La recherche présentée s’intéresse à l’expérience des enfants en situation de sans logement. Ce travail s’inscrit dans la cadre de la théorie transactionnelle du stress et du coping proposée par Lazarus et Folkman (1984). La démarche vise à saisir leur perception de la situation de sans logement, d’identifier les facteurs de stress auxquels ils sont exposés et les stratégies de coping qu’ils utilisent pour faire face au stress perçu. Cette étude a été menée auprès de 30 enfants d’âge scolaire (7 ans et demi à 13 ans), hébergés avec leurs familles à l’hôtel. Les données ont été recueillies dans la cadre de l’entretien compréhensif et à l’aide du questionnaire KidCope. Cette étude a permis également d’apporter des connaissances sur le profil des familles hébergées à l’hôtel grâce aux données recueillies auprès des parents.La moitié des enfants vit dans une famille monoparentale et plus de deux tiers ont une fratrie. Plus de deux tiers des enfants est nés à l’étranger, un tiers vit dans une famille en situation administrative précaire et la majorité des familles est sans ressources. La durée moyenne de présence de la famille en France est de 5,54 ans et la moyenne de la durée d’hébergement pris en charge par le 115 s’élève à 3,24 ans. Les discours des enfants sont marqués par des sentiments négatifs, parfois confus, face au manque de prévisibilité dans leur vie. La place centrale est occupée par l’école et la famille. L’école représente souvent le seul endroit assurant le sentiment de stabilité, d’appartenance et le maintien des liens sociaux. La famille, quant à elle, grâce au soutien des proches, permet à l’enfant de faire face aux difficultés rencontrées. Dans le cas de nombreux enfants, la situation de sans logement apparaît étroitement liée à l’expérience migratoire de la famille. L’expérience de sans logement s’avère être une situation stressante pour les enfants : tous les enfants ont identifié au moins un facteur de stress dans leur vie. Au-delà des facteurs de stress propres aux enfants d’âge scolaire, les facteurs identifiés par les enfants participant à notre recherche peuvent être classifiés dans l’un des trois groupes suivants : les facteurs de stress liés à la situation de sans logement, à la pauvreté et/ou à l’expérience migratoire. Les enfants utilisent diverses stratégies de coping pour gérer le stress perçu. De manière générale, les stratégies d’approche sont utilisées plus fréquemment et évaluées comme plus efficaces que les stratégies d’évitement. / The purpose of this study is to describe the homeless experience of school-aged children. The theoretical framework for the study was Lazarus’ and Folkman’s (1984) stress and coping processes. In this study the focus was on a child perception of the situation, the stressors they identify and the coping strategies they use. The data was collected from 30 school-aged children living with their families at hotel, through comprehensive interviews and KidCope checklist. This study also brings knowledge about homeless families’ profile through the data collected from parents.Half of the children live in single parent families and two third have siblings. More than two third of children are born abroad, one third live as undocumented migrants and the most of families have no resources. The average family’s length of stay in France is 5,54 years and the average length of being sheltered is 3,24 years. The discourse of children is characterized by negative emotions, sometimes confusion, in face of lack of predictability in their life. The central place is accorded to school and family. School is often the unique place which provide a sense of stability and belonging, as well as social support. Family, through a support of loved ones, help child to cope with difficulties. For many of children, homelessness appears closely connected with migratory experience. Homeless experience is stressful for them: all children who participated in this research perceived at least one thing as stressful in their life. Beyond the stressors specific to school-aged children, the factors identified by the children involved in our research can be classified into one of three groups: stressors related to homelessness, stressors related to poverty and / or stressors related to migratory experience. Children use many different ways to cope with stressors. In general, they used more often approach coping and they rate it as more efficacious than avoidance coping.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:27:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cesar Roberto Pinheiro.pdf: 853386 bytes, checksum: 5cd47f311a8e736a6526238c82882b44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-11 / In order to measure quality of life, symptoms and incidence of stress, and the main occupational stressors in clergies (men and women) in the Methodist Church, as well as the degree of association of these variables, an interview was held with 74 adults (49 males and 25 females), 20 and 70 years old, approximately. The following instruments of measure were applied: term of agreement; identification form; inventory of stress symptoms , survey on stress sources in clergies; visual analogic scale and inventory of quality of life. It was noticed that 50% of the sample was highly stressed and that 64,5% had bad quality life in terms of health care. It was also noticed that the percent of female population with stress (64%) overtook that of male in a similar situation (42,86%). As to symptoms, the study showed that in the stressed women the tendency of developing psychological symptoms is higher than it is in the men in the present sample. It was also noticed a significant percent of stress cases among married clergywomen. Significant and negative correlations were observed between quality of life in health area and stress, indicating that higher levels of stress correlates with lower perception of life quality. The research also indicated that the first years of pastoral practice is associated with a higher level of stress. Considering stressors, it was seen that the main sources of stress in a clergy life are: concern about their children s education (due to constant itinerancy); the undergoing of pastoral indication, and financial negotiation (pastoral stipend) between clergies and Church administration. / A fim de averiguar a qualidade de vida, incid?ncia e sintomatologia de stress e os principais estressores ocupacionais em cl?rigos (as) da Igreja Metodista e o grau de associa??o entre estas vari?veis, entrevistou-se 74 pessoas, das quais 49 homens e 25 mulheres, contando entre 20 e 70 anos, aproximadamente. Utilizaram-se os seguintes instrumentos: Termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido; Formul?rio de identifica??o dos participantes; Invent?rio de Sintomas de Stress (ISSL); Levantamento de Fontes de Stress em Cl?rigos (LFSC); Escala Anal?gica Visual (EAV) e Invent?rio de Qualidade de Vida (IQV). Verificou-se que, 50% da amostra, estava com alto n?vel de stress e 64,5% com m? qualidade de vida no que tange a quest?o da sa?de. Observou-se que o percentual de participantes do sexo feminino com stress (64% das mulheres) superou o percentual masculino (42,86%). Quanto aos sintomas observados, constatou-se uma tend?ncia de maior sintomatologia psicol?gica entre mulheres que entre homens estressados. Constatou-se ainda a presen?a de stress, em um percentual significativo de cl?rigas casadas. Observaram-se correla??es significativas e negativas entre a ?rea da sa?de do IQV com os escores nas fases do ISSL, indicando que, quanto maior o n?vel de stress, menor a percep??o de qualidade de vida. Tamb?m se constatou que os primeiros anos do labor pastoral revelaram maiores ?ndices quanto ao n?vel de stress. A partir do LFSC verificou se que as principais fontes estressoras na ocupa??o de cl?rigos (as) s?o: preocupa??o com a educa??o dos filhos frente ?s mudan?as de resid?ncia, sujei??o ao processo de nomea??o pastoral e negocia??o dos subs?dios pastorais com a administra??o da igreja.

Environmental change is a major threat to marine ecosystems worldwide. Understanding the key biological processes and environmental factors mediating spatial and temporal species' responses to habitat alterations underpins our ability to forecast impacts on marine ecosystems under any range of scenarios. This is especially important for calcifying species, many of which have both a high climate sensitivity and disproportionately strong ecological impacts in shaping marine communities. Although geographic patterns of calcifiers' sensitivity to environmental changes are defined by interacting multiple abiotic and biotic stressors, local adaptation, and acclimation, knowledge on species' responses to disturbance is derived largely from short- and medium-term laboratory and field experiments. Therefore, little is known about the biological mechanisms and key drivers in natural environments that shape regional differences and long-term variations in species vulnerability to global changes. In this thesis, I examined natural variations in shell characteristics, both morphology and biomineralisation, under heterogeneous environmental conditions i) across large geographical scales, spanning a 30° latitudinal range (3,334 km), and ii) over historical times, using museum collections (archival specimens from 1904 to 2016 at a single location), in mussels of the genus Mytilus. The aim was to observe whether plasticity in calcareous shell morphology, production, and composition mediates spatial and temporal patterns of resistance to climate change in these critical foundation species. For the morphological analyses, the combined use of new statistical methods and multiple study systems at various geographical scales allowed the uncoupling of the contribution of development, genetic status, and environmental factors to shell morphology. I found salinity had the strongest effect on the latitudinal patterns of Mytilus shape. Temperature and food supply, however, were the main predictor of mussel shape heterogeneity. My results suggest the potential of shell shape plasticity in Mytilus as a powerful indicator of rapid environmental changes. I found decreasing shell calcification towards high latitudes. Salinity was the best predictor of regional differences in shell deposition, and its mineral and organic composition. In polar, low-salinity environments, the production of calcite and organic shell layers was increased, while aragonite deposition was enhanced under temperate, higher-salinity regimes. Interacting strong effects of decreasing salinity and increasing food availability on compositional shell plasticity predict the deposition of a thicker external organic layer (periostracum) at high latitudes under forecasted future conditions. This response potential of Mytilus shell suggests an enhanced protection of temperate mussels from predators and a strong capacity for increased resistance of polar and subpolar individuals to dissolving water conditions. Analyses of museum specimens indicated increasing shell calcification during the last century. Deposition of individual shell layers was more closely related to temporal changes in the variability of key environmental drivers than to alterations of mean habitat conditions. Calcitic layer and periostracum showed marked responses to alterations of biotic conditions, suggesting the potential of mussels to trade-off between the deposition of calcareous and organic layers as a compensatory response to strategy-specific predation pressure. These changes in biomineralisation indicated a marked resistance to environmental change over the last century in a species predicted to be vulnerable, and how locally heterogeneous environments and predation levels can have a stronger effect on Mytilus responses than global environmental trends. My work illustrates that biological mechanisms and local conditions, driving plastic responses to the spatial and temporal structure of multiple abiotic and biotic stressors, can define geographic and temporal patterns of unforeseen species resistance to global environmental change.

Background: Inadequate foetal growth cannot be remedied postnatally, leading to severe consequences for neonatal and adult development. Furthermore, sexual dimorphism in placental development has been suggested in humans although this remains poorly investigated in the pig. Hypotheses: Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) occurs due to aberrant conceptus attachment, which leads to alterations in angiogenesis and vascularity of the feto-maternal interface. Altered gene expression and vascularity will be observed at the feto-maternal interface in male foetuses compared to female foetuses. Increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation will be observed in the feto-maternal interface associated with the lightest foetuses compared to the closest to mean litter weight (CTMLW) foetuses. Aims: This thesis aimed to investigate the association between foetal size and sex and: integrin signalling; apoptotic and proliferation pathways; umbilical arterial (UA) blood flow; and angiogenesis and vascularity at the feto-maternal interface. This was performed by the collection of placental and endometrial samples associated with conceptuses or foetuses of different size (lightest and CTMLW) and sex at gestational day (GD) 18, 30, 45, 60 and 90. Conclusion This thesis has presented novel findings of associations between foetal size and sex, and placental and endometrial integrin signalling, apoptosis and proliferation, and angiogenesis and vascularity. Currently, this is the first suggestion in the literature that foetal size, and more intriguingly foetal sex, may have a strong influence on the activity of the endometrium. The mechanisms behind these findings warrant further investigation. Switches in the direction of differences at the feto-maternal interface between foetuses of different size were observed throughout gestation, notably between GD45 and 60, highlighting the dynamic nature of the feto-maternal interface and suggesting this as a potential window that could be manipulated by the industry to attempt to rescue the postnatal phenotype of IUGR piglets.

Chez les pollinisateurs sociaux, comme l'abeille domestique (Apis mellifera L.) et le bourdon terrestre (Bombus terrestris L.), mes deux modèles d'étude, différents individus sont spécialisés dans différentes tâches. Il est admis que différents types de comportement de butinage contribuent à une optimisation des performances de la colonie. Actuellement, les populations de pollinisateurs sont exposées à des stress environnementaux, qui sont connus pour perturber le comportement des individus en visant directement leur cognition. Il est ainsi crucial de mieux comprendre comment les colonies d'abeilles et de bourdons maintiennent une activité de butinage efficace, et quels sont les effets de stress environnementaux sur les butineuses. Dans cette thèse, j'ai donc examiné les différentes stratégies de butinage pour différentes sources de nourriture, pollen et nectar, et les variabilités interindividuelles dans le comportement de butinage. Je me suis aussi intéressé à l'impact de stress tels que les pesticides sur l'efficacité de butinage. J'ai utilisé la technologie RFID pour suivre le comportement des abeilles tout au long de leur vie. J'ai trouvé que les colonies d'abeilles et de bourdons reposent sur un petit groupe d'individus très actifs qui fournissent la majorité de la nourriture pour la colonie. Chez les abeilles, ces individus très actifs sont aussi plus efficaces pour collecter nectar et pollen. J'ai aussi identifié l'existence de différentes stratégies pour la collecte de pollen ou de nectar. Ensuite, j'ai pu montrer que les bourdons ont des différences interindividuelles très marquées dans un test de navigation, une tâche cruciale dans le comportement de butinage. Finalement, j'ai testé l'effet néfaste de pesticides sur l'apprentissage visuel chez l'abeille. Cette thèse a pour but de mieux comprendre les causes de vulnérabilité des pollinisateurs aux stress environnementaux. Mes résultats soulignent le besoin de considérer la diversité comportementale comme une adaptation des espèces de pollinisateurs sociaux, mais aussi comme une potentielle cause de vulnérabilité de la colonie vis-à-vis des stress. / In social insects, such as bees, different individuals specialise in the collection of different resources, and it is assumed that natural behavioural variability among foragers contributes to a self-organised optimisation of colony performance. Currently, bee populations are facing an increasing number of environmental stressors, known to disturb the behaviour of individuals, presumably upon their impact on cognitive capacities. Hence it is important to learn more about how stressors impact on individual foraging behaviour to understand how a colony maintains effective nutrition and development. In this thesis in cognitive ecology, I examined the different foraging strategies for the different macronutrient sources, pollen and nectar, and the inter-individual variation in bee foraging performance. I also looked at how stressors, such as pesticides, can impact on bee foraging efficiency. I compared two social Hymenoptera that vary in their level of social complexity: the European honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) and the buffed-tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris L.). I used Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) to automatically track the foraging behaviour of bees throughout their life. I found that honey bee and bumblebee colonies rely on a subset of very active bees to supply the whole colony needs. In honey bees, these foragers are more efficient and collect more pollen. I also identified different strategies for pollen or nectar collection in both species. Using manipulative experiments, I then showed that bees exhibit consistent inter-individual different behaviours in a spatial learning task and that pesticides impair visual learning. My thesis aims at better explaining the causes of vulnerability of pollinators to sublethal pesticides and other environmental stressors. The results highlight the need for considering behavioural diversity as an adaptation for social insects, as well as a potential dimension of colony-level vulnerability to environmental stressors that can impair the whole colony nutritional balance.

In recent years, School-Based Agricultural Education has been facing a shortage of secondary teachers, due in part to low retention rates of these valuable educators. In light of this shortage, a multitude of research has been conducted throughout the country on challenges faced by agricultural educators, some as indicators of intent to leave the profession. This thesis sought to synthesize the research conducted on job satisfaction, retention, and attrition of School-Based Agricultural Educators order to identify prevalent problems facing these teachers which may contribute to the decision to leave the classroom. From the research, seven themes emerged as job-related factors contributing to agriculture teacher job satisfaction, retention, and attrition: Work-Life Balance, Workload, Time Management, Student Discipline, Administrative Support, Salary, and Student Motivation.

Prior research has indicated higher risk of suicide for farmers and identified depression and anxiety as mental health concerns, though the majority of research was conducted in the 1980s-1990s. In today’s economic, social, and political climate, farmers are exposed to situations and stressors reminiscent of the 1980s Farm Crisis. An added risk is the aging workforce of farmers, as age-related conditions can make farming even riskier. This study investigated the mental health of a subset of American farmers by exploring farm-related stressors, coping mechanisms, and mental health outcomes. Dispositional mindfulness was explored as a specific coping mechanism. Participants (N = 158) were recruited through in-person and online surveys. All participants were farmers in the United States at the time of the study, with the majority farming in the state of Kentucky (48.7%). Participants were predominantly female (55.4%), White (98.1%), married (77.1%), and multi-generation farmers (69.2%). Participants completed measures of farm stress, general stress, depressive and anxious symptoms, coping, resilience, and dispositional mindfulness. Hierarchical linear regressions and moderation analyses were used to examine study aims. Results showed that farmers in this sample experience rates of depressive symptoms 1.5 times to 4.5 times higher than the national population, as well as rates of anxiety symptoms 1.5 times higher than the national population. Results also revealed that farmers with higher levels of farm stress are at a higher risk for anxious and depressive symptomology. Age appeared to be a protective factor, as older farmers reported the lowest levels of farm stress. Being a female was associated with higher farm stress. Regarding coping, over half of farmers endorsed using “planning” as the top strategy for coping with farm-related stressors. Farmers higher in dispositional mindfulness had better mental health ratings and lower farm stress. Further results and implications of the findings are discussed.

Fathers face difficulties when taking on the single parent role, including having to prove their ability to care for their children alone. Existing research does not address issues concerning single fathers and the stressors they experience in raising their children. This study addresses these issues and helps researchers understand single fathers by using a qualitative approach to understand their perception of parenting. Fourteen participants from New York City participated in semi-structured interviews to elicit information about this phenomenon. This study focused on experiences the men have while being a single parent, the impact of living in New York City on single fathers parenting, and helpful services for single fathers. After completion of the interviews, each discussion was input into the memos section of Nvivo for use in the analysis phase. Interviews were separated into descriptive nodes addressing each area of interest. Data was then dissected into subnodes, which assisted in determining the themes, represented by participant responses. The last analysis step included the establishment of important ideas for each of the three research questions. The findings show fathers experience stressors when being a single parent as they identified childcare, the absence of the child's mother, finances, housing, medical insurance, and communication issues as stress factors. Surprisingly, a majority of the participants felt living in New York positively impacted their parenting. Although a majority of the participants identified stress as part of their parenting experience, all the fathers identified services as a practical tool to help them improve their parenting. Several implications for positive social change after completing this research study include helping providers understand the needs of this population, and identifying the need for support to help improve parenting for this population.

Lowered academic achievement and premature departure from high school continue to plague the educational system, creating the need for greater insight into experiences affecting students' classroom performance. Much is known about academic achievement; however, less research has focused on the role of familial attachment on premature departure from high school. Guided by attachment theory, the purpose of this interpretative phenomenological study was to gain insight into General Education Diploma (GED) students' familial attachment experiences influencing premature departure from high school. The research questions focused on GED students' primary caregiver and educational experiences. Participants (n = 14) consisted of current or previous GED students 18-30 years of age. Data were gathered from semistructured interviews and a Life Map used to capture expression of feelings through symbols. Interview transcriptions were hand-coded by bracketing words and phrases for composite textual descriptions. Data interpretations were bolstered by committee member checking and participants' review of extracted data. Findings revealed a close connection between the types of attachment formed with primary caregivers and early departure from high school, but participants were more strongly influenced by external influences such as relationship conflicts, health crises, domestic violence, abuse, loss, and paternal abandonment. This study offers insight to educators, counselors, and those within the criminal justice system on these students' emotional and mental needs.

Above-ground biomass was allometrically estimated to quantify the amount of mangrove species in selected quadrats of Xuan Thuy National Park. Physicochemical properties of surrounding waters and soils were measured and treated stochastically by correlational analysis with estimated biomass values. Correlation results suggested that qualities of surrounding waters and soils are not the principal inhibitors of mangrove growth in Xuan Thuy. The available historical records infer that the main factor of mangrove loss in the past lay on land reclamation for shrimp aquaculture. In addition, results of correlation analysis showed geographical coincidence of mangrove fragmentation with influence area of water channeling used for aquaculture activities. Furthermore, the distribution of anomalous values of metals concentration was corresponding with anthropological activities associated to clam aquaculture and sand extraction. Based on the aforementioned analysis and the information on anthropological activities in the buffer zone of Xuan Thuy, were provided basic information on inherent environmental stressors of ecosystems in Xuan Thuy National Park. / Sinh khối trên mặt đất đã được ước tính theo phương pháp tương quan sinh trưởng để đưa ra số lượng các loài đước trong các mẫu vuông được lựa chọn tại Vườn quốc gia Xuân Thủy. Các đặc tính hóa-lí của những vùng nước và đất xung quanh đã được đo đạc và xử lí ngẫu nhiên bằng cách phân tích tương quan với những giá trị sinh khối ước tính. Kết quả tương quan cho thấy rằng chất lượng nước và đất xung quanh không phải là những thước đo chính cho tốc độ phát triển cây đước ở Xuân Thủy. Những ghi chép cũ đã kết luận rằng việc sử dụng đất để nuôi tôm là tác nhân chính dẫn tới suy giảm loài đước trong quá khứ. Bên cạnh đó, kết quả phân tích tương quan cho thấy sựtrùng hợp về mặt địa lý giữa sự phân mảnh của loài đước và những vùng nước bị ảnh hưởng do việc nuôi trồng thủy sản. Hơn nữa, sự phân bố bất thường của các giá trị đo mức độ tập trung kim loại cũng tương ứng với các hoạt động nuôi trồng thủy sản và khai thác cát của con người. Những phân tích nêu trên và nghiên cứu về hoạt động của con người tại vùng đệm của Xuân Thủy sẽ cung cấp những thông tin cơ bản về những mối đe dọa môi trường hệ sinh thái tại Vườn Quốc Gia Xuân Thủy.