This thesis will focus on the issue of linking agricultural policy, agricultural tariffs and trade inter-war Czechoslovakia. It focuses on blending the implementation of agrarian circles Czechoslovak interests in foreign trade. In the field of view of the structure of the ambivalence of the Czechoslovak economy as industrial-agrarian country. The work is the analysis of official statistics of foreign trade. Use of the historical and contemporary literature and archival studies.

The occurrence of water crises in many parts of the world raises the need to consider more efficient and sustainable consumption of water resources. As such, many cities have prioritised water demand management strategies, which are based on price and non-price mechanisms. The literature shows no consensus as to which of these measures are most effective for managing residential water demand. To understand the impact and effectiveness of these mechanisms, there is a need to understand how people respond to them. This requires understanding materials, meanings and competences (skills and know how) that people have, which constitute elements of social practice. In 2017 and 2018, the City of Cape Town (CoCT) ramped up their price and non-price mechanisms to encourage people to save water in response to a severe drought. These mechanisms included water restrictions, increased water tariffs, and the Day Zero communication campaign. However, little is known about how effective these measures were at encouraging people to save water. There is no clear documentation of how the public understands, interprets and incorporates these mechanisms into their own household water use practices. This study explores the impacts and effectiveness of the City of Cape Town’s price and non-price mechanisms on household water use practices during the water crisis. Using information obtained through semi-structured interviews with 20 individuals living in houses where they paid their water bills, a version of social practice theory is used as a lens to understand how respondents interpreted and responded to these mechanisms when it comes to residential water use practices. This allows for an assessment of which of the CoCT’s actions are more effective in achieving sustainable water use practices. Results show that price mechanisms (water tariffs) were considered to be ineffective and did not encourage people to save water. Non-price mechanisms (water restrictions and Day Zero communication campaign) were seen as having more impact on respondents, encouraging water conservation behaviour; especially when it comes to household indoor water use activities related to hygiene. Compared to other studies which have used estimates for the water demand function, this study conducted interviews directly with households on the impact of the mechanisms. This enabled this study to explain how and why household water use practices change in response to these measures. Such qualitative information is important and contributes to a field that often uses quantitative data to suggest whether price or non-price mechanisms are effective.

Load models play an essential role in many studies, including calculating voltage drops and technical losses in distribution systems, for distributed generator (DG) integration planning, and in tariff analysis and design models. The Herman-Beta transform used in the low voltage network modelling studies in South Africa is based on loads modelled as Beta probability density functions. Recently, the transform was extended to make it useful also for probabilistic load flow modelling in medium voltage (MV) networks with non-unity power factor loads and DGs. The electricity supply industry in South Africa has transformed and saw an increased penetration of Independent Power Producers as a result of the government encouraged the renewable independent power procurement programme (REIPPP). There has also been a steady decrease in the costs of procuring power from renewable energy sources, mainly from photovoltaic (PV) systems. South Africa also saw significant tariff increases in the recent past. These have resulted in both new load patterns and uncertainties in the power systems inputs required for network planning and tariff development. Other factors affecting loads and renewable energy output include weather, location and economic factors. Load models are essential for technical and tariff studies. Long term and short term planning models in both technical and tariff modelling require information about the usage behaviour of customers. Planning cannot be separated from the financial impact and tariffs in general. The literature review indicated that planning has the objective of designing a network for optimal usage, thus minimising the costs and deferring investment where possible. Load patterns have been recognised to represent the usage behaviours of customers better and these behaviours influence the planning parameters. There have been studies by numerous researchers to extract parameters from the load profiles for load flow modelling and simulation purposes. The same challenge exists for South Africa, where there has been progress made on the development of LV models, and the same is not replicated in the MV network space. The derivation of load models primarily involves the classification of loads, identifying and estimating the parameters of loads, and assigning load profiles to different loads for studies. Customer measurements are an essential input in load model development and load estimation. Identification of parameters is one of the areas where research is ongoing since there is no global consensus on which attributes best describe customer load profiles. In this study, a proposition on how the parameters for technical and tariff analysis models should be defined was made. The use of 24-hour load profiles to classify calendar days into typical days was also suggested. The availability of measurements data made it possible to develop load models for MV and conduct a study on actual customer data. The customers' measurements data, made it possible to identify the parameters and develop load models that could be used for technical and tariff analysis and conduct a pilot study to evaluate the load models. This study proposes a load model that can be used to model typical days and to model customer loads. The load models proposed here uses the k-means clustering algorithm as the basis for classification. The load models enable the classification of loads and assignment of load profiles accordingly. The results of this study indicated that load parameter models could be extracted from the customer measurements, for technical and tariff studies in distribution networks. It has also been possible to identify and determine the parameters from the load profiles and proposed a process for developing a load model for technical, economic and tariff analysis. The results also indicate that of the five identified parameters, the most significant parameters that affected the clustering results were the load factor, average power and the normalised peak usage parameter when the results of each of the factors were compared on an individual basis. The study also revealed improvements to the clustering results when all the parameters identified in this study were combined and a PCAbased clustering algorithm was used. Finally, the results indicate that the loads in the different economic activitybased classifications do not necessarily have similar shapes although they belong to the same cluster. The modelling process developed in this study may be implemented by utilities for determining load parameter models for MV feeders when measurements are available. The process may also be used to guide future data collection.

With accelerating globalization, many industries have faced continuous pressure from rising importation. In the forest products industry, international trade has been intervened by either a tariff on roundwood or a temporary trade barrier on wood and paper products. In this dissertation, three studies are conducted to examine the patterns and impacts of these tariffs and trade barriers. In the first study, the adoption of antidumping and countervailing duty as a temporary trade barrier on forest products trade is examined. Initially, a two-step sample selection model is employed to identify determinants of trade barrier imposition by all the countries, and additionally, by developing countries as a group. Furthermore, the effects in paper and non-paper products are separately assessed by a probit regression. The results reveal that countries with high gross domestic products per capita can file more investigations than others. For these countries with petitions, they are found to be cautious to employ temporary trade barriers, as their attention shifts from the inefficiencies of domestic firms to unfair trade actions of foreign exporters. In the second study, outcomes of antidumping and countervailing petitions and their determinants are analyzed. The outcomes from preliminary and final investigations are separately evaluated by either a binary logistic model or a multinomial logistic model. The results reveal that more affirmative injury decisions exist if petitions initiated after 2000. Since the U.S. has announced the Byrd Amendment in 2000 to protect domestic firms, the trade environment is competitive. In addition, higher-income countries are associated with less affirmative decisions on petitions because of cooperation and retaliation. In the third study, the interaction between tariffs on roundwood and temporary trade barriers on forest products is assessed. A two-stage partial equilibrium displacement model is applied to measure the vertical linkage between roundwood and wood/paper products by estimating endogenous prices, quantities, and the change of welfare after imposing trade barriers. Tariffs on roundwood and temporary trade barriers on forest products are found to have a positive total welfare impact. The implementation of temporary trade barriers on forest products brings a higher welfare change than imposing tariffs on roundwood.

To hasten the transition to reliance on renewable energy sources, energy communities could be part of the solution. An energy community, in this report, is defined as several residential houses that come together and share a virtual fuse for a bigger tariff subscription to the energy grid. The project aims to investigate the economical benefits of an energy community and what the power grid companies want in return to create a win-win situation for both. The first part of the results is produced through calculations on tariff costs based on the measured energy consumption for over 200 houses in different power grid areas in Sweden. The other builds on interviews with different power grid companies. The results show that the energy community saves around 60% of tariff costs. Benefits for the grid companies could be postponed expansion, behavioral changes, effectively utilized local production and storage, and increased knowledge. This project shows that it’s economically beneficial for members of an energy community with today’s tariffs at the expense of the grid companies. If the community invest in PV systems and battery storage as well as behavioral change of energy consumption, it may create a win-win situation. / Sveriges energibehov förutspås öka och för att dessutom påskynda omställningen till förnybara energikällor försöker EU få medborgare att engagera sig i större utsträckning. Energigemenskaper skulle kunna spela en roll i energiomställningen. En energigemenskap definieras inom projektet som flera bostadshus som går samman och delar en virtuell säkring för ett större elnätsabonnemang. Syftet är att undersöka de ekonomiska fördelarna med den här sortens energigemenskap samt vad elnätsbolag skulle vilja ha i gengäld för att skapa en win-win situation för både en energigemenskap och ett elnätsbolag.  Den första delen av projektets resultat tas fram genom beräkningar på tariffkostnader baserade på den uppmätta energiförbrukningen över tre år för över 200 hus som placeras i olika elnätsområden i Sverige. En jämförelse har gjorts, som enskilda hushåll och en energigemenskap, med olika parametervärden. Den andra bygger på intervjuer med olika elnätsföretag kring vad de kan se för nytta med en energigemenskap. Resultaten visar att energigemenskapen sparar runt 60 % av tariffkostnaderna. Fördelar för elnätsbolagen är till exempel att expansionen av elnätet kan skjutas upp. Detta genom beteendeförändringar av energianvändning, effektivt utnyttjande av lokal produktion och lagring, ökad kunskap om elnätet och hur energianvändning påverkar.  Slutsatserna av projektet är att det är ekonomiskt fördelaktigt för medlemmarna i en energigemenskap med dagens tariffstrukturer på elnätbolagens bekostnad. Om energigemenskapen investerar i solceller och batterilagring samt beteendeförändring av energiförbrukning skulle det kunna skapa en win-win situation för kunder och elnätsbolag.

The study is based on Jämtkraft Elnät AB, and the overarching purpose is to enhance understanding of power tariffs and how they can affect the electricity grid. Additionally, the purpose is to explore how power tariffs can be designed and implemented for local conditions. Theories on monopolies along with guidelines from the Swedish Energy Markets Inspectorate and previous literature regarding power tariffs, were used to address the research questions. The empirical analysis was based on data about net exchange to examine peak loads in the electrical grid and how these are related to costs. The study identified that the power tariff could smooth out the usage of the grid and recommended implementing the tariff on working days between 15:00 and 20:00 from the 1st of November to the 28th of February, with a low fee.

This thesis is concerned with analysis of the mobile operators in the Czech Republic. Introduction part of thesis is devoted to the explanation of the key indicators which are used by mobile operators to analyze the rate of customer churn, or average revenue per user, or the customer value. Very importat is also a comparison of price consumption baskets in the Czech Republic with the other countries. The situation has changed dramatically offering unlimited tariffs in the already fully saturated market. In the practical part of this thesis I have focused on a detailed analysis of customers data in Vodafone company a I have reviewed the current offer of affordable tariffs and data services. I tried to implement new tariffs based on a real information of all customers - individuals over a period of 3 months. The aim of the thesis is to propose tariffs and services for customers, which would maintain the current customer base or which would increase the base slightly.

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / The recent transformation in the Ugandan energy sector has led to a significant surge in private electricity generation companies in the country. These companies have a heterogeneous capital structure and they tend to charge different tariff rates for the electricity generated. While the capital structure might have an important role to play in differential tariff setting, it is not clear to what extent it influences the tariff structure of electricity generation projects. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of capital structure on the tariff of electricity generation projects in Uganda after controlling for other factors such as operation and maintenance costs, technology used for generation, project development costs, and installed capacity of generation plants on the generation tariffs. Using cross-sectional data from 29 companies as at September 2014, a bootstrap linear regression analysis was used for estimation. The results of the study indicated that the higher the debt portion in the capital structure, the lower the generation tariff. However, the impact of debt in the capital structure was not statistically significant. What stood out is that renewable technologies have a much lower generating tariff than non-renewable technologies.

No abstract available. / Thesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

The aim of the work was to describe transparently the development of GATT and first of all WTO. The comlexity and topicality was stressed as well as the influence on Czechoslovakia or the Czech republic now. The work is organized chronologically exept for the last part which is dedicated directly to the position of the domestic economy in the purview of international business. There was the highest effort to bring balanced information and to picture consenqunces they cause for international business GATT and WTO.