This study will deal specifically with the architectural design of windows used in the homes, temples, cathedrals, and churches in Europe from primitive times to the eighteenth century, and during the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries in America. The study will not include the construction of windows nor the manufacture of the glass used in windows.

Windows, which are responsible for 45% of overall heat loss, play a major role in a building’s energy performance. Therefore, it is critical to measure window energy performance for existing buildings. This study aimed to evaluate the energy performance of windows to determine if replacement of windows is necessary. The evaluation was based on window location, height, orientation, and weather condition in a high-rise residential building. A thermal camera was used for measurements and statistical analyses were performed for measured data. Analysis results showed different performance of each side and floor of the building with a significant difference at the 0.05 level due to various temperatures, wind speeds, and directions. This study suggests using more efficient windows on upper floors, particularly from the fourth floor and above is beneficial as well as considering dominant wind speed and direction for the best configuration of window design.

The European Union (EU) has expressed determination of reducing its energy consumption and the EU’s 2010 Energy Performance of Buildings Directive states that all new buildings must be nearly zero energy by the end of the year 2020. Dynamic or “smart” windows have been shown to be able to reduce HVAC energy consumption, lighting energy and peek cooling loads in hot climates in the US but it is difficult to find any work concerned with colder climates. This study is intended to capture the performance of dynamic windows in a variety of European climates to explore potential contributions to reaching the EU’s energy goals. The building energy simulations of this study have been conducted in IDA ICE for an office section with a large window. Three model variants are compared: without a window shading, with an external window blind and with a dynamic window. This comparison is repeated for six different locations; Kiruna, Reykjavik, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Paris and Madrid. The results of this study show that the dynamic window can reduce the total consumed energy for lighting, heating and cooling in the range of 10%-30% more than the external blind, depending on location. The reduction is 50%-75% when compared to the unshaded window. This level of performance can move Europe a step closer to zero energy buildings.

Ett fönsters värmeisolerande egenskaper är nödvändiga att känna till för den som köper fönstren eftersom det ställs krav på en byggnads energianvändning vid ny- och ombyggnation. Det är även en kostnadsfråga då energi för att värma eller kyla byggnader måste betalas för. Ett fönsters värmeisolerande egenskaper beskrivs med dess U-värde. För fönster som tillverkas i fasta mått kan ett U-värde antingen mätas eller beräknas enligt standarder och sedan uppges för beställaren av fönstret. När fönster inte tillverkas i fasta mått blir det en tidskrävande procedur att för varje nytt fönstermått beräkna eller mäta fönstrets U-värde. Syftet med detta arbete var att utifrån U-värdesberäkningar för flera olika måttkonfigurationer av fönstermodellen "A" som tillverkas på måttbeställning av "B" fastställa sambandet mellan dess geometri och dess U-värde. Fönstret är ett renoveringsfönster som monteras i en byggnads befintliga fönsterkarmar. Genom att fastställa sambandet mellan geometri och U-värde fastställs hur fönstrets totala U-värde påverkas av den karm som det monteras i. Tanken var att "B" skulle kunna använda resultaten för att ange fönstermodellens U-värde vid beställning av ett specifikt mått. Resultatet kan också vara intressant för andra fönstertillverkare, köpare av fönster, konsulter, ackrediteringsorgansitationer och fönsterbranschen i stort. Dels eftersom sambandet mellan fönstergeometri och U-värde fastställes, men även då arbetet ger en ingående beskrivning av hur aktuella standarder kan användas. Fönstrets U-värde beräknades enlig SS-EN ISO 10077-1 och karmens U-värde beräknades enligt SS-EN ISO 10077-2. Glaskassettens U-värde var känt sedan tidigare och beräknades inte i detta arbete. Mjukvara användes för att beräkna karmens U-värde.' Resultatet visade att fönstermodellens U-värde minskar då dess area ökar. Det visade också att rektangulära fönster fick ett lägre U-värde ju mer kvadratiska de blev till formen. Detta gällde oavsett om fönsterhöjden var större än fönsterbredden och vice versa. Höga fönster hade ett lägre U-värde än låga fönster på grund av att karmen hos denna fönstermodell hade olika U-värden på sidorna och upptill och nedtill. Diagram har tagits fram på fönstrets U-värde i olika geometrier, storlekar och utföranden. Det visade sig att standarderna som användes är bättre lämpad för att jämföra olika fönstermodellers U-värden snarare än att undersöka hur en enskild fönstermodells U-värde förändras med dess geometri då standarderna i vissa avseenden inte tar hänsyn till fysikaliska lagar. För att noggrannare undersöka hur ett fönsters storlek och geometri påverkar dess U-värde bör framtida studier fokusera på att utföra värmetekniska simuleringar, snarare än att räkna enligt standarderna som använts i detta arbete. / The thermal insulation properties of a window are essential to know for the purchaser since there are energy use regulations concerning construction of new buildings or those undergoing deep renovations. It’s also a matter of cost since energy for heating and cooling a building must be paid for. The thermal insulating properties of a window is described with its U-value. The thermal properties for windows produced in fixed sizes could be measured or calculated according to standards and be presented to the purchaser of the window. When windows are not manufactured in fixed sizes a great deal of work must be done to calculate or measure the U-value for each individual window size. The purpose of this report was to establish the relationship between the geometry and the U-value for the window model "A" which is manufactured in customer requested sizes by "B". The establishment of the relationship between U-value and geometry was accomplished through U-value calculations for different size configurations of the window. The window is a renovation window which is mounted onto a buildings already existing window frames. By establishing the relationship between the geometry and the U-value, it can be known how the U-value of the window is affected by the frame it is mounted on. The idea was that "B" would be able to use the results to be able to specify the U-value when receiving an order of a window of a specific size. The results could potentially be of interest to other window manufacturers, purchaser of windows, consultants, accreditation organizations and the window industry in general. Partly because the relationship between the window geometry and its U-value is established, and partly because the thesis gives an in depth explanation of how relevant standards can be used. The U-value of the window was calculated in accordance with SS-EN ISO 10077-1 and the U-value of the frame in accordance with SS-EN ISO 10077-2. The glazing part of the window was already known and therefore not calculated in this work. Software was used to calculate the U-value of the frame. Results showed that the U-value of the window model declined when its area increased. It also showed that rectangular windows got a lower U-value as it becomes more square shaped. This applied regardless of if the window height was greater than the window width or vice versa. Tall windows had a lower U-value than short windows because the upper, lower, and side members of this window models frame had different U-values. Diagrams have been produced showing the U-value of the window model in different geometries, sizes, and designs. It turned out the standards that was used is better suited to compare different window models U-values rather than to investigate how the U-value of a specific window varies with its geometry because the standards in some regards does not consider physical laws. To more accurately investigate how a windows size and geometry affects its U-value further studies should focus on performing heat transfer simulations, rather than calculate according to the standards that was used in this paper.

In antibiotic therapy design, conventional wisdom holds that higher antibiotic dosages always leads to the observation of fewer bacterial cells, resulting in a monotonic decay in cell number as a function of increasing antibiotic dose; accordingly, throughout this thesis, we will call this phenomenon a monotone dose-response profile. When we analysed the evolution of antibiotic resistance mediated by the multi-drug efflux pump AcrAB-TolC in Escherichia coli to study if such a monotone dose-response is maintained at all times, our analysis showed that higher dosages can, in fact, lead to higher bacterial loads. This is because selection for drug resistance is mediated by the duplication of the genes, AcrAB-TolC, that encode the aforementioned efflux pump. As explained in detail below, our work highlights the idea that Darwinian selection on additional copies of AcrAB-TolC is a non-linear function of antibiotic dose and that the observed transition from monotone to non-monotone dose-response is a consequence of AcrAB-TolC being strongly selected at very specific dosages. We term this phenomenon an ‘evolutionary hotspot’. Next, we extended the above experimental system to solid media to study how selection on resistance mediated by AcrAB-TolC leads to a ‘spatio-genomic patterning’ effect that we call a ‘bullseye’. Using a bespoke culture device developed as part of this PhD, we show that spatial selection on resistance also depends non-linearly on the distance of the cell from an antibiotic source, and that the non-linearity can be multi-modal as a function of distance, and therefore also of antibiotic dose. This result also contradicts the aforementioned principle that higher antibiotic dosages necessarily lead to fewer bacterial cells. Following on from this, we then studied the ability of microbial competitors for resources to modulate the antibiotic sensitivity of a particular strain of E. coli, namely Tets , using a range of multi-species experiments. We measured the sensitivity to antibiotics of Tets both with, and without, one bacterial or fungal competitor. When that competitor was equally sensitive to the antibiotic, we observed that Tets was less sensitive to it, in part due to an ‘antibiotic sinking’ effect carried out by the competitor strain. However, when the competitor was not sensitive to the antibiotic, Tets was, accordingly, more sensitive than in the absence of competition. In this latter case, the competitor seemed to reduce the growth of Tets by carbon theft as part of a phenomenon known as ‘competitive suppression’. Moreover, this ecological effect is one that synergises with the action of the antibiotic. Finally, we turned to a study of an ecological trade-off motivated by ribosome-binding antibiotics. So, by manipulating the content of ribosomal RNA in the E. coli cell, a large and essential molecule that is bound by antibiotics such as tetracycline or erythromycin, we could subsequently manipulate what is known as a metabolic trade-off between growth rate and growth yield. The latter is the number of cells produced per molecule of carbon found in the extracellular environment of the bacterial population. Using glucose as carbon source we therefore constructed an empirical fitness landscape that shows how the optimum number of ribosomal rRNA operons depends on extracellular glucose concentration. Whilst this study does not relate directly to the presence of an antibiotic, it does show that by altering the number of operons in a manner that is known to affect antibiotic susceptibility, we can also mediate important growth parameters like cell yield, aka efficiency, and growth rate.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 17-20, 1994 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / This paper describes the application software used to convert AIM-120A, Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM), telemetry data to a series of color images and time-correlated engineering unit results. X Window System-based graphics facilitate visualization of the doppler radar data. These software programs were developed for the VAX/VMS and DEC Alpha environments.

Switching between windows on a computer is a frequent activity, but finding and switching to the target window can be inefficient. This thesis aims to better understand and support window switching. It explores two issues: (1) the lack of knowledge of how people currently interact with and switch between windows and (2) how window switching can be supported better. Having a good understanding of how users interact with windows is important for informing the design of new and improved window management tools. However, there have been relatively few empirical studies of window manipulation on commonly used operating systems, and those that do exist may no longer reflect current use. To address this lack of knowledge a three week log-based longitudinal study of window use by 25 participants was conducted using the custom-made tool PyLogger, which recorded actual window switching behaviour. However, the analysis of longitudinal log data, such as the data gathered by PyLogger, is problematic as it is difficult to extract meaningful characterisations. Therefore, this thesis also presents a visualisation tool called Window Watcher that assists understanding and interpreting the low level event logs of window use generated by PyLogger. Window Watcher’s design objectives are described, and examples demonstrate the ways that it summarises and elucidates window use. The results of the PyLogger study provide an empirical characterisation of interaction with windows, and results include the following: (1) the participants had fewer windows open and visible than in previous studies; (2) window switching is a frequent activity; (3) several findings related to specific window switching tools, including that acquiring a particular window by navigating through application-grouped items on the Taskbar is slow, and that Alt+Tab is seldom used for retrieving anything other than the most recently used window; (4) an updated classification of stereotypical window management styles (pilers, maximisers, near maximisers, and splatterers); and (5) there are strong window and application revisitation patterns. Finally, implications of the results of the log study for the design of window switching tools are discussed. The findings from the PyLogger study led to the development of a new window switcher called SCOTZ (for Spatially Consistent Thumbnail Zones). SCOTZ is a window switching interface which shows all windows grouped by application and allocates more space to the most frequently revisited applications. The two design objectives of SCOTZ are (1) to provide a spatially stable layout of applications and windows, and (2) to support revisitation to recently and frequently used windows. Additional design objectives are to support various display sizes, to support both keyboard and mouse input, to provide possibilities for application launching and to provide options for end-user customisation. The design and features of SCOTZ are described, followed by theoretical and empirical validation of its underlying design principles. Findings include that (1) spatially stable layouts allow for faster acquisition of targets than recency and random layouts, (2) the instability inevitably caused by size morphing does not severely impact user performance, (3) size morphing leads to an overall performance advantage because of the Fitts’ Law targetting time advantage of increased target size, and (4) size morphing facilitates finding items because of guided search. Also, findings from an empirical study demonstrate that SCOTZ yields performance and preference benefits over existing window switching tools. Finally, as SCOTZ employs a treemap algorithm to generate the layout of the application zones the suitability of various treemap algorithms for the purpose of SCOTZ is explored, particularly in terms of spatial stability. In previous work, many different treemap algorithms have been proposed, often with the aim being to optimise performance across several criteria, including spatial stability. However, none of the existing treemaps are stable when data updates, and when items are added/deleted, and when many changes have taken place (i.e., the cumulative effect of data changes). Therefore, this thesis introduces the novel ‘Hilbert’ and ‘Moore’ treemap algorithms, which are designed to achieve high spatial stability. Their performance is theoretically assessed in comparison to other treemaps by using various metrics, including a novel ‘location drift’ metric to better capture spatial stability than the commonly used ‘distance change’ metric. The theoretical evaluation demonstrates that Hilbert and Moore treemaps perform well across all stability metrics. An empirical study examines the validity and usefulness of the location drift metric, showing that location drift can explain some effects on user performance that distance change alone can not.

Seminario para optar al grado de Ingeniero Comercial, Mención Administración / “Window dressing” es la práctica de modificar la composición de una cartera de inversión previo a la fecha del informe de ésta a los inversionistas. El estudio de este fenómeno es bastante reciente y muy limitado para Chile. En este trabajo se toman informes de cartera mensuales para 328 fondos mutuos entre enero del 2008 y diciembre del 2012, con esta información se procede a comparar el retorno de un portafolio hipotético basado en el informe presentado por las administradoras de fondo con el retorno efectivo que obtuvieron durante todos los meses del período de estudio. Se logra obtener evidencia preliminar de window dressing, donde se observa que un 6,65% de los fondos estudiados tienen una alta probabilidad de haber recurrido a esta práctica. Además, se puede ver que este comportamiento se ve incrementado en momentos de inestabilidad económica, lo que sería coherente con los incentivos de los administradores de fondos a ocultar sus errores a los inversionistas, para así evitar pérdidas en momentos de alta incertidumbre económica.

It is expected that the number of flavors in a gauge theory plays an important role in model building for physics beyond the standard model. We study the phase structure of the 12 flavor case through lattice simulations using a Rational Hybrid Monte Carlo (RHMC) algorithm for different masses, betas, and volumes, to investigate the question of conformality for this number of flavors. In particular, we analyze the Fisher's zeroes, in the vicinity of the endpoint of a line of first order phase transitions. This is motivated by previous studies that show how the complex renormalization group (RG) flows can be understood by looking at the zeros. The pinching of the imaginary part of these zeros with respect to increasing volume provides information about a possible unconventional continuum limit. We also study the mass spectrum of a multiflavor linear sigma model with a splitting of fermion masses. The single mass linear sigma model successfully described a light sigma in accordance to recent lattice results. The extension to two masses predicts an unusual ordering of scalar masses, providing incentive for further lattice simulations with split quark mass.

This thesis presents a model for the ACK-clock inner loop, common to virtually all Internet congestion control protocols, and analyzes the stability properties of this inner loop, as well as the stability and fairness properties of several window update mechanisms built on top of the ACK-clock. Aided by the model for the inner-loop, two new congestion control mechanisms are constructed, for wired and wireless networks. Internet traffic can be divided into two main types: TCP traffic and real-time traffic. Sending rates for TCP traffic, e.g., file-sharing, uses window-based congestion control, and adjust continuously to the network load. The sending rates for real-time traffic, e.g., voice over IP, are mostly independent of the network load. The current version of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) results in large queueing delays at bottlenecks, and poor quality for real-time applications that share a bottleneck link with TCP. The first contribution is a new model for the dynamic relationship between window sizes, sending rates, and queue sizes. This system, with window sizes as inputs, and queue sizes as outputs, is the inner loop at the core of window-based congestion control. The new model unifies two models that have been widely used in the literature. The dynamics of this system, including the static gain and the time constant, depend on the amount of cross traffic which is not subject to congestion control. The model is validated using ns-2 simulations, and it is shown that the system is stable. For moderate cross traffic, the system convergence time is a couple of roundtrip times. When introducing a new congestion control protocol, one important question is how flows using different protocols share resources. The second contribution is an analysis of the fairness when a flow using TCP Westwood+ is introduced in a network that is also used by a TCP New Reno flow. It is shown that the sharing of capacity depends on the buffer size at the bottleneck link. With a buffer size matching the bandwidth-delay product, both flows get equal shares. If the buffer size is smaller, Westwood+ gets a larger share. In the limit of zero buffering, it gets all the capacity. If the buffer size is larger, New Reno gets a larger share. In the limit of very large buffers, it gets 3/4 of the capacity. The third contribution is a new congestion control mechanism, maintaining small queues. The overall control structure is similar to the combination of TCP with Active Queue Management (AQM) and explicit congestion notification, where routers mark some packets according to a probability which depends on the queue size. The key ideas are to take advantage of the stability of the inner loop, and to use control laws for setting and reacting to packet marks that result in more frequent feedback than with AQM. Stability analysis for the single flow, single bottleneck topology gives a simple stability condition, which can be used to guide tuning. Simulations, both of the fluid-flow differential equations, and in the ns-2 packet simulator, show that the protocol maintains small queues. The simulations also indicate that tuning, using a single control parameter per link, is fairly easy. The final contribution is a split-connection scheme for downloads to a mobile terminal. A wireless mobile terminal requests a file from a web server, via a proxy. During the file transfer, the Radio Network Controller (RNC) informs the proxy about bandwidth changes over the radio channel, and the current RNC queue length. A novel control mechanism in the proxy uses this information to adjust the window size. In simulation studies, including one based on detailed radio-layer simulations, both the user response time and the link utilization are improved, compared TCP New Reno, Eifel and Snoop, both for a dedicated channel, and for the shared channel in High-Speed Downlink Packet Access. / QC 20100830