A leucemia linfoide aguda (LLA) compreende um grupo heterogêneo de neoplasias caracterizadas por proliferação anormal e acúmulo de células imaturas na medula óssea, o que prejudica a produção de eritrócitos, leucócitos e plaquetas. O fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina 1 (insulin-like growth factor 1; IGF1) e seu receptor (IGF1R) regulam o crescimento celular normal e contribuem para a transformação e crescimento de células malignas através da ativação de vias de sinalização intracelular. A via de sinalização do IGF1 é iniciada através da ativação de seu receptor seguido da ativação de seus substratos, incluindo o substrato 1 do receptor de insulina (insulin receptor substrate 1; IRS1). IRS1 é uma proteína predominantemente citosólica envolvida na transdução de sinal, e também desempenha um papel na transformação maligna, sendo altamente expresso em muitos tipos de câncer. Em fibroblastos de camundongos, Irs1, através da sinalização do Igf1, foi descoberto como uma proteína chave para a translocação nuclear da ?-catenina e ativação da transcrição de seus genes alvos, como o Myc e a ciclina D1. MYC e ciclina D1 podem atuar como oncogenes, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de diversas neoplasias, inclusive as hematopoéticas. Deste modo, o objetivo deste projeto de pesquisa foi investigar a participação do IRS1 nuclear na via da ?-catenina em LLA. Foram utilizadas no estudo linhagens celulares de LLA (Jurkat, MOLT4, Raji e Namalwa) e células hematopoéticas primárias de doadores normais (n=13) e de pacientes adultos com LLA (n=45) atendidos em nossa Instituição. Estudos de expressão gênica (PCRq), expressão, associação proteica (western blotting, imunoprecipitação) e localização celular (fracionamento subcelular e microscopia confocal) foram utilizados. Células da linhagem Jurkat foram submetidas à estimulação com IGF1 e/ou inibição farmacológica de IGF1R (OSI-906). Observamos elevada expressão gênica relativa de IRS1, ?-catenina e MYC nos pacientes com LLA quando comparada aos controles normais (p<0,05), mas não houve diferença na expressão gênica de ciclina D1 e IGF1R entre os dois grupos. Observamos uma correlação positiva entre a expressão gênica de ?-catenina e MYC (p=0.0004; r=0.50), e entre a expressão de IRS1 e MYC (p=0.001; r=0.45) na coorte de pacientes com LLA. Na análise univariada, idade e expressão de MYC correlacionaram-se negativamente com a sobrevida global de pacientes com LLA; idade foi fator independente de prognóstico para a sobrevida. Em linhagens celulares de LLA (Jurkat, MOLT4, Raji e Namalwa), observamos co-localização de IRS1 e ?-catenina no núcleo e no citoplasma. Em células primárias de doador normal, IRS1 e ?-catenina localizaram-se predominantemente no citoplasma. Em células da linhagem celular Jurkat, observamos interação entre IRS1 e ?- catenina e o estímulo com IGF1 provocou o aumento da fosforilação em tirosina de IRS1. O tratamento com OSI-906 diminuiu a fosforilação em tirosina de IGF1R, a translocação nuclear de ?-catenina e a expressão proteica de MYC em células Jurkat. Em conclusão, nossos dados suportam uma relação entre a via de sinalização IGF1R/IRS1 e a ativação da ?- catenina em leucemia linfoide aguda, o que pode representar um importante eixo de sinalização envolvido na fisiopatologia da doença. / The acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a heterogeneous group of malignancies characterized by abnormal proliferation and accumulation of immature cells in the bone marrow, which impairs the production of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and its receptor (IGF1R) regulate normal cell growth and contribute to transformation and growth of malignant cells through activation of downstream signaling pathways. The IGF1 signaling pathway is initiated through activation of its receptor followed by activation of its substrates, including insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1). IRS1 is well known as a cytosolic protein involved in signal transduction, but also plays a role in malignant transformation, being highly expressed in many cancers. In mouse fibroblasts, Irs1, through Igf1 signaling, was found to be the key protein for nuclear translocation of ?-catenin and transcription activation of its target genes, such as Myc and cyclin D1. MYC and cyclin D1 may act as oncogenes, contributing to the development of cancers, including hematopoietic neoplasm. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate the role of nuclear IRS1 in the ?-catenin pathway in LLA. We used in the study ALL cell lines (Jurkat, MOLT-4, Namalwa and Raji) and primary hematopoietic cells from healthy donors (n=13) and from adult patients with ALL (n=45) treated at our Institution. Studies of gene expression (qPCR), protein expression, association (Western blotting and immunoprecipitation) and cell location (subcellular fractionation and confocal microscopy) were used. Jurkat cells were submitted to IGF1 stimulation and/or IGF1R pharmacological inhibition (OSI-906). IRS1, ?-catenin and MYC relative gene expression were significantly elevated in ALL patients compared to normal controls (p<0.05), but there was no difference in gene expression of cyclin D1 and IGF1R between the two groups. A positive correlation between ?-catenin and MYC relative expression (p=0.0004; r=0.50) and between IRS1 and MYC expression (p=0.001; r=0.45) was found. Univariate analysis revealed that increasing age and elevated expression of MYC are factors that adversely affect the overall survival; age was an independent prognostic factor for survival. IRS1 and ?-catenin co-localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of ALL cell lines (Jurkat, MOLT4, Raji e Namalwa). In primary cell of normal donor, IRS1 and ?-catenin were found predominantly in the cytoplasm. In Jurkat cells, a constitutive IRS1 and ?-catenin protein interaction was observed and IGF1 stimulation increased IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation. OSI-906 treatment decreased IGF1R tyrosine phosphorylation, nuclear translocation of ?-catenin and MYC protein expression in Jurkat cells. In conclusion, our data support a link between the signaling pathway IGF1R/IRS1 and activation of ?-catenin in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which may represent an important axis involved in the pathophysiology of the disease.

Infertility is one of the major problems of obesity. Studies have shown that administration of leptin reversed obesity-induced infertility in rats and mice. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an antioxidant and also supplies the energy needed for ovulation and embryo development. We hypothesized that leptin when combined with CoQ10 could greatly improve obesity-induced infertility. The results showed a significant decrease in food intake, body weight, and the regular estrous cycle was restored after treatment with leptin+CoQ10. There was a significant increase (p10 significantly (p10 can improve fertility in obese infertile female rats. This study could provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of infertility and formulation of new drugs for the treatment of obesity-induced infertility in females.

Les corticosurrénalomes (CS), bien que rares, sont des tumeurs malignes du cortex surrénalien très agressives. Environ 30% des patients atteints de cancer surrénalien présentent des métastases au diagnostic et leur survie à 5 ans est inférieure à 20%. Les mécanismes à l’origine de la progression cancéreuse ne sont pas complètement élucidés. Leur compréhension est pourtant un préalable à la mise au point de traitements adaptés. Les mutations du gène P53 font parties des altérations génétiques les plus fréquentes dans les CS. Dans ce contexte, il est légitime d'étudier l'effet de l'inactivation de P53 spécifiquement dans les surrénales de souris. L'antigène T du virus SV40 est un oncogène qui se lie et inhibe P53 et RB. Le laboratoire dispose de souris transgéniques (modèle AdTAg) exprimant l’antigène T de SV40 dans le cortex surrénal qui développent des tumeursévolutives. L’objectif de ce travail était de caractériser l’ontogenèse de ces tumeurs et d’explorer les modifications cellulaires et moléculaires qui accompagnent leur progression maligne notamment en lien avec les signalisations β-caténine et IGF2/mTOR. Les souris AdTAg développent des tumeurs surrénaliennes récapitulant l’ensemble des caractéristiques décrites pour les CS humains. En effet, elles présentent une surmortalité à partir de 22 semaines associée à la survenue de métastases pulmonaires et hépatiques. Les tumeurs sont à l'origine d'une hypercorticostéronémie témoignant de leur différenciation stéroïdogénique. L'analyse du score de Weiss à différents stades montre une évolution de la bénignité vers la malignité. Cette progression tumorale s’accompagne d’une activation précoce de la voie mTOR et tardive de la voie Wnt/β-caténine. Ces deux voies de signalisation pourraient donc constituer des cibles thérapeutiques intéressantes. La deuxième partie du projet visait à utiliser ce modèle murin pour tester une thérapie anticancéreuse applicable au carcinome surrénalien. La rapamycine, un inhibiteur de mTOR, inhibe la prolifération cellulaire et induit une apoptose des cellules tumorales. Après 3 mois de traitement, une réduction significative du volume tumoral est constatée ainsi que la normalisation des taux de corticostérone. Nous avons également évalué l'effet antitumoral d'inhibiteurs de la voie Wnt/β-caténine: la quercetine et le PRI-724. La quercetine stoppe la progression tumorale en inhibant la prolifération cellulaire. Elle prolonge significativement la survie des souris AdTAg. Cependant, nous n'avons pas de preuve moléculaire d'inhibition de la voie Wnt/β-caténine dans les surrénales AdTAg et les mécanismes d'action de la molécule restent à élucider. A l'inverse, le PRI-724 semble être un inhibiteur spécifique de la voieWnt/β-caténine capable de bloquer l'interaction CBP/β-caténine. Un traitement de 2 mois permet une réduction significative du volume tumoral chez les souris AdTAg. La baisse d'expression de certains gènes cibles de l'interaction CBP/β-caténine témoigne d'une inhibition de la voie. Les résultats obtenus avec les inhibiteurs des voies mTOR et Wnt/β-caténine dans le modèle murin de CS sont prometteurs. L'utilisation de ces molécules pourrait donc être envisagée dans le traitement du CS. / Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare aggressive malignant tumor of adrenal cortex. 30% of patients have metastatic disease at diagnosis and the 5 year-survival rate is obtained inonly 20%. Unfortunately, the mechanisms of tumorigenesis are not well identified. Understanding these mechanisms could offer perspectives for new targeted therapies improving the survival in these patients. P53 inactivation in the adrenal cortex seems a good target to study its role in the tumorigenesis. Large T antigen of SV40 virus is an oncogene that fixes and inhibits P53 and RB. Our laboratory has mouse models expressing this antigen (AdTAg mouse model) in the adrenal cortex and developping progressive adrenal tumors. The initial objective was to characterize the ontogeny of these tumors, studying their molecular characteristics, especially β-catenin and IGF2/mTOR signaling, during the malignant progression. AdTAg mouse models develop adrenocortical tumors with characteristics that are identical to human ACC. They present pulmonary and liver metastases that lead to increased mortality rate from 22 weeks old. These tumors lead to hypercorticism that suggest their steroidogenic differentiation. Weiss score analyses indifferent ages show that these tumors progress from benign to malignant ones, associated with a precocious activation of mTOR pathway and tardive activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These pathways are thus interesting therapeutic targets. The second part of this thesis was concentrated on the anti-cancer treatment trials. Rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor inhibits cell proliferation and increases cell apoptosis in these tumors. After 3 months of treatment, the tumor burden was significantly reduced and corticosterone levels were normalized. We have also evaluated effects of Wnt/ β-catenininhibitors, Quercetin and PRI-742, in our mouse models. Quercetin inhibits tumor proliferation and progression and it extends the survival rate of AdTAg mice. Surprisingly, this effect was independent of Wnt/β-catenin activity and the molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Inversely, PRI-724 seems to be a specific inhibitor of this pathway, blocking the interaction between CBP and β-catenin. A treatment of 2 months reduced significantly the tumor volume in AdTAg mice. This effect was through the inhibition of CBP and β-catenininteraction and signaling. These results encourage using the inhibitors of mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin pathway offering promising targets to improve the survival in patients with ACC.

The regenerative potential of tissue injury declines with age. Recently, a significant role for Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been shown in tissue specific stem cell aging, leading to increased tissue fibrosis. Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates the differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts during fracture repair. We investigated the potential role of dysregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in delayed fracture union and tissue fibrosis in the elderly. Old mice displayed increased total β-catenin protein levels at 4 and 7 days post-fracture and tissue fibrosis at 14 and 21 days post-fracture compared to young mice. Furthermore, treatment with a pharmalogical agent decreased total β-catenin protein levels in the fracture callus at 4 days post-fracture and prevented tissue fibrosis at 21 days post-fracture. Our data suggests that dysregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the elderly contributes to delayed fracture repair and tissue fibrosis and offers a potential therapeutic strategy to improve fracture outcome in the elderly.

The regenerative potential of tissue injury declines with age. Recently, a significant role for Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been shown in tissue specific stem cell aging, leading to increased tissue fibrosis. Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates the differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts during fracture repair. We investigated the potential role of dysregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in delayed fracture union and tissue fibrosis in the elderly. Old mice displayed increased total β-catenin protein levels at 4 and 7 days post-fracture and tissue fibrosis at 14 and 21 days post-fracture compared to young mice. Furthermore, treatment with a pharmalogical agent decreased total β-catenin protein levels in the fracture callus at 4 days post-fracture and prevented tissue fibrosis at 21 days post-fracture. Our data suggests that dysregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the elderly contributes to delayed fracture repair and tissue fibrosis and offers a potential therapeutic strategy to improve fracture outcome in the elderly.

Activities of the DEAD box (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) family of proteins- including RNA-dependent ATPase and RNA helicase- function in all organisms to sculpt RNA-RNA duplex and RNA-protein complexes, ensuring that necessary rearrangements are rapidly and properly resolved during genetic information processing. Identified as a prototypic member of the DEAD box family and documented as an ATPase and RNA helicase, p68 plays essential and diverse functions in the control of gene expression ranging from pre-mRNA/rRNA processing and mRNA decay/stability to transcriptional activation and initiation. Despite the early implied roles in organ maturation and tumor progression, the functional contributions of p68 to growth/differentiation regulation and cancer development remain undefined. Here, we show c-Abl-dependent phosphorylation of p68 markedly associates with abnormal cell growth and cancer development. Importantly, we characterize an unanticipated signaling module through which p68 functionally contributes to Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and cell proliferation. p68, which appears to be phosphorylated by c-Abl at tyrosine 593, consequently promotes an EMT through its ability to recruit â-catenin into cell nucleus via a canonic Wnt/â-catenin axis independent way; accordingly, phosphor-p68 (phosphorylated at tyrosine 593 residue) also stimulates tumor cell growth, which requires the ATPase activity of the protein. These findings define a potential mechanism whereby phosphor-p68 recruits â-catenin into cell nucleus in ATP hydrolysis driven fashion and cooperatively regulates transcriptional programs that control an EMT. The dissertation thus demonstrates a tight coordination between DEAD box RNA helicase and cancer development.

Der Wnt/β-catenin Signalweg reguliert zusammen mit anderen Signalkaskaden die Embryogenese sowie auch die Homöostase und die Proliferation der Stammzellen im adulten Organismus. Mutationen in Komponenten dieses Signaltransduktionsweges führen zu einer aberranten Aktivierung von β-catenin und wurden in vielen verschieden Krebsarten einschließlich Darmkrebs beobachtet. Die transkriptionelle Akivität von β-catenin wird von verschiedenen nukleären Kofaktoren beeinflusst. Hierzu zählen insbesondere die Proteine der Pygopus Familie, die in Drosophila eine essentielle Rolle im kanonischen Wnt-Signalweg spielen, in Vertebraten allerdings vielmehr Kontext abhängig agieren. Insbesondere Pygo2 ist hierbei vermutlich auch an der malignen Transformation verschiedener Zelltypen mit anschließender Ausbildung von Tumoren beteiligt. Auch wenn bereits gezeigt werden konnte, dass Pygo2 in Darmtumoren überexprimiert wird, ist bisher unbekannt, ob es tatsächlich eine Rolle bei der Entstehung von intestinalen Tumoren spielt. Anhand von genetischen Experimenten in der Maus zeigt diese Arbeit zum ersten Mal in vivo, dass Pygo2 für die normale Homöostase des Darms nicht essentiell ist, aber an der Ausbildung von Darmtumoren, welche durch eine Stabilisierung von β-catenin induziert werden, beteiligt ist. Weder im embryonalen noch im adulten Darm beeinflusste der konditionale Villin-Cre bedingte Knock-out von Pygo2 in epithelialen Zellen die normale embryonale Entwicklung oder die Homöostase im adulten Darm. Auch für die Regulation von Zielgenen des Wnt/β-catenin Signalweges unter physiologischen Bedingungen scheint Pygo2 funktionell redundant zu sein. Im Gegensatz dazu verhinderte der Verlust von Pygo2 die Entstehung von β-catenin induzierten intestinalen Tumoren und normalisierte die damit verbundene Hyperproliferation sowie die erhöhte Expression von Wnt/β-catenin Zielgenen und intestinalen Stammzellmarkern. Überraschenderweise konnte die Ausbildungen von Adenomen in ApcMin/+ Mäusen durch Deletion von Pygo2 nicht verhindert werden. Der Vergleich beider Mausmodelle ergab eine erhöhte Expression von BCL9-2 in den Adenomen der ApcMin/+ Mäuse aber nicht in den Hyperplasien, die durch aktiviertes β-catenin induziert wurden. Dies könnte darauf hinweisen, dass in Apc mutierten epithelialen Zellen BCL9-2 für die Tumorprogression verantwortlich ist. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl der knock-down von Pygo2 als auch von BCL9-2 in human Kolonkarzinomzellen die Proliferation reduzierte. Anhand von immunohistochemischen Analysen des Phosphorylierungsstatus von ERK1/2, einem „downstream“ Effektor von K-ras, konnten außerdem pERK1/2 positive Zellen in den intestinalen Adenomen von ApcMin/+ Mäusen, nicht aber in hyperproliferierenden Zellen mit stabilisierten β-catenin nachgewiesen werden. Zusammenfassend weisen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit daraufhin, dass die Funktion von Pygo2 im Darm Kontext abhängig ist. Während in normalen epithelialen Zellen des Darms Pygo2 offensichtlich funktionell redundant ist, scheint es für die Ausbildung von intestinalen Tumoren, welche durch dereguliertes Wnt/β-catenin induziert werden, essentiell zu sein. Daher könnte Pygo2 ein idealer Angriffspunkt für die zielgerichtete Therapie von Darmtumoren mit β-catenin Mutation sein.

Computational evolutionary analyses, particularly phylogenetics and ancestral reconstruction, have been extensively exploited under different algorithms and evolutionary models to better understand genome evolution from both small- and large-scale perspectives in order to assign genotypes based on assortment, resolve species relationships and gene annotation issues, further understand gene gain/loss within individual gene families, measure functional divergence among homologs, and infer ancestral character states. These evolutionary studies provide us with insights into biologically relevant issues including paleoenvironments inferred from resurrected proteins, developmental physiology associated with functional divergence of duplicated genes, viral epidemics and modes of transmission in attempt to better prepare, prevent and control diseases, evolution of lineage-specific pathogenicity, and attempts to create a synthetic ancient organism that would benefit the field of synthetic biology. Our work also provides us with greater insights into the accuracies and limitations of ancestral sequence reconstruction methods. In total, our work highlights the diverse questions that evolutionary studies attempt to address and the different biological levels that can be studied to answer these questions.

Biological information processing in living systems like cells, tissues and organs critically depends on the physical interactions of molecular signaling components in time and space. How endocytic transport of signaling molecules contributes to the regulation of developmental signaling in the complex in vivo environment of a developing organism is not well understood. In a previously performed genome-wide screen on endocytosis, several genes have been identified, that selectively regulate transport of signaling molecules to different types of endosomes, without disrupting endocytosis. My PhD thesis work provides the first functional in vivo characterization of one of these candidate genes, the novel, highly conserved Rab5 effector protein P95 (PPP1R21). Cell culture studies suggest that P95 is a novel endocytic protein important to maintain the balance of distinct endosomal sub-populations and potentially regulates the sorting of signaling molecules between them (unpublished work, Zerial lab). The scientific evidence presented in this study demonstrates that zebrafish P95 is essential for early zebrafish embryogenesis. Both, knockdown and overexpression of zebrafish P95 compromise accurate morphogenetic movements and patterning of the zebrafish gastrula, showing that P95 functions during zebrafish gastrulation. P95 is functionally required to maintain signaling activity of signaling pathways that control embryonic patterning, in particular for WNT/β-catenin signaling activity. Knockdown of zebrafish P95 amplifies the recruitment of β-catenin to early endosomes, which correlates with the limitation of β-catenin to translocate to the nucleus and function as transcriptional activator. The obtained results suggest that zebrafish P95 modulates the cytoplasmic pools of β-catenin in vivo, via endosomal transport of β-catenin. In conclusion, the data presented in this thesis work provides evidence that the cytoplasm-to-nucleus shuttling of β-catenin is modulated by endocytic trafficking of β-catenin in vivo. We propose the endocytic modulation of β-catenin cytoplasm-to-nucleus trafficking as potential new mechanism to fine-tune the functional output of WNT/β-catenin signaling during vertebrate gastrulation.

Colorectal carcinoma is the second most common type of cancer in both men and women in Sweden. Cancer of the colon and rectum are often considered together and their ten year survival rate is approximately 50 – 60 % depending on sex and location. Different histopathological characteristics of such cancers, including the complexity of growth, are of importance for prognosis. This thesis has compared different morphometric methods in order to achieve a quantitative and objective measurement of the invasive front of colon carcinoma. Since the growth pattern is dependent on the cell adhesiveness of different proteins we studied the distribution and localization of E-cadherin, Beta-catenin, Claudin 1,2,7 and Occludin as well as screened the genes for mutations. We found a perturbed protein expression of E-cadherin, Beta-catenin, Claudin 1,2,7 and Occludin in tumor sections compared to normal mucosa, but no relation to tumor volume or growth pattern could be seen. The tumor volume was found to be correlated to the growth pattern but not responsible to the perturbed protein expression. In the mutation screening we found a SNP in exon 13 the E-cadherin gene in the tumor, as well as in exon 2 of Claudin 1 and exon 4 of Claudin 7 in both tumor and normal mucosa. No correlation between mutations and growth pattern or tumor volume was found. In conclusion, this thesis shows that the computer image analysis with estimation of fractal dimension and number of free tumor cell clusters is superior to the semi quantitative visual grading of tumor invasive complexity. The aberrant expression of cell adhesion proteins in the tumor compared to normal mucosa as well as polymorphisms in the cell adhesion genes CLDN1 and CLDN7 in both tumor and normal mucosa can suggest that these aberrations are important in the tumorigenesis of colon carcinoma.