Com base nos dados do IBGE, estima-se que aproximadamente 2,4 milhões de domicílios brasileiros não têm acesso ao serviço de energia elétrica. Ainda, projeções da Aneel indicam que, após a alteração dos critérios determinados pela Lei nº 10.438/2002, o número de unidades consumidoras classificadas na subclasse residencial baixa renda passou de 8 para 14 milhões. Conforme estimativas atuais, são necessários recursos da ordem de R$ 7,3 bilhões para equacionar o acesso à energia elétrica daqueles domicílios, bem como de aproximadamente R$ 1 bilhão por ano para compensar as distribuidoras pela perda de receita decorrente do aumento do número de consumidores baixa renda. Os dois aspectos são complementares na conceituação da universalização, na visão do autor. Deste modo, este estudo apresenta uma visão sistêmica sobre ambos os aspectos da universalização: a garantia do acesso físico e do uso contínuo; sendo este último considerado como as condições para a manutenção do acesso ao serviço de eletricidade por meio de uma tarifa social ou de programas compensatórios. O objetivo principal dessa dissertação é, então, analisar e avaliar as normas legais e os regulamentos que norteiam as políticas públicas de universalização dos serviços de energia elétrica, como também dos que indiretamente interferem nessas ações, buscando identificar eventuais necessidades de sua complementação ou mesmo de sua alteração. Para isso, mostra-se a evolução recente das ações do Estado, da legislação pertinente e da regulamentação promovida pela Aneel para cada um das duas vertentes da universalização. Apresenta-se também a dimensão dos recursos financeiros envolvidos, identificando os possíveis impactos decorrente da nova regulamentação da subclasse residencial baixa renda e também do programa de universalização Luz para Todos. / IBGE data has shown that approximately 2.4 million Brazilian households do not have access to electricity service. Moreover, Aneel´s projections indicate that, after the alteration of the criteria determined by Law 10,438/2002, the number of households classified as low income residential subclass has increased from 8 to 14 million. Further studies imply that R$ 7.3 billion would be necessary to enable those 2.4 million households to have access to electric energy, as well as R$ 1 billion per year to compensate the utilities for the loss resulting from the increase of low income consuming domiciles. The two aspects are complementary as for the universal electricity service, in the vision of the author. Hence, this work proposes to overview both aspects: to ensure physical access and the continuous use through social tariffs or compensating programs. The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze and to evaluate the regulations which guide the public policies of universal electricity service in order to identify whenever its complementation or its alteration is required. Thus, this study shows relevant government policies and Aneel regulation as well as necessary resources, possible and likely impacts to improve the current situation.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves p. i-xxxii) Pt. 1. Is there a link between the problem with agriculture under GATT rules and policy choice under GATT rules? -- pt. 2. The economic and political significance of distinctions between policy instruments -- pt. 3. The application of the pre-Uruguay Round GATT to agriculture -- pt. 4. The Uruguay Round rules on agriculture -- pt. 5. The thesis and its importance Seeks an answer to the legal difficulties in applying GATT to agriculture

傳統的電信公眾網路服務事業，具有攸關民生之公益色彩，因此往往受到政府管制。在我國電信事業為獨佔之公營事業，近年來隨著自由化的潮流，電信業務也逐步開放競爭，但由於新電信業者加入市場，一方面放鬆管，另一方面又衍生新的管制問題。在費率制度上，我國係由政府制訂電信費率計算公式予以規範。此外，電信業務困共同使用網路，具有聯產品特性，成本劃分不易，而電信局也一直未建立成本劃分與費率調整之關聯性機制，以致長期以來有交叉補貼現象，本研究究從電信業務管制特性、費率及成本三方面來探討，提出一適合管制性電信業務訂價決策之成本劃分觀念性架構。本文結論建議如下： 　　一、結論 　　1、管制性費率宜反映成本 　　2、電信成本劃分制度宜能避兔交叉補貼與避兔共同成本分攤太過武斷，且能提供各種相關決策資訊 　　3、未來電信開放自由化將會產生新的接續費問題，為放鬆管制所衍生之新管制性問題，須在成本劃分機制及費率結構上一併考量應依據行業特性，制訂一套電信會計科目及列帳方式。 　　二、建議 　　1.理想的電信成本劃分制度，應追求產出資訊具有高度的決策攸關性 　　2.電信成本劃分架構，所產生之成本資訊，可因應資費政策制訂之需要作彈性組合 　　3.電信業務自由化之後，管制機構應設計一套符合電信行業特性之會計制度及統一會計科 　　4.組織形態應隨著電信局經營型態朝公司化及民營化改變而調整

This study describes the development and use of a mathematical model that will enable mine operators to minimise the costs of electricity consumed by the ventilation and refrigeration systems used for environmental control in deep mines. This model was calibrated and tested by using actual data from a gold mine near Welkom in South Africa. In a first simulation, the mine's current practice of controlling conditions to a wet bulb temperature (Twb) of 25S°C, was optimised. The model demonstrated that this environmental condition could be sustained at lower electricity consumption. In so doing, the mine realised a saving of 30 000 kWh per day. The energy saving and load management led to a cost saving of R 1.5 million per year. However, a better indicator of environmental conditions is the Air Cooling Power index, (ACP). Research has shown that for hard physical work in hot conditions workers need an ACP of 300 w/m2. It was found that the case study mine actually supplied their workplace with a cooling capacity of 422 w/m2. The new model optimised the refrigeration and ventilation systems in such a manner that the workers were supplied with exactly 300 w/m2, no more and no less. It was found that by doing this, an electricity saving of 57 600 kWh per day could be realised when compared with the current mine practices. The energy saving and load management led to a potential cost saving of R 2.55 million per year. (Certain capital costs, such as for variable speed drives may have to be incurred to realise these savings.) The new model could be further extended to take advantage of the new Real Time Price offerings from Eskom It will be able to identify an operating point for the refrigeration and ventilation systems to supply 300 w/m2 for the workers, in real time, at the lowest electricity cost. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

This aim of this thesis will be to first address the issue of the direct applicability of the GATT within the national framework, mainly through the use of an analysis of the considerations that such a denial of the direct effect of the GATT is based upon, to understand if there are real obstacles to its implementation, before examining the harmful effects this of denial. The analysis will focus on the situation in both the European Union and the United States, these two countries being two of the most important trade partners in the WTO, before suggesting various solutions that could be adopted to implement the direct effect of the GATT in order to benefit both individuals and the WTO members. / However, since WTO members are still highly opposed to the recognition of the direct effect of the GATT, the unlikelihood of its implementation, at least in a short term perspective, will lead to an analysis of the situation directly at the WTO level. This will permit us to further conclude, whether it would be possible to find solutions to palliate the problems arising out of the denial of the direct effect of the GATT at a national level. Indeed, in the last part of the analysis undertaken in this work, various ways to remedy the deficit of democracy will be explored, examining alternatively the best vectors that could be used: individuals or NGOs, in order to enhance the legitimacy of the WTO which is principally under attack.

2011 metų pabaigoje Seime priimti Žemės mokesčio įstatymo pakeitimai. Priėmus naują žemės mokesčio įstatymo pakeitimo įstatymą nuo 2013 metų pereita prie žemės mokesčio skaičiavimo nuo vidutinės žemės rinkos vertės, kuri nustatoma masinio arba individualaus vertinimo būdu. Iš esmės keičiasi ne pats žemės mokestis, o vertė, nuo kurios šis mokestis skaičiuojamas. Teisę nustatyti žemės mokesčio tarifus ir taip reguliuoti mokesčio dydį nuo 0,01 iki 4 procentų (vietoje buvusio 1,5 proc. tarifo) žemės vertės ribose įstatymas suteikia savivaldybėms. Panašūs įgaliojimai savivaldybėms vykdyti savarankišką mokesčių politiką yra suteikti nekilnojamojo turto mokesčio srityje bei nuomojant valstybinę žemę, kur jau eilę metų mokesčiai skaičiuojami nuo rinkos vertės, o savivaldybės turi kompetenciją spręsti dėl konkrečių tarifų nustatytose ribose. Ištyrus pasikeitimus galime pastebėti, jog naujas įstatymas nebuvo paruoštas iki galo, kadangi neaišku pagal kokias taisykles savivaldybės nustatinėja tarifus ar kaip bus nustatyta nenaudojama žemė. Taip pat dėl plataus žemės mokesčio tarifo intervalo, bei palikto tik vieno žemės apmokestinimo vertę mažinančio koeficiento šis įstatymas kai kuriems žemės savininkams mokesčius išaugino po kelis ar keliolika kartų. Magistratūros baigiamąjį darbą (MBD) sudaro: įvadas, 5 skyriai, 8 poskyriai, 4 skirsniai, išvados bei literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 55 puslapiai, jame yra 11 paveikslų ir 7 lentelės. Bibliografinį aprašą sudaro 35 šaltiniai. / At the end of 2011 Seimas has adopted changes in land taxation system. Since 2013, after a new enactment came into force, the land was taxed according to the average land’s value in the market. The value was determined in a way of mass or individual appraisal. Generally, the tax on the land remained the same, just the value has changed, which resulted in different calculation of the taxes. The enactment provided the municipalities with the right to appraise and control the tariffs of the taxes on the land from 0.01 to 4 percent (instead of the former 1.5 percent tariff). Moreover, very similar enactments which enable the municipalities to implement an independent taxing policy have been provided in the real-estate and leasehold of government’s land areas, where the taxes used to be calculated according to the market value and the municipalities used to have the competence to decide on the certain tariffs within the limits for years. After having performed the analysis of the changes, it is noticeable that the new enactment has not been fully prepared as it is not clear according to what canon the municipalities appraise the tariffs or how they will identify the unexploited land. Finally, this enactment has caused the increase on the land taxes for some of the landlords in several or even more times, because of the wide interval of land tariff and only one coefficient which reduces the land’s taxation value left. This graduate work contains: preface, 5 chapters, 18... [to full text]

The objective of this study is to measure the level of the European Union's (EU) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) price support system (PSS) applied to producers in the EU-15 and in Turkey. The producer subsidy estimate (PSE) method has been used to determine protection levels for selected cereal products from the beginning of the application of the PSE method in 1986 to date. In addition, this study attempts to examine the empirical findings of the PSE in the light of CAP reforms and EU enlargements during the period 1986- 2003. The expected contribution of this study is to determine which support instruments, such as countervailing levies or direct payments (based on limited or unlimited area) against export subsidies, voluntary or compulsory set-aside measures and price interventions, are more appropriate for the CAP in reducing destabilizing effects on trade with selected products between the EU and Turkey with respect to distribution effects (how income is distributed between different groups involved in the production operation process). Does the current PSS of the CAP have positive effects on agricultural producers in Turkey as a non-member country? The major finding of this dissertation is the evaluation of benefits and costs of common agricultural policies of the EU on fair trade. The assessment of the PSE of the EU's CAP will be used to determine the impact of current support measures of the CAP reforms on fair trade and consumer welfare, and how the CAP measures can be reformed for the improvement of producer gain in accordance with fair trade. (author's abstract)

This study describes the development and use of a mathematical model that will enable mine operators to minimise the costs of electricity consumed by the ventilation and refrigeration systems used for environmental control in deep mines. This model was calibrated and tested by using actual data from a gold mine near Welkom in South Africa. In a first simulation, the mine's current practice of controlling conditions to a wet bulb temperature (Twb) of 25S°C, was optimised. The model demonstrated that this environmental condition could be sustained at lower electricity consumption. In so doing, the mine realised a saving of 30 000 kWh per day. The energy saving and load management led to a cost saving of R 1.5 million per year. However, a better indicator of environmental conditions is the Air Cooling Power index, (ACP). Research has shown that for hard physical work in hot conditions workers need an ACP of 300 w/m2. It was found that the case study mine actually supplied their workplace with a cooling capacity of 422 w/m2. The new model optimised the refrigeration and ventilation systems in such a manner that the workers were supplied with exactly 300 w/m2, no more and no less. It was found that by doing this, an electricity saving of 57 600 kWh per day could be realised when compared with the current mine practices. The energy saving and load management led to a potential cost saving of R 2.55 million per year. (Certain capital costs, such as for variable speed drives may have to be incurred to realise these savings.) The new model could be further extended to take advantage of the new Real Time Price offerings from Eskom It will be able to identify an operating point for the refrigeration and ventilation systems to supply 300 w/m2 for the workers, in real time, at the lowest electricity cost. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves p. i-xxxii) / xxi, [778], xxxii p. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Seeks an answer to the legal difficulties in applying GATT to agriculture / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Law, 2000

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio University, August, 2007. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.