registered companies perceives and manage the barrier stereotype. The purpose should be answered using the following research questions: In which way do women perceive that the barrier stereotypes affect their possibilities to reach higher positions? How can women affect the barrier stereotypes? Method: The study has been conducted in a qualitative way, and data is collected through semi-structured interviews. A total of 10 female members of Swedish companies was interviewed, six from Uppsala, three from Bollnas and one from Gavle. The collected data has been analyzed by a thematic analysis. Result & Conclusions: The study shows that women experience stereotype threat in the form of barriers, but they manage to get through these. The barriers make it difficult for women to achieve leadership positions and women deal with these barriers by reading more and prove that they can, persistence is an important characteristic for success. Affirmative is a draft law from the government in order to get more women on boards is not a good idea. Suggestions for future research: After this study carried out, we believe it is necessary to study how organizations can work to create awareness about the stereotype and how they should work to eliminate them. Contribution of the thesis: The study's contribution to research is that we have been able to name some of the barriers that women face in the workplace. We have investigated how women have experienced the barriers. We have also contributed with answers to how they handle the barrier stereotypes. The study has created an awareness among women about stereotypes.

Darbą atliko Vilniaus Pedagoginio universiteto Socialinių mokslų fakulteto Sociologijos ir politologijos katedros Politinės sociologijos magistrantūros studentas Gleb Šuklin. Darbo tema – lyties stereotipas bendruomenėje. Tyrimo hipotezės: 1. Šiandieninėje visuomenėje vis dar vyrauja skirtingi lyčių socialiniai vertinimai, tačiau jaunoji karta vis mažiau dėmesio skiria stereotipams; 2. Bendruomeninis judėjimas yra puiki prielaida stereotipų mažinimui – taip mano daugelis respondentų. Bendruomenė, kaip institucija, įgalinta paneigti nusistovėjusius lyčių stereotipus, daugelis kurių anksčiau ar vėliau turėtų išnykti. 3. Respondentų nuomone, didelę įtaką formuojantis stereotipams turi visuomenės informavimo priemonės, auklėjimo aplinka. Didele dalimi susiformavę stereotipai – auklėjimo ir gyvenamosios aplinkos pasekmė. Tyrimo objektas: pilietinė bendruomenė ir jos sąsajos su socialiniu lyčių stereotipų vertinimu. Tyrimo problema: pilietinės bendruomenės suaktyvinimas naikinant lyčių vertinimo stereotipus bendruomenėje. Tyrimo tikslas: atskleisti kai kurias pilietinės bendruomenės ir lyčių vertinimo šiandienos kontekste tendencijas. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Išanalizuoti stereotipų sampratą ir vaidmenį visuomenėje; 2. Apibrėžti bendruomenės sampratą ir bendruomenės narių svarbą jos gyvenime; 3. Atlikti tyrimą, kuris leistų nustatyti bendruomenės narių poziciją lyčių stereotipų klausimu bei vertinimu. / The work was made by Gleb Šuklin, Political sociology master‘s degree student of VPU Social sciences faculty Sociology and political sciences department. Hypotheses of an investigation: 1. Different social evaluations of the sexes still dominate in modern society, but the new generation pay less and less attention to stereotypes; 2. Communal movement is a great assumption for minifying the stereotypes – many respondents think like this. Society as the institution is empowered to negate settled sexes’ stereotypes, many of which earlier or later should disappear. 3. Respondents think that a very big influence in forming stereotypes has mass media, the education atmosphere. Settled stereotypes largely are the outcomes of the education and living atmosphere. The object of the investigation is civil society and its correlations with social evaluation of the sexes’ stereotypes. The problem of the investigation: is the energisation of the civil society for eliminating evaluation of the sexes’ stereotypes The purpose of the investigation is to disclose some civil society‘s and sexes’ evaluation tendencies in nowadays context. Tasks of the investigation: 1. To analyze the conception of the stereotypes and role in the society; 2. To define the conception of the society and the importance of the society members in its life. 3. To fulfill the investigation that would let to ascertain the position of the society members’ about the questions of sexes’ stereotypes and evaluation.

This thesis uses racial stereotyping as a critical approach to the analysis of television advertising commercials broadcast by the SABC during the period of Reform in South Africa, 1978-1992. Due respect is given to theoretical debates about the ideological role of consumer advertising. In the light of various possible causes, such as an increasing importance of blacks to the consumer market, government co-option in terms of 'Total Strategy', or calls by the business sector for a strong black middle class, particular attention is given to the underlying dynamics of black middle class depiction in advertisements. The Introduction outlines the main arguments of the thesis, key theoretical moves, and discusses research sources. Chapter 1 clarifies the concept of stereotype, the nature of racial stereotyping, and proposes a category framework for the analysis of racial stereotyping in a reformist apartheid context. Chapter 2 marries a racial stereotyping critical approach of consumer advertising in South Africa with theoretically-informed advertising criticism in terms of a conception of consumption as a means of hegemony. Chapter 3 outlines aspects of the post-World War II political economy which have underpinned the ensuing forms of South African racial stereotyping. Chapter 4 examines the basis of the SABC-TV broadcasting dispensation and its influence upon the forms of racial stereotyping in commercials. Chapter 5 examines the use of political and public service advertising during the P.W. Botha era, in consideration of what influence such political dimensions of Reform might have had upon the ideological content of advertising in general. Chapter 6 examines advertising production practices during the period of Reform in order to assess the position of the advertising industry with regard to the changing forms in racial stereotyping. Chapter 7 applies the preceding theorisation and assessments about the relationship between the political economy and changing forms of racial stereotyping in SABC-TV commercials in a case study based on the advertising commercial 'history reel' for Castle Lager. Chapter 8 gives further verification in a case study of the history reel for Rama margarine. The Conclusion sums up the preceding chapters and reassess earlier observations. Appendices in Volume II of the thesis provide 830 shot-by-shot descriptions and 890 stills for 41 commercials that comprise the two case studies. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1998.

Ce projet doctoral s’inscrit dans le contexte de la réhabilitation psychosociale promouvant la lutte contre la stigmatisation des maladies psychiatriques sévères. Il vise à une meilleure compréhension de la stigmatisation de la schizophrénie au travers de l’étude des composantes du stéréotype et de ses effets sur les performances neuropsychologiques. La revue de la littérature sur la thématique nous amène au constat d’une grande hétérogénéité dans les méthodes d’exploration du stéréotype de la schizophrénie, en partie expliquée par un cloisonnement des recherches entre la Psychiatrie et la Psychologie sociale.Les deux études réalisées visaient à : i) explorer le contenu du stéréotype de la schizophrénie chez les familles et dans la population générale en France ; ii) étudier expérimentalement l’impact de la menace du stéréotype sur les performances cognitives des personnes souffrant de schizophrénie.La première étude montre que le stéréotype de la schizophrénie est plus massivement rejeté par les familles, et notamment dans sa dimension « Dangerosité ». Les résultats suggèrent en outre que la dimension « Incompétence » du stéréotype de la schizophrénie occupe une place centrale, autant chez les familles que dans la population générale. L’intégration de nos résultats dans les modèles développés par la Psychologie sociale nous amène à proposer un modèle du contenu du stéréotype de la schizophrénie, dans lequel les dimensions de dangerosité et d’incompétence du stéréotype prédiraient des patterns spécifiques d’émotions et de comportements discriminatoires.La seconde étude, expérimentale, ne permet pas de mettre en évidence un effet négatif de la menace du stéréotype de la schizophrénie sur les performances exécutives. Cette absence de résultat significatif nous amène à discuter des enjeux méthodologiques dans les designs expérimentaux, en particulier quant à leur application dans la schizophrénie. Ainsi, certains facteurs comme le domaine d’identification, le choix des mesures cognitives et la prise en compte des différentes menaces potentielles apparaissent primordiaux pour les recherches futures. / This doctoral research interests the field of psychosocial rehabilitation, promoting the fight of stigma in severe mental disorders. The objective is to better understand the schizophrenia stigma through the study of stereotype components and its effect on current clinical neuropsychological practice. The review of stigma scientific publishing underlines a great methodological heterogeneity regarding schizophrenia stereotype exploration, that can be explain by the scientific partitioning of Social psychology and Psychiatry research. Consequently our doctoral research was aimed at integrating these two bodies of research to enhance the operationalization of schizophrenia stereotype content and its potential effects on cognitive performances.We conducted two studies aimed at: i) exploring schizophrenia content stereotype in families and the general population in France; ii) investigating the impact of stereotype threat on cognitive performances in schizophrenia.The first study shows that schizophrenia stereotype is more strongly rejected by families, especially in its “Dangerousness” dimension. Results also suggest that “Incompetency” is a core dimension of schizophrenia stereotype, both in families and the general population. The integration of our results with the models of Social psychology leads us to propose a model of schizophrenia stereotype content in which the Dangerousness and Incompetency dimensions would both predict specific patterns of emotions and discriminatory behaviors.The second experimental study failed to show any negative effect of schizophrenia stereotype threat on executive performances. Finally, this failure leads us to discuss the methodological issues of experimental designs, especially regarding their application in schizophrenia. Thus, several factors of interest, like the identification domain, the choice of cognitive measures and the consideration for various potential threats appear to be relevant for future research

Editorial on the Research Topic. Age-Based Stereotype Threat Effects on Performance Outcomes.

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Advertising has a powerful role in today’s society, especially since we are constantly surrounded by it. Advertisement does not only encourage people to make decisions about their purchases but has a big impact on the culture (Lin & Yeh, 2009; Lindner, 2004). Hence, it is a big factor of creating norms and ideas of what is feminine and masculine; thus affecting the perception on gender within societies. Unfortunate is however that to be able to cut through the enormous advertising clutter that people are exposed to daily, advertisers tend to use sexual content and portrayals as tactic, leading to an obscure ideal (Dahl, Segupta & Vohs, 2009; Cortese, 2008; Connell & Pearse, 2015; Butler & Almqvist, 2007). This quantitative and qualitative study examines from a Gender and Feminist theory perspective how women are portrayed sexually and stereotypically in advertisements within Mexican fashion magazines. The advertisements found within the seven biggest fashion magazines in Mexico are being studied both through a quantitative content analyse and qualitative text analyse using a semiotic approach. The result of the study shows that the content of advertisements in Mexican magazines frequently portray females in a sexualised and stereotypical way. Within our qualitative result six different stereotypes could be found. Furthermore, our quantitative result shows that the most commonly portrayed female within the advertisements are White. Henceforth, our result shows that a female ideal where the most crucial attributes are: to be sexy, beautiful, obtain an attractive appearance and to be White.