[pt] O objetivo desta dissertação é estudar o e-commerce como forma de comercialização, explorando as características das empresas que fazem uso desse tipo de comercialização, levando em consideração o foco logístico do fluxo de bens e serviços comercializados via lnternet. O presente trabalho pretende identificar os desafios logísticos do comércio eletrônico, abordando quais os aspectos mais importantes no comércio eletrônico segundo a visão do cliente. Objetiva, ainda, verificar os requisitos básicos para resolver o problema da logística de distribuição e entrega de bens e serviços para o consumidor final por meio de um estudo de caso aplicado ao site da empresa CasaeVideo (www.casaevideo.com.br), que é um ambiente virtual de negócios de comércio eletrônico no mercado varejista. A partir dos estudos dos problemas com relação à Logística Urbana, procurou-se mostrar a relevância da aplicação de novas recomendações de fatores críticos de sucesso, inseridos no modelo em questão, para ambientes de negócios virtuais. / [en] The objective of this dissertation is to study e-commerce as a way of marketing, exploring the characteristics of companies that use this type of marketing, taking into account the focus of logistical flow of goods and services marketed via Internet. This study aims to identify the logistical challenges of electronic commerce, addressing what is the most important in electronic commerce through the perspective of the customer. It also aims to verify the basic requirements for solving the problem of logistic distribution and delivery of goods and services to end consumers through a case study applied to the CasaeVideo s website (www.casaevideo.com.br), which is a virtual environment for ecommerce business in the retail market. From the studies of problems related to the City Logistics, sought to demonstrate the relevance of further recommendations of critical success factors, included in the model in question, for virtual business environments.

With the world’s population moving to urban areas due to an increase in population and employment opportunities, e-commerce businesses need to drastically improve logistics to levelwith the eruptive demand from the customers. This expands an already major need to undertake a study on urban logistics management to highlight its best practices. The most sustainable means of “End mile delivery” is a cargo bike, but this operation is limited to selective areas of the city. This prompts van deliveries to be an integral part of logistics, even for small packages. Major limitations of the cargo bike operation not expanding is the non-consolidation of package and routing issues. This research holistically explores how simulation techniques, such as “Agent-Based Modeling”, can play a vital role in the operational side of logistics management and planning. These models can solve the issues, such as package sorting, for cargo bike riders which are facilitated by a mobile hub. This smart mobile hub operation collaborates with the cargo bikes to ensure a larger geo-fence and higher vehicle utilization. Further study of reverse logistic policies in Stockholm is incorporated in the model, to establish a circular economy. An “ABM”, simulating the daily operation of this new proposed urban logistics, has been developed on AnyLogic®. / I takt med världsbefolkningens förflyttning till städer behöver e-handelsindustrin drastiskt förbättra logistiken för att möta den ständigt ökande efterfrågan hos konsumenter. Detta utvidgar ett redan stort behov av studier av stadslogistikhantering för att lyfta fram dess bästa praktiker. Det mest hållbara medlet för ”End mile delivery” är lastcyklar, men de är begränsade till utvalda stadsområden. Således blir skåpbilsleveranser en väsentlig del av logistiken, även gällande mindre paket. Brist på utveckling av lastcyklarnas stora begränsningar är paket- och ruttproblemens icke-konsolidering. Denna forskning utforskar holistiskt hur simulationstekniker, såsom ”Agent-Baserad modellering”, kan spela en väsentlig roll i den operativa sidan av logistik-hantering och planering. Dessa modeller kan lösa lastcyklarnas problem, däribland med paketsorteringen, vilka underlättas med hjälp av ett mobilt nav. Denna smarta mobila-nav-verksamhet samarbetar med lastcyklarna för att säkra ett större geo-fence och högre fordonsutnyttjande. Vidare studie av returlogistik-regelverk i Stockholm är inkorporerad i modellen, för att etablera en cirkulärekonomi. En ”ABM”, som simulerar den dagliga driften av denna nya föreslagna stadslogistik, har blivit utvecklad på AnyLogic®.

A caracterização do sistema de transporte de carga na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, apresentada neste trabalho, apoia-se nas diversas formas de organização das atividades e serviços de transporte de carga, pondo em evidência os novos espaços e fluxos que foram gerados nas últimas duas décadas. A questão da circulação e transporte de carga na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e suas relações com as transformações na organização produtiva são abordadas, entendidas como aspectos importantes da dinâmica sócioespacial da metrópole paulistana. Admite-se que as transformações na organização produtiva da metrópole implicaram o crescimento dos fluxos de bens e mercadorias que, ao afetar a organização da circulação geral e dos serviços de transporte de carga, podem ter repercutido na organização espacial urbana. Tais transformações, também decorrentes de inovações na organização dos próprios serviços de transporte de carga, vêm sendo caracterizadas como atividade logística e visam ganhos globais no processo de produção. Assim sendo, alguns dos novos elementos do sistema de transportes de carga podem estar relacionados a processos sócio-espaciais característicos da formação metropolitana contemporânea, que se expressam em diferentes formas de distribuição espacial das atividades econômicas. Partindo-se desse pressuposto são descritos alguns aspectos da organização da produção e das atividades de comércio e serviços que têm resultado em mudanças no sistema urbano de cargas, argumentando-se que tais mudanças fazem parte das dinâmicas de transformação do espaço metropolitano e confirmam a força de polarização e articulação concentrada na RMSP. / The characterization of load transport system in Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, exposed in this work, holds on several ways of activities and duties organization for cargo transport, calling the attention to the new spaces and flows that were engendered on the last decades. The issue of cargo traffic and transport in São Paulo Metropolitan region and its relation with the transformation of the productive organization are broached, understood as important aspects of social spatial dynamic of São Paulo Metropolis. It is admitted that the transformation of productive organization of the metropolis implied in the increase of the goods and merchandises flows, that when affecting the organization of the general circulation and cargo transport duties, may have rebounded in urban spatial organization. Such transformations, also decurrent from innovations in load transport duties own organization, are becoming characterized as logistics activities and aim global profits in the production process. Thus, some of the new elements of the load transport system may be related to social spatial processes characteristic of the contemporary metropolitan formation, which express itself in different ways of spatial distribution of the economical activities. Starting from this presupposition some aspects of the production organization and of the trading and duties activities are described, which have turned out to changes in the urban load system, arguing that such changes constitute the dynamics transformations of the metropolitan spaces and confirm the polarization strength and the concentrated articulation in RMSP (São Paulo Metropolitan Region).

A caracterização do sistema de transporte de carga na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, apresentada neste trabalho, apoia-se nas diversas formas de organização das atividades e serviços de transporte de carga, pondo em evidência os novos espaços e fluxos que foram gerados nas últimas duas décadas. A questão da circulação e transporte de carga na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e suas relações com as transformações na organização produtiva são abordadas, entendidas como aspectos importantes da dinâmica sócioespacial da metrópole paulistana. Admite-se que as transformações na organização produtiva da metrópole implicaram o crescimento dos fluxos de bens e mercadorias que, ao afetar a organização da circulação geral e dos serviços de transporte de carga, podem ter repercutido na organização espacial urbana. Tais transformações, também decorrentes de inovações na organização dos próprios serviços de transporte de carga, vêm sendo caracterizadas como atividade logística e visam ganhos globais no processo de produção. Assim sendo, alguns dos novos elementos do sistema de transportes de carga podem estar relacionados a processos sócio-espaciais característicos da formação metropolitana contemporânea, que se expressam em diferentes formas de distribuição espacial das atividades econômicas. Partindo-se desse pressuposto são descritos alguns aspectos da organização da produção e das atividades de comércio e serviços que têm resultado em mudanças no sistema urbano de cargas, argumentando-se que tais mudanças fazem parte das dinâmicas de transformação do espaço metropolitano e confirmam a força de polarização e articulação concentrada na RMSP. / The characterization of load transport system in Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, exposed in this work, holds on several ways of activities and duties organization for cargo transport, calling the attention to the new spaces and flows that were engendered on the last decades. The issue of cargo traffic and transport in São Paulo Metropolitan region and its relation with the transformation of the productive organization are broached, understood as important aspects of social spatial dynamic of São Paulo Metropolis. It is admitted that the transformation of productive organization of the metropolis implied in the increase of the goods and merchandises flows, that when affecting the organization of the general circulation and cargo transport duties, may have rebounded in urban spatial organization. Such transformations, also decurrent from innovations in load transport duties own organization, are becoming characterized as logistics activities and aim global profits in the production process. Thus, some of the new elements of the load transport system may be related to social spatial processes characteristic of the contemporary metropolitan formation, which express itself in different ways of spatial distribution of the economical activities. Starting from this presupposition some aspects of the production organization and of the trading and duties activities are described, which have turned out to changes in the urban load system, arguing that such changes constitute the dynamics transformations of the metropolitan spaces and confirm the polarization strength and the concentrated articulation in RMSP (São Paulo Metropolitan Region).

Le transport de marchandises en ville bien que composante essentielle de la ville a disparu des schémas d'urbanisme et reste secondaire dans les préoccupations des pouvoirs publics. Pourtant le TMV présente de nouveaux enjeux (fonctionnels, environnementaux, économiques...) qui doivent intéresser les acteurs de la ville. La question posée dans cette thèse est "en quoi un opérateur de transports publics urbains peut-il être intéressé par les nouveaux services de logistique urbaine ?". Pour y répondre, un diagnostic sera tout d'abord mené sur le TMV afin de mieux comprendre sa mauvaise organisation puis seront envisagées les nouvelles formes de régulation possibles sur les services de gestion de la voirie, la mise en place d'espaces logistiques urbains et relais-livraisons, le transport de fret et le déplacement des chalands / Urban freight is an essential component of the city, but it disappeared from the scheme of town planning and remains secondary within authorities concerns. However, urban freight presents new stakes (functional, environmental, economic…) which seem interesting for the city actors. The question raised by this study is “how may a public transport operator be interested in new urban logistics services?” To answer it, a diagnosis of urban logistics will be made to better understand its poor organisation. Then the new possible forms of regulation will be considered. They will be related to roadway system, installation of logistic urban spaces and pick-up points, freight transport and customers moving

La gestion coordonnée de la logistique en contexte urbain est complexe. La mutualisation est une pratique considérée par les parties prenantes comme potentiellement source de performance de la logistique urbaine. Plusieurs expériences de mutualisation urbaine ont néanmoins échoué. Ce travail de thèse vise à appréhender les antécédents à l’adoption de la mutualisation urbaine en tant que facteurs explicatifs.La première partie propose une revue de la littérature sur le champ de recherche. Le chapitre 1 présente les problématiques de la logistique urbaine et de la mutualisation urbaine. Le chapitre 2 définit la notion de mutualisation urbaine en tant qu’innovation interorganisationnelle qui mène à la formulation de trois propositions de recherche. Le chapitre 3 porte sur l’identification et la mesure de l’influence des antécédents à l’adoption d’une innovation interorganisationnelle. Le recours à la théorie de la diffusion des innovations appliqué à l’adoption de l’innovation organisationnelle et interorganisationnelle mène à la formulation de dix propositions de recherche. La seconde partie porte sur l’étude empirique. La démarche méthodologique est développée dans le chapitre 4. Le chapitre 5 présente les cinq études de cas multiples réalisées sur des centres de consolidation urbains. Le chapitre 6 présente les principaux résultats obtenus au travers des entretiens exploratoires. Neuf antécédents à l’adoption de la mutualisation urbaine ont été validés : l’avantage relatif, la compatibilité, la possibilité de tester, l’observabilité, le caractère volontaire de l’utilisation, le risque perçu, la confiance, le pouvoir des partenaires et l’influence des acteurs publics. / The coordinated management of logistics in an urban context is complex. Pooling is a practice considered by stakeholders as a potential source of urban logistics performance. Several experiences of urban pooling have failed. This research aims to understand the antecedents to the adoption of urban pooling as explanatory factors.The first part of the thesis proposes a literature review of the research fields. Chapter 1 highlights the challenges and issues of urban logistics and urban pooling. Chapter 2 defines the notion of urban pooling as an inter-organizational innovation. This leads to the formulation of three research proposals. Chapter 3 presents the identification and measurement of the antecedents’ influence on the adoption of an inter-organizational innovation. The use of the Diffusion of Innovations Theory applied to the adoption of organizational and inter-organizational innovations leads to the formulation of ten research proposals. The second part presents the empirical study. The methodology approach is developed in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 shows the five multiple case studies of urban consolidation centers. Nine antecedents to the adoption of urban pooling are validated: relative advantage, compatibility, testability, observability, voluntariness of use, perceived risk, trust, power of partners and public stakeholders’ influence.

The growing population of cities and the rise of e-commerce are increasing the transportation of both goods and people. This can generate problems such as traffic jams, increased pollution, and lower living standards for citizens. To reduce the negative impacts, a change in last mile mobility could be made, replacing traditional combustion vehicles with electric ones or, ideally, with bikes and cargo bikes.  This thesis examines the case of the Swedish cities of Gävle and Uppsala, trying to explain how the last mile affects the lives of their inhabitants, if and why electric vehicles and cargo bikes are implemented (or not), and how authorities can promote their use. For this purpose, after a literature review, some questions were developed, and seven city managers were interviewed: five from Gävle and two from Uppsala.  The study shows that city managers are aware of the impacts that the last mile, and mobility in general, has on its inhabitants, and of the need for a shift towards a more sustainable mobility. Despite this awareness, policy makers are not doing everything possible to accelerate the transition. According to city managers, both the public and private sector advocate more for a change of energy source (from combustion to electric vehicles) rather than a model change using bikes. In addition, the study shows the opportunities that the new model based on non-traditional vehicles can offer and the barriers that prevent its implementation. Finally, different measures that could make cities more sustainable are proposed.

[pt] Nos últimos anos as empresas varejistas começaram a investir em modelos menores de lojas, voltando-se para o atendimento de conveniência, que busca atender os novos hábitos de consumo da população. No entanto, esse modelo de loja representa um grande desafio logístico para as empresas, uma vez que por serem pequenas essas lojas normalmente não possuem espaço para estoque, necessitando de abastecimentos frequentes. A logística urbana apresenta alguns obstáculos como as restrições de circulação por tipo de veículo e as janelas de tempo, tornando a roteirização adequada fundamental para entregar o produto correto, no momento correto e na quantidade correta, garantindo assim a redução de veículos, distância percorrida e custos logísticos. Desta forma, este trabalho busca contribuir para o reabastecimento ótimo de lojas de conveniência localizadas em grandes centros urbanos através da otimização de rotas, considerando restrições de circulação e janelas de tempo disponíveis para abastecimento. Para isto, um estudo de caso foi feito em uma empresa do setor varejista utilizando uma ferramenta de código aberto baseada no Excel para resolver a variante do problema de roteirização de veículos. A ferramenta utilizada para resolver casos reais da empresa em estudo, considera o planejamento médio da demanda diária assim como a capacidade e disponibilidade dos veículos, tempos de descarga e restrições de horário para recebimento e circulação de veículos. Os resultados do estudo para os cenários discutidos apresentam uma redução de até 32 por cento no frete da empresa, além de oportunidades de ganhos operacionais frente à atual operação da empresa. / [en] In recent years retail companies have begun to invest in smaller store models, turning to the convenience service, which seeks to meet the new consumption habits of the population. However, this store model represents a major logistical challenge for companies, once they are small, usually do not have space for inventory and need frequent replenishments. City Logistics presents some obstacles such as traffic restrictions by vehicle type and time windows, making proper routing essential to deliver the right product at the right time and in the right amount, thus ensuring vehicle reduction, distance traveled and logistics costs. In this way, the objective of this paper is to contribute to the optimal replenishment of convenience stores located in large urban centers through an optimization of the routes, considering the traffic restrictions and the time windows available for supply. For this, a case study was done in a retail company using an Excel open source tool to solve the variant of the vehicle routing problem. The tool is used to solve real cases of the company under study, considering the average planning of daily demand as well as the capacity and availability of vehicles, unloading times and time constraints for receiving and circulating vehicles. The study results for the scenarios discussed present a reduction of up to 32 per cent in the company s freight as well as opportunities for operating gains against the company s current operation.

L’environnement urbain est fortement ancré dans la gestion des flux logistiques. La mutualisation de ces différents flux apporte alors une solution qualitative répondant aux critères environnementaux, économiques et sociétaux. Cette thèse propose une approche pour la mise en place des centres de distribution urbains (CDU) en combinant la logistique de distribution avec la logistique inverse (flux montants et flux descendants). L’objectif principal de ces CDU est d'assurer un développement durable dans les villes modernes. L’hétérogénéité des pratiques de la logistique de distribution et de la logistique inverse constitue le principal verrou scientifique. La mutualisation de ces différents flux apporte alors une solution qualitative et durable dès lors qu’elle répond aux critères attendus : environnementaux, économiques et sociétaux. Dans un contexte de logistique globale, nous nous sommes basés sur les problèmes de localisation de plateformes HLP « Hub Location Problem » afin de formuler le problème de localisation des CDU selon un critère de maximisation du profit par le choix du meilleur emplacement parmi ceux disponibles. Nous avons calculé les localisations partiellement possibles, tout en garantissant le traitement des flux retournés (collecte, tri, revente) et aussi en tenant compte des coûts socio-environnementaux. Par la suite, nous avons utilisé des outils de résolution du modèle proposé via des algorithmes d’optimisation. L’efficacité de ces algorithmes a été confirmée par un ensemble de jeux de données et de rapports d’analyse d’impacts. La dynamique liée à la fiabilité des CDU dans l’exécution du service par la prise en compte d’une politique de coordination inter-CDU fait aussi partie de notre étude. Nous nous sommes intéressés à l’aspect de disponibilité pour garantir les livraisons à temps. En effet, l’indisponibilité du système peut être due aux pannes aléatoires, aux actions de maintenance préventive planifiées, etc. Par conséquent, nous présentons une solution qui permet de satisfaire la demande journalière de manière ponctuelle par l’intégration d’une approche collaborative entre les différents sites. Il s’agit d’un modèle d’optimisation de la politique de coordination inter-CDU avec une stratégie de sous-traitance des livraisons en cas d’indisponibilité / The urban environment is strongly involved in the management of logistics flows. The pooling of these different flows provides a qualitative solution ensuring environmental, economic and societal criteria. The thesis objectives aim at supporting Urban Distribution Centers (CDU) by combining distribution logistics with reverse logistics (upstream flows and downstream flows), thereby ensuring sustainable development in modern cities. The heterogeneity of the distribution logistics practices and the reverse logistics define the core of this thesis. Sharing these different flows provides a qualitative and sustainable solution as long as it meets the aforementioned criteria (environment, economy and society). Our approach is based on the Hub Location Problem to formulate the location problem of UDC while maximizing the profit and choosing the best available location. We proceed by identifying potential available locations, while guaranteeing returned flows management (collection, sorting, resale, etc.) and reducing pollution impact. Moreover, we simulate our optimised model with simulation tools using optimization algorithms. The effectiveness of these algorithms are validated based on generated outputs (set of data) inspired by real world scenarios. Reliability is a part of this work when dealing with UDC deployment. The unavailability of the system may be due to random failures, planned preventive maintenance actions, etc. Therefore, we present a solution supporting daily demands by integrating a collaborative approach between different sites. This approach is based on inter-CDU coordination policy with a strategy of subcontracting deliveries dealing with unavailability

As externalidades negativas geradas pela distribuição urbana de cargas como congestionamentos, poluição e ruídos, são amplamente conhecidas e vivenciadas pela população que vive em grandes centros urbanos. Esses problemas têm sido agravados pelo crescimento da população urbana, pela crise no modelo de mobilidade adotado nas grandes cidades brasileiras e pelo aumento da complexidade do processo de distribuição urbana de carga. Nesse sentido, alguns atributos podem contribuir para a melhoria do desempenho logístico dos agentes participantes na distribuição de carga e outros podem dificultar a sua competitividade A investigação dos atributos de distribuição urbana de carga e dos papéis desses agentes são o ponto de partida deste estudo. A presente dissertação tem o objetivo identificar os atributos de distribuição urbana de carga, levando-se em conta os diferentes pontos de vista dos principais responsáveis pela distribuição de carga na RMSP e que atuam no mercado varejista: Embarcador, Operador Logístico, Transportador e Cliente. Para tanto, foi feita a análise do referencial teórico sobre o tema distribuição urbana de carga, foram desenvolvidos dois estudos de caso em Operadores logísticos que atuam na logística de distribuição de carga na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Foi também realizado um levantamento de dados com 119 prestadores de serviços logísticos, Operador logístico e Transportador, obtidas pela aplicação de questionário de pesquisa com esses agentes. Por meio das informações obtidas, verificou-se que os atributos relevantes e unânimes entre os prestadores de serviços logísticos, são: filas e local para carga e descarga, flexibilidade, restrição de circulação por tamanho de veículo, local regulamentado para estacionar veículos de carga, congestionamento e roubo de carga. Adicionalmente, o consumo sazonal e o comprometimento no recebimento são os problemas mais relevantes segundo os Operadores logísticos e Transportadores, respectivamente. / The negative externalities generated by the urban distribution of cargo, such as traffic jams, pollution and noise, are widely known and experienced by the population living in large urban centers. These problems have been aggravated by the growth in urban population, by the crisis in the mobility model adopted in the large Brazilian cities and by the growth in complexity of the urban cargo distribution process. In this sense, some attributes may contribute to improving the logistic performance of the agents participating in the cargo distribution and others may hinder its competitiveness. The investigation into the urban cargo distribution attributes and of these agents roles is the starting point of this study. The present thesis aims to analyze the urban cargo distribution attributes, taking into account the different points of view of the major actors in the cargo distribution in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region (SPMR) and acting in the retail market: Shipper, Logistic Operator, Carrier and Client. For this, an analysis of the theoretical referential was performed regarding the theme urban cargo distribution; two case studies were conducted with Logistic Operators acting in the cargo distribution logistics in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region and, lastly, the descriptive measures of the problems faced by Logistic Service Renderers, Logistic Operators and Carriers were analyzed, obtained from the application of a research questionnaire to these agents. From the information obtained, the relevant and unanimous attributes among the logistic service renderers were verified to be: lines and places for loading/ unloading, flexibility, circulation constraints as per the size of the vehicle, regulated place to stop cargo vehicles, traffic jam and cargo theft. Added to these attributes are seasonal consumption and product compromised at receipt, which are considered relevant by Logistic Operators and Carriers, respectively.