Divorce can be seen as one of the major causes of single-parent households (Janzen & Harris, 1997:134). Among the obvious difficulties families face as a result of divorce, other difficulties such as lack of time for family bonding and family leisure directly affect the well-being of the entire single-parent family (Arnold et al., 2008:84; Hornberger et al., 2010:158). Families form the foundation of society and the most important relationship in a family is that between the parents. If this relationship is strong, the rest of the relationships in the family will fall into place (Fields & Casper, 2001; Hornberger et al., 2010:143). It is important for the parents to have a strong relationship with each other, since this is a child’s first example of what a healthy relationship should be like. Therefore the relationship between parents could be seen as the base for the relationship between parent and child (Leman, 2000:164). Shaw and Dawson (2001:228) conclude that some parents do not participate in leisure activities for enjoyment, nor is it intrinsically motivated; parents see it as a responsibility and duty while they are feeling frustrated by doing something they wish not to. Therefore the purpose of this study was to firstly review the literature to determine whether it supports the usage of a leisure-based programme to strengthen the relationship between divorced single parents and their children; secondly, to explore and describe the role of a leisure-based programme in developing attitudes as well as in strengthening relationships between single parents and their children. The two-fold research objectives were studied by means of two different strategies. The first was a literature review done to analyse the research problem. Books, journals, dissertations, theses and Internet sources published between 1993 and 2011 were used to give a theoretical exposition of this study. Research concluded that leisure programmes have the potential of developing parent-child relationships. A qualitative research method was applied to research the second purpose of this study. Two divorced single-parent families participated in this ethnographic research study. Data was gathered by means of participant observation, field-notes and a semi-structured interview with each individual family member (De Vos, 2005:296; Veal, 2006:386). The researcher worked through the process of open-coding and then two main themes were identified during content analysis. The first was attitudes which had its own set of categories, namely self-esteem and self-empowerment and motivation. The second theme was relationships consisting of communication, problem solving, respect and trust. It could be concluded that if the elements in the themes are developed it would lead to the enhancement of the main theme. As a result of families participating in the leisure-based programme it was established that the development of self-esteem and self-empowerment as well as motivation led to the improvement of attitudes. Similarly, the enhancement of communication, problem solving, respect and trust contributed to the improvement of relationships. / Thesis (MA (Recreational Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Divorce can be seen as one of the major causes of single-parent households (Janzen & Harris, 1997:134). Among the obvious difficulties families face as a result of divorce, other difficulties such as lack of time for family bonding and family leisure directly affect the well-being of the entire single-parent family (Arnold et al., 2008:84; Hornberger et al., 2010:158). Families form the foundation of society and the most important relationship in a family is that between the parents. If this relationship is strong, the rest of the relationships in the family will fall into place (Fields & Casper, 2001; Hornberger et al., 2010:143). It is important for the parents to have a strong relationship with each other, since this is a child’s first example of what a healthy relationship should be like. Therefore the relationship between parents could be seen as the base for the relationship between parent and child (Leman, 2000:164). Shaw and Dawson (2001:228) conclude that some parents do not participate in leisure activities for enjoyment, nor is it intrinsically motivated; parents see it as a responsibility and duty while they are feeling frustrated by doing something they wish not to. Therefore the purpose of this study was to firstly review the literature to determine whether it supports the usage of a leisure-based programme to strengthen the relationship between divorced single parents and their children; secondly, to explore and describe the role of a leisure-based programme in developing attitudes as well as in strengthening relationships between single parents and their children. The two-fold research objectives were studied by means of two different strategies. The first was a literature review done to analyse the research problem. Books, journals, dissertations, theses and Internet sources published between 1993 and 2011 were used to give a theoretical exposition of this study. Research concluded that leisure programmes have the potential of developing parent-child relationships. A qualitative research method was applied to research the second purpose of this study. Two divorced single-parent families participated in this ethnographic research study. Data was gathered by means of participant observation, field-notes and a semi-structured interview with each individual family member (De Vos, 2005:296; Veal, 2006:386). The researcher worked through the process of open-coding and then two main themes were identified during content analysis. The first was attitudes which had its own set of categories, namely self-esteem and self-empowerment and motivation. The second theme was relationships consisting of communication, problem solving, respect and trust. It could be concluded that if the elements in the themes are developed it would lead to the enhancement of the main theme. As a result of families participating in the leisure-based programme it was established that the development of self-esteem and self-empowerment as well as motivation led to the improvement of attitudes. Similarly, the enhancement of communication, problem solving, respect and trust contributed to the improvement of relationships. / Thesis (MA (Recreational Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Several factors affect sports and recreation participation in human communities. Such factors include sports and recreation knowledge and skills of people, availability of time, interest and disposable income etc. Through expressing their various social needs, community residents are able to show the adequacy and or the inadequacy in the factors influencing sports and recreation participation in their communities. Several studies have indicated that inadequacy in the factors influencing sports and recreation participation such as inadequate programmes, lack of interest, lack of disposable income, lack of facilities result in low participation in sports and recreation activities. Low participation in sports and recreational pursuits could result in increased hypokinetic morbidity and other social and economic problems such as: crime, substance and drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, alienated anti-social behaviours, work absenteeism, medical and social justice costs in communities. The main purpose of the study was to find different sports and recreation needs of three communities in Botswana. Five hundred (500) residents of the three communities aged 18-40 years were randomly selected in the three communities in Botswana to participate in the study. The questionnaire that was prepared and administered on the randomly selected residents of the three communities attempted to gather the following information: general sports and recreation participation profile of the respondents of the three communities, participation in sports and recreation activities in the three communities' recently constructed integrated sports facilities, problems responsible for low participation in sports and recreation activities and finally to identify which of the five barrier categories; aptitude, socio-economic, socio-cultural, awareness of community integrated sports facilities and facility constraints constrained sports and recreation in the three communities. Descriptive statistics and frequency, T-test and ANOVA were used to analyse data. The results showed low participation that ranged from 0.0% to 47.4% in sports activities in the three communities, participation in few recreational activities, low participation in the three communities' integrated sports facilities accounted by 29.5% in Molepolole, 26.1% in Serowe and 53.4% in Masunga for both men and women. The results showed problems perceived to constrain sports and recreation participation in the three communities. Descriptive data analysis also showed that out of the five barrier categories (aptitude, socio-cultural, awareness of facilities and facility constraints) respondents of the three communities were mainly constrained by the socio-economic barriers. Facility constraints were only found to constrain participation in Masunga. T-test analysis showed no significant differences between males and females of each of the three communities in the five barrier categories. The ANOVA test of variance showed significance difference between females of the three communities in four of the five barrier categories and a no significant difference in one of the five barrier categories. No significant difference was found between males of the three communities in four barrier categories and a significant difference was only found in one barrier category. These results led to the acceptance of the hypothesis that 'the three communities in Botswana have similar sports and recreation needs' and the partial acceptance of the hypothesis that 'there is no significant difference between respondents of the three communities in the way they experienced the five barrier categories. / Thesis (M.A. (Recreation Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

The primary goal of the study was to determine the tourism and leisure needs of high school learners in Potchefstroom. This goal was achieved by firstly conducting a literature study to analyse leisure and tourist behaviour as stated in books, articles and other sources. Secondly, the results of the empirical research were discussed followed by the conclusions and recommendations made with regard to further research. From the literature study, analysing leisure behaviour, the concepts leisure and recreation were clarified, the concept leisure behaviour was explained, reasons why people engage in leisure were identified, factors that influence leisure behaviour were discussed, theories concerning leisure behaviour were discussed, determinants as well as benefits of leisure were identified. In the second part of the literature study, analysing tourist behaviour, the concept tourist behaviour was clarified, models regarding tourist behaviour was explained, tourist motivation to travel was explained, reasons why people travel was discussed, the travel decision-making process was explained and benefits as well as negative tourism impacts were identified. The questionnaire for the survey was designed to determine the tourism, leisure and recreation needs of the high school learners in Potchefstroom. The questionnaire included questions regarding the high school learner's demographic profile and psychographic profile, the leisure and tourist needs and behaviour of the high school learners and questions to determine the relationship between different aspects. The survey included six high schools in Potchefstroom and 1036 questionnaires was used for further statistical analysis. The questionnaires was distributed after a meeting with the school's headmaster was arranged. The school was responsible for the distribution and collection of the questionnaires. After analysing the data it was clear that the high school learners are regularly bored in Potchefstroom and there is a need for more tourism, leisure and recreational activities in Potchefstroom. The high school learners are willing to support more activities financially. It was also evident that high school learners are more interested in leisure than in sport and do not have much leisure-time available. Their travelling patterns indicate that the majority of the learners go on holiday with their parents and they prefer the Western Cape as holiday destinations. A correlation analysis was done to determine the relationship between gender and various aspects as well as the relationship between race and the same factors. The following factors were identified, namely: there is a strong relationship between gender and sport. As for the correlations between schools of different race and the same factors, the only correlation that was not strong, was the relationship between race and sport. The strong relationships existed between race and leisure preferences; race and travelling patterns and race and holiday company preferences. The results of the empirical research can firstly provide valuable information for researchers on the subjects of adolescence, leisure, tourism and recreation. Secondly the information can help the public and private sectors in the tourism, leisure and recreation industries to provide more activities, facilities and entertainment in Potchefstroom that will appeal to the high school market. / Thesis (M.A. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

The overall purpose of this study was to better understand why youth travellers are visiting Manitoba. A web-survey was administered to visitors of the Hostelling International - Canada, Manitoba Region website. Youth leisure travellers planning to visit Manitoba were found to be between 24 and 28 years of age, mostly from Canada and Australia, not students, but educated and employed, with between $501 and $3,500 available for travel purposes. Respondents’ travel plans were found to include; travel alone or with one other person, an average stay of 5 days planned for Manitoba, travel by rented vehicle or by bus, and the use of the internet, guidebooks and family and friends as information sources prior to travel. Dominant motives for travel to Manitoba were uncovered, and relationships of Manitoba specific travel motives were found with several demographic and travel characteristics. The results of this study can be used by the Manitoba tourism sector to market Manitoba travel experiences and to emphasize how they cater to one or more dominant travel motives. This will enable them to better attract and satisfy their customers.

The primary goal of the study was to determine the tourism and leisure needs of high school learners in Potchefstroom. This goal was achieved by firstly conducting a literature study to analyse leisure and tourist behaviour as stated in books, articles and other sources. Secondly, the results of the empirical research were discussed followed by the conclusions and recommendations made with regard to further research. From the literature study, analysing leisure behaviour, the concepts leisure and recreation were clarified, the concept leisure behaviour was explained, reasons why people engage in leisure were identified, factors that influence leisure behaviour were discussed, theories concerning leisure behaviour were discussed, determinants as well as benefits of leisure were identified. In the second part of the literature study, analysing tourist behaviour, the concept tourist behaviour was clarified, models regarding tourist behaviour was explained, tourist motivation to travel was explained, reasons why people travel was discussed, the travel decision-making process was explained and benefits as well as negative tourism impacts were identified. The questionnaire for the survey was designed to determine the tourism, leisure and recreation needs of the high school learners in Potchefstroom. The questionnaire included questions regarding the high school learner's demographic profile and psychographic profile, the leisure and tourist needs and behaviour of the high school learners and questions to determine the relationship between different aspects. The survey included six high schools in Potchefstroom and 1036 questionnaires was used for further statistical analysis. The questionnaires was distributed after a meeting with the school's headmaster was arranged. The school was responsible for the distribution and collection of the questionnaires. After analysing the data it was clear that the high school learners are regularly bored in Potchefstroom and there is a need for more tourism, leisure and recreational activities in Potchefstroom. The high school learners are willing to support more activities financially. It was also evident that high school learners are more interested in leisure than in sport and do not have much leisure-time available. Their travelling patterns indicate that the majority of the learners go on holiday with their parents and they prefer the Western Cape as holiday destinations. A correlation analysis was done to determine the relationship between gender and various aspects as well as the relationship between race and the same factors. The following factors were identified, namely: there is a strong relationship between gender and sport. As for the correlations between schools of different race and the same factors, the only correlation that was not strong, was the relationship between race and sport. The strong relationships existed between race and leisure preferences; race and travelling patterns and race and holiday company preferences. The results of the empirical research can firstly provide valuable information for researchers on the subjects of adolescence, leisure, tourism and recreation. Secondly the information can help the public and private sectors in the tourism, leisure and recreation industries to provide more activities, facilities and entertainment in Potchefstroom that will appeal to the high school market. / Thesis (M.A. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

The thesis takes as its subject the development of cultural forms and institutions, exploring constraints on the exercise of choice in the use of non-work time in an evolving capitalist society. By means of a local study, it aims to describe relationships between aspects of popular recreation, especially those involving working class participation, and to relate these to economic and political circumstances. The study focuses upon individuals and organisations providing facilities and creating institutions in which non-work time was spent outside the home. The body of the thesis consists of discrete but interrelated studies of themes in the development of recreation in Leicester. These concern the relationship between recreation and the workplace (ch.1), the role of religious organisations as providers and critics of recreational activities (ch.2), initiatives by the municipal authorities (ch.3) and licensing magistrates (ch.4), the bases of commercial provision in the drink trade, theatre and sport (chs.4-6) and the engagement of the labour movement (ch.7). The thesis is written from a critical standpoint which acknowledges as fundamental to the understanding of 19th century recreation the uneven distribution of free time, power and money within capitalist society. But while social control and hegemony are exploited as pointers to appropriate areas of study, they are found wanting as explanations of complex historical reality. In its empirical conclusions, the study confirms the significance of relationships between work and culture, identifying ways in which the economic development of Leicester constrained recreational provision. Commercial agencies are shown to have been relatively weak during much of the period whereas municipal and religious organisations were of considerable importance from the 1860s until the end of the period of study.

The popular perception of the years 1945 to 1960 is that they constituted a transitional period from austerity to affluence. Material gains in the post-war years gradually increased, enhanced by full-employment, the establishment of the welfare state and a growing quantity of consumer goods. At first glance, it seems that working-class people's nonmaterial life, too, greatly changed. 'Traditional' leisure such as cinema-, pub- and football-going declined, replaced by more consumption-oriented, home- and family-centred leisure, such as television watching, do-it-yourself and pleasure motoring. Critics have seen this was symptomatic of the erosion of 'traditional' working-class-life styles, underlined by more communal and solidaristic social relationships. A close examination of post-war leisure in two workingclass towns questions the above dichotomy, and shows the significant continuity and diversity of people's leisure patterns. These were often deeply divided according to gender, age, life-stage and locality. Despite the rapidly changing trends of commercial leisure, and the increased intervention of the public sector in social life, the selfdetermined nature of working-class leisure does not seem to have been eroded. On the contrary, the general affluence of post-war Britain seems to have contributed in a modest way to increased leisure opportunities in which people could express their personal and social identity with less hesitation than before.

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