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This paper examines the everyday details of the domestic dining scenes in Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton (1848), Cranford (1853), and North and South (1855). By viewing dining etiquette in terms of a dramaturgical metaphor, this paper attempts to demonstrate the cooperation, complexity, labour, and significance of the self-aware performances that structure nineteenth-century domestic dining scenes in relation to the sense of pleasure and community care that those scenes produce both for their duration and for the external ‘everyday’. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA) / This paper examines the everyday details of the domestic dining scenes in Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton (1848), Cranford (1853), and North and South (1855). By viewing dining etiquette in terms of a dramaturgical metaphor, this paper attempts to demonstrate the cooperation, complexity, labour, and significance of the self-aware performances that structure nineteenth-century domestic dining scenes in relation to the sense of pleasure and community care that those scenes produce both for their duration and for the external ‘everyday’.

Background: Despite improving survival rates, people with advanced cancer experience high symptom burden, functional challenges, and negative impacts upon their quality of life. Moreover, these individuals frequently report unfulfilled needs related to supportive care, including rehabilitation support. Leisure-time physical activity (LPA), including exercise, has been found to be beneficial for people following diagnosis of cancer. However, little is known about LPA for individuals living with advanced cancer, particularly from a rehabilitation perspective. Purpose and objectives: The overall purpose of my dissertation research is to explore LPA in people with advanced cancer, through the perspectives of adults diagnosed with stage 4 cancer as well as those of oncology physiotherapists. Specific objectives are: (1) to map the research and understand key concepts from the literature about LPA in individuals with advanced cancer; (2) to explore the perspectives and experiences of LPA in adults diagnosed with stage 4 cancer; and (3) to describe the clinical practices, knowledge, skills, and perspectives of oncology physiotherapists related to LPA in the advanced cancer population. Methods: To meet these objectives, I conducted three research studies: (1) a scoping review of 92 articles exploring LPA in people with advanced cancer; (2) a qualitative interpretive-description study, involving individual, semi-structured interviews with 20 Canadian adults diagnosed with stage 4 cancer; and (3) a mixed-methods study, consisting of an online survey with 62 Canadian oncology physiotherapists, followed by qualitative, individual interviews with 13 physiotherapists. Results: The scoping review demonstrated a recent surge in research on the topic of LPA in advanced cancer, with many studies adopting quantitative methods and investigating aerobic and resistance exercise interventions. These studies have contributed to important research developments highlighting the safety, feasibility, and benefits of such interventions for people with advanced cancer. This scoping review also identified several gaps in the literature, particularly highlighted by the few qualitative studies exploring patient perspectives and experiences with different types of LPA. The second study helped address some of the research gaps noted in the scoping review. In this qualitative interpretive-description study, individuals with stage 4 cancer revealed the diverse and fluid nature of their experiences with LPA, necessitating intentional planning and modifications of activities. Moreover, important health benefits and psychosocial meanings of activity participation were identified. In addition, common supportive care needs related to LPA were recognized through this work. In particular, the participants desired professional LPA support that is integrated, interprofessional, accessible, and tailored to their individual abilities and preferences. To complement the patient perspectives and experiences, the third study offered insight on the perspectives of rehabilitation professionals. This mixed-methods study with oncology physiotherapists demonstrated positive views about the safety, importance, and benefits of activity in people with advanced cancer. Key considerations with this population included addressing cancer-related issues (e.g., bone metastases), identifying individually meaningful goals, and tailoring activity recommendations. The physiotherapists also highlighted their overall roles in optimizing functional capacity and alleviating symptom burden in people with advanced cancer. The lack of awareness about the role of physiotherapy and the limited access to rehabilitation services in oncology were identified as important challenges. Conclusions: The overall findings from this dissertation research highlight the scope of literature on LPA in advanced cancer and offer patient and professional perspectives related to this topic. As such, these findings may help inform the design and integration of supportive care resources targeted to this population. Strategies to promote LPA in this population require consideration of the complexities associated with advanced cancer and the important meanings of LPA for people living with this challenging diagnosis. Physiotherapists can be well-suited to promote safe, meaningful LPA in the advanced cancer population, as well as to optimize functional activity and symptom management. Practically, these findings support a patient-centered approach to encourage appropriate LPA in the care of people with advanced cancer. Key elements include: (1) comprehensive, regular patient assessment; (2) open communication with patients and families; (3) interprofessional collaboration between oncology care providers and specialized rehabilitation professionals; (4) integrated, routine delivery of LPA information and individualized activity recommendations; and (5) access to tailored LPA resources and programs within cancer care and community-based settings. Additional research is warranted to examine different types of LPA and explore other rehabilitation needs, particularly in understudied subgroups of advanced cancer (e.g., non-breast cancer). Moreover, further efforts are needed to develop, evaluate, and implement clinical strategies targeting LPA within integrated care models for advanced cancer. Simultaneously, educational initiatives are necessary to enhance relevant knowledge in physiotherapists and oncology care providers. These can support the personalization of LPA resources, facilitate interprofessional collaboration, and improve the quality and integration of rehabilitation services in cancer care. Therefore, the findings of my dissertation research provide comprehensive and applicable knowledge about diverse patient and professional perspectives related to LPA in the advanced cancer population. This work can support future efforts aimed at facilitating LPA participation and enhancing supportive care experiences in individuals living with advanced cancer.

Theoretical tensions between theories of saturation, bonding and leisure were explored from feminist perspectives. Saturation defined by Gergen as a state of relational overload, may cause I of connection between family members. Leisure scholars suggets that bonding occurs during leisure, and a feminist perspective emphasizes that leisure includes conflict and inequality families. Participants were primarily White, and all were upper-middle class married couples with children aged 6 to 12. Individual and family interviews were held with parents and children. Data was analyzed qualitatively according to Strauss and Corbin's (1990) grounded theory procedures. Saturation, as a metaphor, does not capture the dynamic nature of how people grappled with time use. Being saturated reflects being filled up, but the experience described by participants may be closer to feeling drained, and more useful may be a concept that attends to both. Parents demonstrated four kinds of orientations to saturation: resistant, reformed, absorbent, and saturated. The persons who defined their experience as saturated were two men, both breadwinners with homemaker wives. Women took time-stress for granted, and were the main organizers and monitors of family leisure. Technology did not seem to add to time-stress, but TV in most households was restricted to weekends. Parents did not clearly associate bonding with leisure time. Bonding was defined as building connections and trust, showing warmth and caring, and being involved in each other lives. While bonding required attentiveness, leisure was an event where parents were free of responsibility for others. Parents discussed ideal vs. actual employment arrangements. Female homemakers were interested not in leisure, but in finding part-time work. Male breadwinners were wedded to their provider roles. Many adults would make changes in their employment situations, but felt stymied by gendered workplace culture. Children could describe times they felt time pressured, but mostly were content, and asked for parents not to rush them from one activity to the next. Children's leisure preferences were free time and family time, as opposed to organized activities, chores, and TV. / Ph. D.

This study of the wilderness visitors to the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, Georgia sought to better define the dimensions of the lived wilderness experience, and the modes in which it is experienced; to understand the dynamics of the wilderness experience and how the wilderness experience changes across time; and to examine the relationship between the wilderness experience and ideal leisure. Because of people's apparent difficulty in accurately reporting experiences after the visit, the Experience Sampling Method was the primary data collection procedure. Six aspects of the wilderness experience were identified, inspired by the writings of Henry David Thoreau, John Muir, AIdo Leopold, Sigurd Olson, and other wilderness writers: oneness, primitiveness, humility, timelessness, solitude, and care. Five modes of experiencing the wilderness were developed based on the work of environmental psychology and leisure scholars: focus on self (introspection), focus on others (socialness), focus on task (task orientation), focus on emotions (emotional intensity), and focus on environment (environmental sensitivity). Confirmatory factor analysis, principal component analysis and reliability analyses were carried out to assess the stability and meaningfulness of the scales used to operationalize these dimensions. Sixty-two visitors were asked to carry and respond to the study questionnaire during multiple moments of their visit to the Okefenokee Wilderness. Oneness, humility, timelessness, and care appeared to be pertinent dimensions of the wilderness experience, as were the more traditionally measured values of solitude and primitiveness. Using a repeated measures analysis of variance, time was a significant factor in determining item response, thus demonstrating the dynamic nature of the wilderness experience. Ideal or peak leisure, operationalized by a combination of three measures of leisure (intrinsic motivation, perceived freedom, and connotative leisure) and high levels of intensity, was found to be correlated with raised feelings of oneness, humility, primitiveness, and solitude. The Experience Sampling Method identified important multiple dimensions of the wilderness experience, and demonstrated the dynamic nature of the experience more vividly than past post-hoc measures. However, the study also identified potential problems of ESM as a data collection instrument in wilderness : concerns of obtrusiveness on the visitor’s experience, behavioral reactance, and respondent compliance. / Ph. D.

Since Thomas Kuhn's (1962) discussion of scientific revolutions, philosophers of science have defined the appropriate unit of analysis for exploring a research tradition as its macrostructure (Anderson, 1986). This macrostructure is composed of the normative philosophical commitments that are accepted in a research tradition without direct empirical support (Hudson and Ozanne, 1988). While a discussion concerning the normative philosophy of scientific paradigms has been opened in leisure research, the discipline has not yet explored models for making paradigmatic commitments explicit. The primary goal of this dissertation is to illustrate how one such model can be applied to wildland recreation research. Secondary goals are to introduce the normative commitments of an interpretive paradigm (productive hermeneutics) and to outline a hermeneutic research program for exploring leisure experience and relationship to resource. The core of the model of the macrostructure of science is Laudan's (1984) Reticulated Model of Scientific Rationality. This model describes scientific paradigms in terms of three interdependent sets of normative commitments: ontology (assumptions about reality and human nature), epistemology (assumptions about the nature, methods, and limits of knowledge), and axiology (the over-riding goals of a paradi~m). This model can be used to evaluate the "internal consistency" of the various commitments adopted by research programs and to match assumptions about the phenomena being studied to appropriate paradigms. The productive hermeneutic paradigm maintains that studying human action is more similar to interpreting texts than to gaining empirical knowledge of objects in nature. It is best described as a meaning-based model which: portrays humans as actively engaged in the construction of meaning as opposed to sin1ply responding to information that exists in the environment; focuses on idiosyncratic meaning rather than generic personality variables (e.g., past experience); and views experience as an emergent narrative rather than a predictable outcome. Its philosophical commitments are suited for studying phenomena that are unstructured, highly contextual, unpredictable, and characterized by meaning that changes across time and individuals (e.g., behavior linked to expressive, spiritual, and symbolic issues). / Ph. D.

The purpose of this study was to develop a comprehensive career interest inventory based on Super's (1980, 1984) Life Span, Life Space Theory of Career Development, and McDaniels' (1983) concept of Career = Work + Leisure (C = W + L). Career counselors increasingly have recognized the importance of a developmental perspective (Seligman, 1980; Super, 1983) and the inclusion of leisure as an integral component of one's career (Blocher & Siegal, 1984; Edwards, 1984; McDaniels, 1984). The results of this study produced a one hundred and twenty item interest inventory which can be used in career counseling, leisure counseling, or in a holistic approach. The Career Exploration Inventory (CEI) is an innovative instrument which measures developmental work and leisure interests from the past, in the present, and those anticipated in the future. The instrument is a self-administered, scored, and interpreted interest inventory for guided career exploration. Norms were developed for the CEI using two separate norm groups: unemployed/underemployed adults (N=104) and employed adults (N=106) ranging in age from eighteen to seventy-three. Validity of the CEI was comparable to existing work and leisure interest inventories. Coefficient alpha internal consistency measures ranged from .56 to .84, while subjects' top scores for the interest categories were consistent with their work and leisure activities 43 to 51 % of the time. The CEI correctly identified sustained, developmental interests for work (54%) and leisure (67%). Test-retest reliability measures for the eEl ranged from .80 to .92 over a three month period of time. The results of this study verified the utility of a developmental instrument which measures an individual's work and leisure interests over time. Many subjects reported the instrument's accuracy in measuring "true" continuing interests, rather than just current interests. / Ed. D.

The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine the extent to which a self-advocacy training intervention in leisure would alter the pre-and-post-scores of tests on knowledge of rights and responsibilities, attitudes toward leisure, and behavior in leisure on adults with severe physical disabilities participating in an adult daycare program. Four one and one half hour training modules focusing on rights and responsibilities (Rights Now) and leisure access in the community (LIFE: Leisure Is For Everyone) were used for the treatment intervention. Thirty-nine adults ranging in age from 22 to 80 years and who participate in an adult day care program were selected for study. A nonrandomized pretest-posttest design was used. An experimental group of twenty participants received the treatment, and a control group of nineteen participated in their normal leisure activities. Each participant took a series of pre-and post-tests/assessments consisting of 1) a Knowledge of Rights and Responsibilities test (Browning, Thorin, and Rhoades, 1984) and 2) two scales of the Leisure Diagnostic Battery (Competence and Control). Participant behavior in leisure was assessed pre and post by observers using a Participation Patterns instrument (Brown, 1988). Demographic data was also collected on each participant. Data was analyzed using the following procedures: a t-test on gain vi scores, frequencies, means, standard deviations, Cronbach's alphas, and Pearson Product Moment Correlations were utilized. The .05 level of significance was chosen to test whether or not there were significant differences between pre-and post-test measures. The data revealed by this study indicated that significant differences between experimental and control subjects were detected on the behavior toward leisure variable. Other results, although not statistically significant, widened support for the intervention. / Ed. D.