We theoretically investigate the influence of defect-induced long-range deformations in carbon nanotubes on their electronic transport properties. To this end we perform numerical ab-initio calculations using a density-functional-based tight-binding model for various tubes with vacancies. The geometry optimization leads to a change of the atomic positions. There is a strong reconstruction of the atoms near the defect (called 'distortion') and there is an additional long-range deformation. The impact of both structural features on the conductance is systematically investigated. We compare short and long CNTs of different kinds with and without long-range deformation. We find for the very thin (9, 0)-CNT that the long-range deformation additionally affects the transmission spectrum and the conductance compared to the short-range lattice distortion. The conductance of the larger (11, 0)-or the (14, 0)-CNT is overall less affected implying that the influence of the long-range deformation decreases with increasing tube diameter. Furthermore, the effect can be either positive or negative depending on the CNT type and the defect type. Our results indicate that the long-range deformation must be included in order to reliably describe the electronic structure of defective, small-diameter zigzag tubes.

We investigate the electronic transport properties of semiconducting (m, n) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the mesoscopic length scale with arbitrarily distributed realistic defects. The study is done by performing quantum transport calculations based on recursive Green's function techniques and an underlying density-functional-based tight-binding model for the description of the electronic structure. Zigzag CNTs as well as chiral CNTs of different diameter are considered. Different defects are exemplarily represented by monovacancies and divacancies. We show the energy-dependent transmission and the temperature-dependent conductance as a function of the number of defects. In the limit of many defetcs, the transport is described by strong localization. Corresponding localization lengths are calculated (energy dependent and temperature dependent) and systematically compared for a large number of CNTs. It is shown, that a distinction by (m − n)mod 3 has to be drawn in order to classify CNTs with different bandgaps. Besides this, the localization length for a given defect probability per unit cell depends linearly on the CNT diameter, but not on the CNT chirality. Finally, elastic mean free paths in the diffusive regime are computed for the limit of few defects, yielding qualitatively same statements.

The development of interatomic potentials for magnetic transition metals, and particularly for iron, is difficult, yet it is also necessary for large-scale atomistic simulations of industrially important iron and steel alloys. The magnetism of iron is especially important as it is responsible for many of the element's unique physical properties -- its bcc ground state structure, its high-temperature phase transitions, and the mobility of its self-interstitial atom (SIA) defects. Yet an accurate description of itinerant magnetism within a real-space formalism is particularly challenging and existing interatomic potentials based on the Embedded Atom Method are suited only for studies of near-equilibrium ferritic iron, due to their restricted functional forms. For this work, the magnetic analytic Bond-Order Potential (BOP) method has been implemented in full to test the convergence properties in both collinear and non-collinear magnetic iron. The known problems with negative densities of states (DOS) are addressed by assessing various possible definitions for the bandwidth and by including the damping factors adapted from the Kernel Polynomial Method. A 9-moment approximation is found to be sufficient to reproduce the major structural energy differences observed in Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Tight Binding (TB) reference calculations, as well as the volume dependence of the atomic magnetic moments. The Bain path connecting bcc and fcc structures and the formation energy of mono- and divacancies are also described well at this level of approximation. Other quantities such as the high-spin/low-spin transition in fcc iron, the bcc elastic constants and the SIA formation energies converge more slowly towards the TB reference data. The theory of non-collinear magnetism within analytic BOP is extended as required for a practical implementation. The spin-rotational behaviour of the energy is shown to converge more slowly than the collinear bulk energy differences, and there are specific problems at low angles of rotation where the magnitude of the magnetic moment depends sensitively on the detailed structure of the local DOS. Issues of charge transfer in relation to magnetic defects are discussed, as well as inadequacies in the underlying d-electron TB model.

Escherichia coli produit diverses entérotoxines thermolabiles et thermostables. STb est une toxine de faible poids moléculaire résistant à la chaleur chargée de la diarrhée chez les animaux de la ferme. Une étude antérieure a montré que les cellules ayant internalisé la toxine STb provoquent un dysfonctionnement de la barrière épithéliale par des changements dans les protéines des jonctions serrées (TJ). Ces modifications contribuent probablement à la diarrhée observée. Pour mieux comprendre le mécanisme de l'augmentation de la perméabilité intestinale, nous avons traité les cellules du côlon humain (T84) avec la toxine purifiée STb une fois que les cellules ont été récoltées et les protéines extraites. Après l'utilisation d'une solution contenant 1% de Nonidet P-40 (un détergent non dénaturant, non ionique), nous avons étudié la distribution de la claudine -1, une protéine majeure des TJs, responsable de l'imperméabilité de l'épithélium, entre la membrane (NP40-insoluble) et le cytoplasme (NP40-soluble). En utilisant l’immunoblot et la microscopie confocale, nous avons observé que le traitement des monocouches de cellules T84 avec STb induit la redistribution de la claudine-1. Après 24h, les cellules cultivées en milieu faible en Ca+ (5 uM) et traitées par STb, ont montré qu’environ 40 % de plus de la claudine-1 se sont délogées dans le cytoplasme par comparaison au contrôle. En passant d’un milieu faible à un milieu contenant des quantités physiologiques de Ca++ (1,8 mM) nous avons observé une augmentation du taux de claudine- 1 délogé, comme la délocalisation comparable et ce, après 6h. Un milieu supplémenté avec la même concentration de Mg++ ou Zn++ n'a pas affecté le taux de délogement comparé au milieu contenant une faible teneur en Ca++. En utilisant des anticorps anti-phosphosérine et anti-phosphothréonine, nous avons observé que la perte des claudines-1 de la membrane a été accompagnée par une déphosphorylation de cette protéine des TJs. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats ont montré une importante redistribution de la claudine-1 dans les cellules traitées par la toxine STb. La perte de la claudine-1 phosphorylée de la membrane est susceptible d'être impliquée dans la perméabilité accrue observée. Les mécanismes par lesquels ces changements sont provoqués restent à élucider. / Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli produce various heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins. STb is a low molecular weight heat-resistant toxin responsible for diarrhea in farm animals. A previous study demonstrated that cells having internalized STb toxin induce epithelial barrier dysfunction through changes in tight junction (TJ) proteins. These modifications contribute probably to the diarrhea observed. To gain insight into the mechanism of increased intestinal permeability we treated human colon cells (T84) with purified STb toxin after which cells were harvested and proteins extracted. Using a 1% Nonidet P-40 (a non-ionic, non-denaturing detergent)-containing solution we investigated the distribution of claudin-1, a major TJ protein responsible for the epithelium impermeability, between membrane (NP40-insoluble) and the cytoplasmic (NP40- soluble) location. Using immunoblot and confocal microscopy, we observed that treatment of T84 cell monolayers with STb induced redistribution of claudin-1. After 24h, cells grown in low Ca++-containing medium (5 μM) treated with STb, showed about 40% more claudin-1 in the cytoplasm compare to the control. Switching from low to physiological Ca++-containing medium (1,8 mM) increased the dislodgement rate of claudin-1, as comparable delocalization was observed after 6h. Medium supplemented with the same concentration of Mg++ or Zn++ did not affect the dislodgement rate compare to the low Ca++-containing medium. Using anti- phosphoserine and anti-phosphothreonine antibodies we observed that the loss of membrane claudin-1 was accompanied by dephosphorylation of this TJ protein. Overall, our findings showed an important redistribution of claudin-1 in cells treated with STb toxin. The loss of phosphorylated TJ membrane claudin-1 is likely to be involved in the increased permeability observed. The mechanisms by which these changes are brought about remain to be elucidated.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

La toxine thermostable d’E.coli (STb) est une cause de diarrhée chez l’homme et l’animal. STb se lie au sulfatide, son récepteur, puis s’internalise. Dans le cytoplasme, par une cascade d’événements, STb déclenche l’ouverture des canaux ioniques permettant la sécrétion des ions et la perte d’eau menant à la diarrhée. Les jonctions serrées forment une barrière physique intercellulaire dans les cellules épithéliales intestinales, contrôlant ainsi le flux paracellulaire des ions et de l’eau. Les jonctions serrées sont affectées par divers pathogènes et par leurs toxines. À ce jour, l’effet de STb sur les jonctions serrées n’a pas été étudié. L’étude entreprise visait à explorer l’effet de STb sur les jonctions serrées et la barrière épithéliale des cellules intestinales. Des cellules épithéliales intestinales du colon humain (T84) ont été traitées pendant 24h soit avec la toxine STb purifiée soit avec une souche d’E.coli exprimant STb. La résistance transépithéliale (TER), le flux de marqueurs paracellulaires et la microscopie confocale ont été utilisés pour analyser les effets de STb sur les jonctions serrées. Les monocouches traitées par la souche E.coli exprimant STb et la toxine STb purifiée ont manifesté une forte réduction de TER (p<0.0001) parallèlement à une augmentation significative de la perméabilité paracellulaire à l’Albumine de Sérum Bovin marqué avec l’IsoThioCyanate Fluoroscéine, BSA-FITC (p<0.0001) comparativement aux cellules non traitées et aux cellules traitées par une souche d’E.coli commensale non-toxinogène. L’augmentation de la perméabilité paracellulaire induite par STb a été associée à une dissolution générale et une condensation des fibres de stress centrales des filaments d’actine. Le réarrangement des filaments d’actine a été accompagné par une redistribution et une fragmentation des protéines des jonctions serrées dont l’occludine, la claudine-1 et la Zonula Occludens-1. Les mêmes modifications on été observées après l’intoxication des cellules T84 avec un octapeptide synthétique retrouvé dans la séquence de STb correspondant à une séquence consensus de la toxine ZOT de Vibrio cholerae, impliquée dans la réorganisation des jonctions serrées. Cet effet n’a pas été observé lorsque les cellules ont été traitées avec un octapeptide synthétique comportant les mêmes acides aminés mais distribués de façon aléatoire ou avec la toxine mutée (D30V). Nos résultats montrent pour la première fois que STb induit le dysfonctionnement de la barrière épithéliale intestinale en modifiant la distribution des protéines des jonctions serrées. Ces résultats ouvrent une nouvelle voie pour la compréhension de la pathogenèse de diarrhée causée par la toxine STb. / Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin (STb) causes diarrhea in Man and animals. STb binds to sulfatide, its receptor, followed by its internalization. Inside the cytoplasm, through a cascade of events, STb triggers the opening of ion channels allowing ion secretion and water loss leading to diarrhea. Tight junctions (TJs) are well known for controlling paracellular traffic of ions and water by forming a physical intercellular barrier in epithelial cells. Some bacterial toxinz are known to affect adversibly TJs. To date, the impact of STb on TJs has not been investigated. The present study aimed to explore the effect of STb on TJs and the barrier function in intestinal epithelial cells. Human colon intestinal epithelial cells (T84) were treated for 24h with either purified STb toxin or an E. coli strains expressing STb. TransEpithelial Resistance (TER), paracellular flux marker and confocal microscopy were used to analyze the effect of STb toxin on TJs. An E. coli strains expressing STb as well as purified STb caused a significant reduction of TER (p<0.0001) parallely to an increase in paracellular permeability to BSA-FITC (p<0.0001) compared to untreated cells or a commensal non toxinogenic E.coli strain. The increased paracellular permeability induced by STb was associated with a marked general dissolution and condensation of central F-actin stress fibers. F-actin disorganisation was accompanied by redistribution and fragmentation of occludin, claudin-1 and ZO-1 (Zonula Occludens-1) proteins. These changes were also observed following intoxication of T84 cells with an 8 amino acids peptide found in the STb sequence corresponding to a consensus sequence of Vibrio cholerae Zot toxin, shown to be involved in TJs disassembly. This effect was not observed with the scramble peptide and D30V mutant. Our findings suggest that STb induces epithelial barrier dysfunction by changes in tight junction proteins that could contribute to the observed diarrhea. These results provide new insight into the diarrhea pathogenesis caused by STb.

L'épilepsie est une maladie neurologique chronique caractérisée par des crises spontanées et récurrentes. Les crises sont générées par un déséquilibre dans le fonctionnement des neurotransmetteurs et des canaux ioniques qui contrôlent l'excitabilité. L'épileptogenèse est majoritairement associée à des pertes neuronales, une gliose, une inflammation plus ou moins importants. Un tiers des patients deviennent réfractaires. Récemment, plusieurs équipes ont montré une association entre les épilepsies focales pharmacorésistantes et la rupture de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE). De plus, une implication du système immunitaire ainsi qu'une cause auto-immune de l'épilepsie ont été suggérées. Dans cette thèse, nous avons observé dans le tissu de patients atteints d'épilepsie pharmacorésistante du lobe temporal (ELT), des fuites d'Immunoglobulines G (IgG) dans le parenchyme et leur accumulation dans les neurones présentant des signes de neurodégénérescence. Le récepteur d'IgG de grande affinité FcyRI est surexprimé sur les cellules ayant une morphologie de type microglie/ macrophages, tandis que le récepteur de faible affinité FcyRIII et le récepteur inhibiteur FcγRII sont moins présents. Dans ce même tissu nous avons noté que les protéines du complément C3c et C5b9 sont exprimées. Ensuite, nous avons étudié si le modèle murin d'épilepsie focale induite par injection intra-amygdalienne de kaïnate reproduit la physiopathologie de l'ELT associée à une rupture de la BHE. ZO-1, la principale protéine des jonctions serrées, présente un marquage discontinu indiquant que la BHE a été affectée. Nous avons remarqué des fuites d'IgGs et d'albumine ainsi que leur accumulation dans le parenchyme coïncidant avec la survenue des crises. La présence d‘IgG dans l'épilepsie pourrait également avoir une cause auto-immune. Nous avons utilisé des puces à protéines pour identifier des antigènes qui induisent une réponse immunitaire, dans le plasma des patients atteints d'ELT, Nous avons sélectionné 19 auto-anticorps spécifiques qui peuvent servir de potentiels biomarqueurs diagnostiques L'ensemble de ces résultats suggère que les fuites d'IgG sont associées à une déficience neuronale, conduisant à des changements immunologiques dans le foyer épileptique qui participent à la pathogénèse de l'ELT. Nous pensons qu'une meilleure interprétation des profils de ces auto-anticorps pourrait offrir de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques. / Epilepsy is a chronic neurologic disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Seizures are generated by an imbalance in the functioning of neurotransmitters and ion channels that control excitability. Epileptogenesis is mostly associated with neuronal loss, gliosis, and inflammation more or less important. A third of patients become drug refractory. Recently, several teams have shown an association between drug-resistant focal epilepsy and disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In addition, a possible role of the immune system and an autoimmune nature in epilepsy has been suggested. In this thesis, in the tissue of patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), leakage of immunoglobulin G (IgG) into the parenchyma and IgG accumulation in neurons with attendant signs of neurodegeneration was observed. In addition, the high affinity IgG receptor, FcγRI was expressed on microglia/macrophage shaped cells. The expression of the low affinity IgG receptor, FcγRIII and the inhibitory IgG receptor, FcγRII was decreased. In the same tissue the complement proteins C3c and C5b9 were present on astrocyte/ microglia and macrophage/ microglia shaped cells respectively. Then, we evaluated whether the mouse model of focal epilepsy induced by intra-amygdala microinjection of kainic acid reproduced a pathophysiology of TLE associated with BBB impairment. ZO-1, the main tight junction protein presented discontinuous staining indicating that BBB was affected. Both IgG and albumin extravasations from blood vessels were noted and its parenchymal accumulation was concomitant with seizure occurrence. Another hypothesis of IgG presence in epilepsy incriminates an auto-immune cause. Protein microarray technology was used for identification in pooled plasma samples, of antigens that bind plasma antibody from TLE patients. 19 potential autoantibodies were identified as potential diagnostic biomarkers. Together, these observations suggest that IgG leakage is associated with neuronal impairment, leading to immunological changes in epileptic focus involved in the pathogenesis of TLE. A better interpretation of the profiles of these autoantibodies could offer new therapeutic and diagnostic perspectives.

Increasingly complex applications and recent shifts in technology scaling have created a large demand for microprocessors which can perform tasks more quickly and more energy efficient. Conventional microarchitectures exploit multiple levels of parallelism to increase instruction throughput and use application specific instruction sets or hardware accelerators to increase energy efficiency. Reconfigurable microprocessors adopt the same principle of providing application specific hardware, however, with the significant advantage of post-fabrication flexibility. Not only does this offer similar gains in performance but also the flexibility to configure each device individually. This thesis explored the benefit of a tight coupled and fine-grained reconfigurable microprocessor. In contrast to previous research, a detailed design space exploration of logical architectures for island-style field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) has been performed in the context of a commercial 22nm process technology. Other research projects either reused general purpose architectures or spent little effort to design and characterize custom fabrics, which are critical to system performance and the practicality of frequently proposed high-level software techniques. Here, detailed circuit implementations and a custom area model were used to estimate the performance of over 200 different logical FPGA architectures with single-driver routing. Results of this exploration revealed similar tradeoffs and trends described by previous studies. The number of lookup table (LUT) inputs and the structure of the global routing network were shown to have a major impact on the area delay product. However, results suggested a much larger region of efficient architectures than before. Finally, an architecture with 5-LUTs and 8 logic elements per cluster was selected. Modifications to the microprocessor, whichwas based on an industry proven instruction set architecture, and its software toolchain provided access to this embedded reconfigurable fabric via custom instructions. The baseline microprocessor was characterized with estimates from signoff data for a 28nm hardware implementation. A modified academic FPGA tool flow was used to transform Verilog implementations of custom instructions into a post-routing netlist with timing annotations. Simulation-based verification of the system was performed with a cycle-accurate processor model and diverse application benchmarks, ranging from signal processing, over encryption to computation of elementary functions. For these benchmarks, a significant increase in performance with speedups from 3 to 15 relative to the baseline microprocessor was achieved with the extended instruction set. Except for one case, application speedup clearly outweighed the area overhead for the extended system, even though the modeled fabric architecturewas primitive and contained no explicit arithmetic enhancements. Insights into fundamental tradeoffs of island-style FPGA architectures, the developed exploration flow, and a concrete cost model are relevant for the development of more advanced architectures. Hence, this work is a successful proof of concept and has laid the basis for further investigations into architectural extensions and physical implementations. Potential for further optimizationwas identified on multiple levels and numerous directions for future research were described. / Zunehmend komplexere Anwendungen und Besonderheiten moderner Halbleitertechnologien haben zu einer großen Nachfrage an leistungsfähigen und gleichzeitig sehr energieeffizienten Mikroprozessoren geführt. Konventionelle Architekturen versuchen den Befehlsdurchsatz durch Parallelisierung zu steigern und stellen anwendungsspezifische Befehlssätze oder Hardwarebeschleuniger zur Steigerung der Energieeffizienz bereit. Rekonfigurierbare Prozessoren ermöglichen ähnliche Performancesteigerungen und besitzen gleichzeitig den enormen Vorteil, dass die Spezialisierung auf eine bestimmte Anwendung nach der Herstellung erfolgen kann. In dieser Diplomarbeit wurde ein rekonfigurierbarer Mikroprozessor mit einem eng gekoppelten FPGA untersucht. Im Gegensatz zu früheren Forschungsansätzen wurde eine umfangreiche Entwurfsraumexploration der FPGA-Architektur im Zusammenhang mit einem kommerziellen 22nm Herstellungsprozess durchgeführt. Bisher verwendeten die meisten Forschungsprojekte entweder kommerzielle Architekturen, die nicht unbedingt auf diesen Anwendungsfall zugeschnitten sind, oder die vorgeschlagenen FGPA-Komponenten wurden nur unzureichend untersucht und charakterisiert. Jedoch ist gerade dieser Baustein ausschlaggebend für die Leistungsfähigkeit des gesamten Systems. Deshalb wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit über 200 verschiedene logische FPGA-Architekturen untersucht. Zur Modellierung wurden konkrete Schaltungstopologien und ein auf den Herstellungsprozess zugeschnittenes Modell zur Abschätzung der Layoutfläche verwendet. Generell wurden die gleichen Trends wie bei vorhergehenden und ähnlich umfangreichen Untersuchungen beobachtet. Auch hier wurden die Ergebnisse maßgeblich von der Größe der LUTs (engl. "Lookup Tables") und der Struktur des Routingnetzwerks bestimmt. Gleichzeitig wurde ein viel breiterer Bereich von Architekturen mit nahezu gleicher Effizienz identifiziert. Zur weiteren Evaluation wurde eine FPGA-Architektur mit 5-LUTs und 8 Logikelementen ausgewählt. Die Performance des ausgewählten Mikroprozessors, der auf einer erprobten Befehlssatzarchitektur aufbaut, wurde mit Ergebnissen eines 28nm Testchips abgeschätzt. Eine modifizierte Sammlung von akademischen Softwarewerkzeugen wurde verwendet, um Spezialbefehle auf die modellierte FPGA-Architektur abzubilden und eine Netzliste für die anschließende Simulation und Verifikation zu erzeugen. Für eine Reihe unterschiedlicher Anwendungs-Benchmarks wurde eine relative Leistungssteigerung zwischen 3 und 15 gegenüber dem ursprünglichen Prozessor ermittelt. Obwohl die vorgeschlagene FPGA-Architektur vergleichsweise primitiv ist und keinerlei arithmetische Erweiterungen besitzt, musste dabei, bis auf eine Ausnahme, kein überproportionaler Anstieg der Chipfläche in Kauf genommen werden. Die gewonnen Erkenntnisse zu den Abhängigkeiten zwischen den Architekturparametern, der entwickelte Ablauf für die Exploration und das konkrete Kostenmodell sind essenziell für weitere Verbesserungen der FPGA-Architektur. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat somit erfolgreich den Vorteil der untersuchten Systemarchitektur gezeigt und den Weg für mögliche Erweiterungen und Hardwareimplementierungen geebnet. Zusätzlich wurden eine Reihe von Optimierungen der Architektur und weitere potenziellen Forschungsansätzen aufgezeigt.

INTRODUÇÃO: Isquemia e reperfusão (I/R) intestinal podem ocorrer em cirurgias vasculares e abdominais, trauma, choque, grandes queimados e transplante intestinal. O órgão funciona como barreira contra agressores externos, e uma vez lesionado, sofre aumento da permeabilidade, que permite a passagem de mediadores inflamatórios e bactérias, causando sepse, inflamação sistêmica e disfunção de múltiplos órgãos, que é a maior causa de morte em unidades de terapia intensiva cirúrgica. O diazóxido tem mecanismo de ação semelhante ao pré-condicionamento isquêmico, e demonstrou proteção em I/R de diversos órgãos. De forma semelhante, em cenário de isquemia e reperfusão intestinal, supomos que ele desempenharia função protetora no intestino, através do pré-condicionamento farmacológico, e em órgãos distantes, exercendo o pré-condicionamento remoto. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os efeitos do diazóxido em intestino, fígado e coração de ratos submetidos a uma hora de isquemia e doze horas de reperfusão intestinal. MÉTODOS: 32 ratos machos Wistar divididos em três grupos, Sham (n=6); Salina (n=13) submetido a uma hora de isquemia e doze horas de reperfusão intestinal, tendo recebido soro fisiológico; Diazóxido (n=13) submetido a I/R e diazóxido. O modelo de I/R incluiu laparotomia mediana e clampeamento da artéria mesentérica superior. No soro, estudamos citocinas, AST, ALT, troponina e IFABP. Em amostras de intestino e fígado, quantificamos a expressão gênica de citocinas e COX-2. No intestino foi estudada ainda a expressão de proteínas ligadas a barreira intestinal (tight junctions): ZO-1, ocludina e JAM-A. Realizamos preparações histológicas em hematoxiina e eosina de intestino, fígado e coração. RESULTADOS: Evidenciamos redução de expressão de IL-6 intestinal, redução de IL-10 hepática, além de menor expressão de COX-2 intestinal e de ZO-1. IL-6 tem níveis associados a dano da barreira intestinal, assim como COX-2. A menor expressão de ZO-1 indica menor esforço de reparação, proporcional ao grau de lesão em modelos não letais de dano tecidual. CONCLUSÃO: O diazóxido exerce efeito protetor sobre o intestino de ratos após uma hora de isquemia e doze horas de reperfusão, porém não foi possível demonstrar efeito protetor sobre fígado ou coração / INTRODUCTION: Intestinal ischemia and reperfusion can occur in great vascular and abdominal surgeries, trauma, shock, great burns and intestinal transplantation. Since the organ works as a barrier against external threats, and once damaged, permeability increases, which permits passage of bacteria and inflammatory mediators, causing sepsis, systemic inflammation and multiple organ dysfunction, the greatest death cause in surgical intensive care units. Diazoxide has similar mechanisms to ischemic preconditioning, and proved benefit during I/R in several tissues. Similarly, in an intestinal ischemia-reperfusion situation, we suppose it can protect intestine with pharmacological preconditioning, and remote organs, with remote preconditioning. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate diazoxide effects over intestine, liver and heart of rats submitted to one-hour ischemia and twelve-hour reperfusion of intestine. METHODS: 32 male Wistar rats divided in three groups, Sham (n=6); Saline (n=13) submitted to one hour of intestinal ischemia and 12 hours of reperfusion and 0.9% saline; Diazoxide (n=13), submitted I/R and diazoxide. I/R model included median laparotomy and superior mesenteric artery clamping. In blood, we studied cytokines, TGO, TGP, troponin and IFABP. In intestine and liver, we quantified genic expression. Of cytokines and COX-2. In intestine, we also studied expression of tight junctions proteins. Also, histologic analysis in hematoxilin-eosin for intestine, liver and heart. RESULTS: We found lower expression of intestinal IL-6, hepatic IL-10, and lower levels of intestinal COX-2 and ZO-1. IL-6 high levels are associated with intestinal barrier lesion, as for COX-2. Lower levels of ZO-1 correlate with minor repair effort, proportional to lesion grade in non-letal models of damage. CONCLUSION: Diazoxide exerts protective effect over intestine of rats submitted to one hour of ischemia and twelve hours of intestinal reperfusion, but no effect was demonstrated over liver and heart

INTRODUÇÃO: Isquemia e reperfusão (I/R) intestinal podem ocorrer em cirurgias vasculares e abdominais, trauma, choque, grandes queimados e transplante intestinal. O órgão funciona como barreira contra agressores externos, e uma vez lesionado, sofre aumento da permeabilidade, que permite a passagem de mediadores inflamatórios e bactérias, causando sepse, inflamação sistêmica e disfunção de múltiplos órgãos, que é a maior causa de morte em unidades de terapia intensiva cirúrgica. O diazóxido tem mecanismo de ação semelhante ao pré-condicionamento isquêmico, e demonstrou proteção em I/R de diversos órgãos. De forma semelhante, em cenário de isquemia e reperfusão intestinal, supomos que ele desempenharia função protetora no intestino, através do pré-condicionamento farmacológico, e em órgãos distantes, exercendo o pré-condicionamento remoto. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os efeitos do diazóxido em intestino, fígado e coração de ratos submetidos a uma hora de isquemia e doze horas de reperfusão intestinal. MÉTODOS: 32 ratos machos Wistar divididos em três grupos, Sham (n=6); Salina (n=13) submetido a uma hora de isquemia e doze horas de reperfusão intestinal, tendo recebido soro fisiológico; Diazóxido (n=13) submetido a I/R e diazóxido. O modelo de I/R incluiu laparotomia mediana e clampeamento da artéria mesentérica superior. No soro, estudamos citocinas, AST, ALT, troponina e IFABP. Em amostras de intestino e fígado, quantificamos a expressão gênica de citocinas e COX-2. No intestino foi estudada ainda a expressão de proteínas ligadas a barreira intestinal (tight junctions): ZO-1, ocludina e JAM-A. Realizamos preparações histológicas em hematoxiina e eosina de intestino, fígado e coração. RESULTADOS: Evidenciamos redução de expressão de IL-6 intestinal, redução de IL-10 hepática, além de menor expressão de COX-2 intestinal e de ZO-1. IL-6 tem níveis associados a dano da barreira intestinal, assim como COX-2. A menor expressão de ZO-1 indica menor esforço de reparação, proporcional ao grau de lesão em modelos não letais de dano tecidual. CONCLUSÃO: O diazóxido exerce efeito protetor sobre o intestino de ratos após uma hora de isquemia e doze horas de reperfusão, porém não foi possível demonstrar efeito protetor sobre fígado ou coração / INTRODUCTION: Intestinal ischemia and reperfusion can occur in great vascular and abdominal surgeries, trauma, shock, great burns and intestinal transplantation. Since the organ works as a barrier against external threats, and once damaged, permeability increases, which permits passage of bacteria and inflammatory mediators, causing sepsis, systemic inflammation and multiple organ dysfunction, the greatest death cause in surgical intensive care units. Diazoxide has similar mechanisms to ischemic preconditioning, and proved benefit during I/R in several tissues. Similarly, in an intestinal ischemia-reperfusion situation, we suppose it can protect intestine with pharmacological preconditioning, and remote organs, with remote preconditioning. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate diazoxide effects over intestine, liver and heart of rats submitted to one-hour ischemia and twelve-hour reperfusion of intestine. METHODS: 32 male Wistar rats divided in three groups, Sham (n=6); Saline (n=13) submitted to one hour of intestinal ischemia and 12 hours of reperfusion and 0.9% saline; Diazoxide (n=13), submitted I/R and diazoxide. I/R model included median laparotomy and superior mesenteric artery clamping. In blood, we studied cytokines, TGO, TGP, troponin and IFABP. In intestine and liver, we quantified genic expression. Of cytokines and COX-2. In intestine, we also studied expression of tight junctions proteins. Also, histologic analysis in hematoxilin-eosin for intestine, liver and heart. RESULTS: We found lower expression of intestinal IL-6, hepatic IL-10, and lower levels of intestinal COX-2 and ZO-1. IL-6 high levels are associated with intestinal barrier lesion, as for COX-2. Lower levels of ZO-1 correlate with minor repair effort, proportional to lesion grade in non-letal models of damage. CONCLUSION: Diazoxide exerts protective effect over intestine of rats submitted to one hour of ischemia and twelve hours of intestinal reperfusion, but no effect was demonstrated over liver and heart