La premier thématique a pour objectifs :1) de tracer l’origine de la salinité des eaux des aquifères karstiques en milieu côtier méditerranéen,2) de quantifier les proportions de mélange entre les eaux salées et les eaux karstiques,3) de discriminer les traceurs géochimiques pour identifier et modéliser les processus de salinisation d’aquifères karstiques côtiers. La seconde thématique a pour objectifs:1) d’établir les [As] d’origine naturelle des eaux de surface et des eaux souterraines, 2) de quantifier le niveau de contamination en arsenic de ces eaux et sa variabilité spatio-temporelle 3) de tracer l’origine naturelle ou anthropique de la pollution en As à l’aide d’outils isotopiques adaptés. les origines de la salinité identifié inclue i) des venues d’eaux profondes salées ii) des venues profondes d’eau salées remontant vers la surface par une faille majeure normale. Le 36Cl/Cl a permis d’identifier l’origine profonde des eaux salées et une recharge d’eau météorique infiltrée lors de la période des essais thermonucléaires. La modélisation PHREEQC permet de différentier le mélange avec une eau profonde salée de celui avec une eau de mer actuelle. Le 87Sr/86Sr montre un comportement conservatif pour tracer l’origine des eaux salées dans les aquifères karstiques. Les traceurs Cs, Rb, Li et B permettent de différentier les trois origines identifiées de la salinité. Les données acquises sur la contamination en As soulignent une augmentation nette et pérenne des [As] à partir des anciens sites de traitement minier réhabilités. Les rapports 87Sr/86Sr et δ18O et δ2H se révèlent dans ce cas un traceur très discriminant de l’origine naturelle ou anthropique de l’arsenic. / The first theme has for objectives: 1) to trace the origin of the salinity of the waters of the karst aquifers in coastal environment mediterraneen,2) to quantify the mixing proportions between salt waters and the waters karstiques,3) to discriminate the geochemical tracers to identify and model the process of salinization of aquifers coastal karst. The second theme has for objectives:1) to establish the [hast] of natural origin of surface waters and groundwater, 2) to quantify the level of contamination by arsenic in these waters and its spatial and temporal variability 3) to trace the natural or anthropogenic origin of pollution in hast to the aid of isotopic tools adapted. the origins of the salinity identified include i) of came from deep waters salted ii) of come deep water salted dating back toward the surface by a major flaw normal. The 36Cl/Cl has allowed us to identify the origin of deep saline waters and a recharge of meteoric water infiltrated during the period of thermonuclear tests. The PHREEQC modeling used to differentiate between the mixture with a deep water of salt that one with a sea water current. The 87SR/ 86Sr shows a conservative behavior for tracing the origin of saline waters in karst aquifers. The plotters Cs, Rb, Li and B allows to differentiate the three origins identified of salinity. The data acquired on the contamination in hast underline a net increase and perennial of [hast] from the ancient sites of mining processing rehabilitated. The reports 87SR/ 86Sr and δ18O and δ2H will reveal in this case a chartplotter very discriminant of natural or anthropogenic origin of arsenic.

Thema der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Untersuchung ausgewählter niederdimensionaler Schichtgittersysteme, wobei das Hauptinteresse in der Erforschung der elektronischen Struktur im Zusammenhang mit Interkalationsexperimenten liegt. Einkristalline Graphit-, TiSe2- und TaSe2-Proben wurden vor und nach der Interkalation mit winkelaufgelöster Photoemission, Fermi- und Isoenergieflächenmessungen und Elektronenbeugung (LEED) analysiert. Als Interkalationsmaterialien wurden U, Eu, Gd und Cs verwendet. Die experimentellen Daten wurden mit Ergebnissen von LDA-LCAO-Bandstrukturrechnungen und Simulationen im Rahmen eines Single-Impurity-Anderson-Modells verglichen. Neben dem Einfluß unterschiedlicher Valenzelektronen der interkalierten Atome auf den Einlagerungsprozeß werden Fragen zum Lokalisierungsverhalten von 4f- und 5f-Zuständen und zu den Veränderungen in der Dimensionalität der Verbindungen durch die Einlagerung diskutiert. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit befaßt sich mit Untersuchungen zur temperaturabhängigen Ausbildung von Ladungsdichtewellen in 1T-TaSe2. / Subject of the present thesis are investigations of selected low-dimensional layered lattice systems, with the principal goal to study the electronic structure in relation to intercalation experiments. Single-crystalline graphite-, TiSe2 - and TaSe2- samples were analyzed by angle-resolved photoemission, Fermi- and isoenergy-surface measurements, and low energy electron diffraction experiments before and after intercalation. U, Eu, Gd, and Cs were used as materials for the intercalation process. The experimental results were compared with theoretical LDA-LCAO band-structure calculations and with simulations in the framework of a single-impurity Anderson model. In addition to the influence of different numbers of valence electrons from intercalated atoms, questions concerning the localization of 4f and 5f states and changes in the dimensionality of the compounds due to the intercalation process are discussed. Investigations of the temperature dependent formation of charge density waves in 1T-TaSe2 complete this work.

Im ersten Teil wurde Probenvorbereitungs-Methoden und instrumentelle Methoden zur Organofluor-Bestimmung verglichen, um Vor- und Nachteile bei der Summenparameter-Analytik von per- und polyfluorierten Alkylverbindungen (PFAS) zu identifizieren. Daher wurden Oberflächenwasserproben aus der Spree in Berlin und Industrieabwasserproben mit zwei PFAS-Summenparametern analysiert – dem extrahierbaren (EOF) und dem adsorbierbaren organisch gebundenen Fluor (AOF). Beide PFAS-Summenparameter wurden mit zwei fluorsensitiven Detektionssystemen analysiert – Hochauflösender Kontinuumstrahler-Graphitofen Molekülabsorptionsspektrometrie (HR-CS-GFMAS) und combustion Ionenchromatographie (CIC). HR-CS-GFMAS erwies sich im Vergleich zu CIC als der empfindlichere und schnellere Ansatz mit höherer Präzision. Im zweiten Teil wurde eine neue Methode zur PFAS-Summenparameteranalyse und EOF-Bestimmung in Bodenproben auf Basis von HR-CS-GFMAS entwickelt und optimiert. EOF-Massenanteile wurden bei mehrfacher Extraktion und Nutzung der Festphasenextraktion (SPE) zur Entfernung anorganischen Fluors untersucht. Bei einem Vergleich der optimierten Methode mit und ohne SPE zeigte sich eine drastische Diskriminierung von Organofluor-Verbindungen mittels SPE. Im dritten Teil wurden Organofluor-Massenbilanzen in aquatischen Systemen anhand von Oberflächenwasser- und Schwebstoffproben (SPM) untersucht. SPM-Proben wurden mit vier komplementären Analysemethoden analysiert – target und non-target, direct total oxidizable precursor assay (dTOPA) und EOF. Daher wurden drei Organofluor-Massenbilanzansätze für die räumlich und zeitaufgelöste SPM-Probenanalyse verwendet: (I) Identifizierung von oxidierbaren PFAS-Vorläufer, (II) Identifizierung des Anteils der identifizierten und nicht identifiziertes EOF und (III) PFAS-target, PFAS dTOPA, non-target-Screening und EOF-Analyse, um das nicht identifizierte EOF aus Ansatz (II) weiter zu entschlüsseln. / In the first part, a comparison of sample preparation and instrumental methods for organofluorine determination was used to identify advantages and disadvantages in sum parameter analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Therefore, surface water samples from the Spree River in Berlin, Germany and industrial effluent samples were analyzed using two PFAS sum parameters – the extractable (EOF) and adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF). Both PFAS sum parameters were analyzed using two fluorine sensitive detection systems – high-resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) and combustion ion chromatography (CIC). HR-CS-GFMAS turned out to be the more sensitive and faster approach accompanied with higher precision compared to CIC. In the second part, a new method for PFAS sum parameter analysis and EOF determination in soil samples based on HR-CS-GFMAS was developed and optimized. EOF mass fractions were investigated upon multiple extraction and utilization of solid phase extraction (SPE) for inorganic fluorine removal. In a comparison of the optimized method with and without SPE, a highly biased discrimination of organofluorines using SPE was shown. In the third part, organofluorine mass balances were investigated in aquatic systems using surface water and suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples. SPM samples were analyzed using 4 complementary analytical methods – target and non-target HRMS, direct total oxidizable precursor assay (dTOPA) and EOF. Therefore, 3 organofluorine mass balance approaches were used for SPM sample analysis in spatial and time resolved manner: (I) Identification of oxidizable PFAS precursors, (II) Identification of the proportion of identified and unidentified EOF and (III) PFAS target, PFAS dTOPA, non-target screening and EOF analysis to further unravel the unidentified EOF from approach (II).

Denna uppsats presenterar resultaten av en kvalitativ undersökning som syftar till att ge en djupare förståelse för användningen av AI inom radiologi, dess framtida påverkan på yrket och hur det används idag. Genom att genomföra tre intervjuer med personer som arbetar inom radiologi, har datainsamlingen fokuserat på att identifiera de positiva och negativa aspekterna av AI i radiologi, samt dess potentiella konsekvenser på yrket. Resultaten visar på en allmän acceptans för AI inom radiologi och dess förmåga att förbättra diagnostiska processer och effektivisera arbetet. Samtidigt finns det en viss oro för att AI kan ersätta människor och minska behovet av mänskliga bedömningar. Denna uppsats ger en grundläggande förståelse för hur AI används inom radiologi och dess möjliga framtida konsekvenser. / This essay presents the results of a qualitative study aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology, its potential impact on the profession and how it’s used today. By conducting three interviews with individuals working in radiology, data collection focused on identifying the positive and negative aspects of AI in radiology, as well as its potential consequences on the profession. The results show a general acceptance of AI in radiology and its ability to improve diagnostic processes and streamline work. At the same time, there is a certain concern that AI may replace humans and reduce the need for human judgments. This report provides a basic understanding of how AI is used in radiology and its possible future consequences.

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The primary aim of this study was to establish normative data regarding the fears expressed by and coping mechanisms in a selected group of middle childhood children living in a children's home with respect to content, number, level and pattern of fears and the coping mechanisms as well as their perceived efficacy. Children living in a children's home were referred to as children who were removed from family care as a result of lawful intervention and were thus seen as a special population. The secondary aim was to ascertain whether any differences in the fears expressed were found with respect to the independent variables of a special population and gender. The three measuring instruments were the Free-Option Method (FOM), the Fear Survey Schedule for Children Revised (FSSC-R) and the Coping Strategy (CS). The FOM was used to determine the content and number of fears, the structured FSSC-R to establish the content, number, level and pattern of fears and the CS to obtain the coping mechanisms used and their perceived effectiveness. A predominantly quantitative method of data collection was used. This was also true for the data analysis. In all three questionnaires were completed by 141 children living in a children's home (70 boys and 71 girls) in the Western Cape between the ages of 8 and 13. The three questionnaires comprised of the FOM, FSSC-R and the CS and were administered in the above-mentioned order. The content of fears based on the results of the FOM yielded only a few similarities upon comparison to the findings of a recent study by. More similarities were apparent upon comparison of the results of the FSSC-R implying that the structuredness of the measuring instrument plays a role in how universal childhood fears really are. The number as well as level of fear was higher for the children living in a children's home in comparison to the results of normative populations. This also holds true for the level of fear on all of the fear factors of the FSSC-R Gender differences that were apparent, were consistent with previous research with girls expressing a higher number and level of fears than boys. The girls in comparison to the boys also displayed a higher level of fear on all the five factors. The coping strategy most often used as well as perceived effective was the secondary coping strategy. This was followed by the primary coping strategy and finally the relinquished control coping strategy. Specific coping strategies, which were utilised, were support seeking and avoidance and these are associated with a higher level of intemalising symptoms. Overall, the coping strategies utilised were found to be effective in reducing the fear experienced. Only a few similarities were apparent upon companson of the results of the two measunng instruments, the FOM and the FSSC-R, emphasising the need for the development of an South African Fear Schedule. Lastly, recommendations for future studies are provided. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die primêre doel van die onderhawige studie was die insameling van ·normatiewe data omtrent die uitgesproke vrese van 'n geselekteerde groep kinderhuiskinders in die middelkinderjare met betrekking tot die inhoud, aantal, vlak en patroon van vrese en die hanteringstrategieë, sowel as die waargenome effektiwiteit daarvan. Kinders wat in kinderhuise woon is kinders wat van hulle gesinne verwyder is as gevolg van 'n wetlike ingreep en hulle word om hierdie rede as 'n spesiale populasie beskou. Die sekondêre doel van die onderhawige studie was om vas te stelof daar verskille was in die uitgesproke vrese met betrekking tot die onafhanklike veranderlikes van 'n spesiale populasie en geslag. Die drie meetinstrumente wat toegepas is, is die "Free Option Method" (FOM), die ''Fear Survey Schedule for Children Revised" (FSSC-R) en die "Coping Strategy"(CS). Die FOM is gebruik om die inhoud en aantal vrese te bepaal, terwyl die FSSC-R gebruik is om die inhoud, aantal, vlak en patroon van vrese te bepaal. Die CS is gebruik om die hanteringstrategieë en hul effektiwiteit te bepaal. 'n Oorwegend kwantitatiewe metode van data insameling, sowel as dataverwerking is vir hierdie studie gebruik. Drie vraelyste is beantwoord deur 141 kinders (70 seuns en 71 meisies) tussen die ouderdomme van 8 en 13 jaar wat in kinderhuise in die Wes-Kaap woon. Die FOM, FSSC-R en die CS is gebruik en in hierdie volgorde toegepas. Die inhoud van vrese wat op die resultate van die FOM gebaseer is, het weining ooreengestem met die navorsingsbevindings van 'n onlangse studie. Meer ooreenstemming is gevind met betrekking tot die inhoud van vrese wat gebaseer is op die FSSC-R resultate. Dit impliseer dat die gestruktureerdheid van die meetinstrumente 'n rol speel in hoe universeel vrese is. Die aantal sowel as vlak van vrese, was hoër vir die kinders wat in 'n kinderhuis woon vergeleke met die resultate van normatiewe populasies. Die bogenoemde is ook van toepassing ten opsigte van die vlak van vrese op al vyf faktore van die FSSC-R. Geslagsverskille wat voorgekom het, is in ooreenstemming met ander navorsingsresultate waar meisies, in vergelyking met seuns, meer vrese sowel as 'n hoër vlak van vrese op al vyffaktore van die FSSC-R getoon het. Die hanteringstrategieë wat die meeste deur die kinders gebruik is is die sekondêre hanteringstrategieë. Dit is gevolg deur die primêre hanteringstrategieë en laastens die opgegeë beheer hanteringstrategieë. Spesifieke hanteringstrategieë wat gebruik is, is ondersteuning en vermyding. Hierdie strategieë word geassosieer met 'n hoër vlak van geïnternaliseerde simptome. Oor die algemeen is die hanteringstrategieë as effektief beskou in die vermindering van vrese. Daar was min ooreenstemming tussen die resultate van die twee vrees meetinstrumente, die FOM en die FSSC-R, wat die behoefte aan die ontwikkeling van 'n vrees meetinstrument vir Suid-Afrikaanse omstandighede beklemtoon. Ten slotte word enkele riglyne vir toekomstige navorsing gegee.

For precise measurement of new TeV-scale physics and precision studies of the Higgs Boson, a new lepton collider is required. To enable meaningful analysis, a centre of mass energy of 500GeV and luminosity of 10³⁴cm^-2s^-1 is needed. The planned 31km long International Linear Collider is capable of meeting these targets, requiring a final emittance of 10 micro-radians horizontally and 35nmrad vertically. To achieve these demanding emittance values, the accelerator components in the main linacs must be aligned against an accurately mapped network of reference markers along the entire tunnel. An automated system could map this tunnel network quickly, accurately, safely and repeatedly; the Linear Collider Alignment and Survey (LiCAS) Rapid Tunnel Reference Surveyor (RTRS) is a working prototype of such a system. The LiCAS RTRS is a train of measurement units that accurately locate regularly spaced retro-reflector markers using Frequency Scanning Interferometry (FSI). The unit locations with respect to each other are precisely reconstructed using a Laser Straightness Monitor (LSM) and tilt sensor system, along with a system of internal FSI lines. The design, commissioning, practical usage, calibration, and reconstruction performance of the LSM is addressed in this work. The commissioned RTRS is described and the properties of the LSM components are investigated in detail. A method of finding the position of laser beam spots on the LSM cameras is developed, along with a process of combining individual spot positions into a more robust measurement compatible with the data from other sub-systems. Laser beam propagation along the LSM is modelled and a robust method of reconstructing CCD beam spot position measurements into positions and orientations of the LSM units is described. A method of calibrating LSM units using an external witness system is presented, along with a way of using the overdetermined nature of the LSM to improve calibration constant errors by including data taken from unwitnessed runs. The reconstruction uncertainty, inclusive of both statistical and systematic effects, of the LSM system is found to be of 5.8 microns × 5.3 microns in lateral translations and 27.6 microradians × 34.1 microradians in rotations perpendicular to the beam, with an uncertainty of 51.1 microradians in rotations around the beam coming from a tilt-sensor arrangement.

Poor drug penetration through tumor tissue has emerged as a fundamental obstacle to cancer therapy. The solid tumor microenvironment presents several physiological abnormalities which reduce the uptake of intravenously administered therapeutics, including leaky, irregularly spaced blood vessels, and a pressure gradient which resists transport of therapeutics from the bloodstream into the tumor. Because of these factors, a systemically administered anti-cancer agent is unlikely to reach 100% of cancer cells at therapeutic dosages, which is the efficacy required for curative treatment. The goal of this project is to use high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) to enhance drug delivery via phenomena associated with acoustic cavitation. ‘Cavitation’ is the formation, oscillation, and collapse of bubbles in a sound field, and can be broadly divided into two types: ‘inertial’ and ‘stable’. Inertial cavitation involves violent bubble collapse and is associated with phenomena such as heating, fluid jetting, and broadband noise emission. Stable cavitation occurs at lower pressure amplitudes, and can generate liquid microstreaming in the bubble vicinity. It is the combination of fluid jetting and microstreaming which it is attempted to explore, control, and apply to the drug delivery problem in solid tumors. First, the potential for cavitation to enhance the convective transport of a model therapeutic into obstructed vasculature in a cell-free in vitro tumor model is evaluated. Transport is quantified using post-treatment image analysis of the distribution of a dye-labeled macromolecule, while cavitation activity is quantified by analyzing passively recorded acoustic emissions. The introduction of exogenous cavitation nuclei into the acoustic field is found to dramatically enhance both cavitation activity and convective transport. The strong correlation between inertial cavitation activity and drug delivery in this study suggested both a mechanism of action and the clinical potential for non-invasive treatment monitoring. Next, a flexible and efficient method to simulate numerically the microstreaming fields instigated by cavitating microbubbles is developed. The technique is applied to the problem of quantifying convective transport of a scalar quantity in the vicinity of acoustically cavitating microbubbles of various initial radii subject to a range of sonication parameters, yielding insight regarding treatment parameter choice. Finally, in vitro and in vivo models are used to explore the effect of HIFU on delivery and expression of a biologically active adenovirus. The role of cavitation in improving the distribution of adenovirus in porous media is established, as well as the critical role of certain sonication parameters in sustaining cavitation activity in vivo. It is shown that following intratumoral or intravenous co-injection of ultrasound contrast agents and adenovirus, both the distribution and expression of viral transgenes are enhanced in the presence of inertial cavitation. This ultrasound-based drug delivery system has the potential to be applied in conjunction with a broad range of macromolecular therapeutics to augment their bioavailability for cancer treatment. In order to reach this objective, further developmental work is recommended, directed towards improving therapeutic transducer design, using transducer arrays for treatment monitoring and mapping, and continuing the development of functionalized monodisperse cavitation nuclei.

The provision of compositionality in distributional models of meaning, where a word is represented as a vector of co-occurrence counts with every other word in the vocabulary, offers a solution to the fact that no text corpus, regardless of its size, is capable of providing reliable co-occurrence statistics for anything but very short text constituents. The purpose of a compositional distributional model is to provide a function that composes the vectors for the words within a sentence, in order to create a vectorial representation that re ects its meaning. Using the abstract mathematical framework of category theory, Coecke, Sadrzadeh and Clark showed that this function can directly depend on the grammatical structure of the sentence, providing an elegant mathematical counterpart of the formal semantics view. The framework is general and compositional but stays abstract to a large extent. This thesis contributes to ongoing research related to the above categorical model in three ways: Firstly, I propose a concrete instantiation of the abstract framework based on Frobenius algebras (joint work with Sadrzadeh). The theory improves shortcomings of previous proposals, extends the coverage of the language, and is supported by experimental work that improves existing results. The proposed framework describes a new class of compositional models thatfind intuitive interpretations for a number of linguistic phenomena. Secondly, I propose and evaluate in practice a new compositional methodology which explicitly deals with the different levels of lexical ambiguity (joint work with Pulman). A concrete algorithm is presented, based on the separation of vector disambiguation from composition in an explicit prior step. Extensive experimental work shows that the proposed methodology indeed results in more accurate composite representations for the framework of Coecke et al. in particular and every other class of compositional models in general. As a last contribution, I formalize the explicit treatment of lexical ambiguity in the context of the categorical framework by resorting to categorical quantum mechanics (joint work with Coecke). In the proposed extension, the concept of a distributional vector is replaced with that of a density matrix, which compactly represents a probability distribution over the potential different meanings of the specific word. Composition takes the form of quantum measurements, leading to interesting analogies between quantum physics and linguistics.

Les interactions systémiques entre l’Homme et son milieu sont étudiées dans cette thèse au travers de la dynamique de la végétation des domaines pastoraux de la Chaîne des Puys (Massif central, France). A partir d’analyses de terrain (phytosociologiques, agronomiques) et d’enquêtes agropastorales nous établissons un état des lieux des estives des Dômes. Une démarche diachronique vise ensuite la recherche des causes de l'extension ligneuse et ses conséquences sur la couverture végétale. Notre démarche d'analyse est fondée sur un triptyque végétation - milieu - pratiques établit sur plusieurséchelles spatio-temporelles. Les résultats montrent que la déprise agricole, symptomatique des zones de moyenne montagne, et la fermeture ligneusedes espaces qui lui est associée ne caractérisent pas les trajectoires observées de la dynamique végétale. Ainsi, les nombreuses perturbations affectant le système (crises, pratiques) remet en cause la linéarité des successions observées dans la bibliographie, tant sur les vitesses de progression que sur les trajectoires et les caractéristiques. Il apparaît alors que le concept de mosaïque phyto-morphologique anthropique, proposé ici soit plus adapté à la réalité du terrain et à l'intensité de l'usage de l'espace. Les composants de cette mosaïque et leurs évolutions suivent des trajectoires stochastiques voire chaotiques dont la caractérisation première tend vers une disparition des landes au profit de la strate herbacée et non à une fermeture généralisée des milieux. / Systemic interactions between Human and environment are studied in this thesis through the vegetation dynamics of the Chaîne des Puys pastoral area (French Massif central). From field analyses (phytosociological, agronomic) and agropastoral linguiries we establish a diagnosis oh the local pastures. The causes of the ligneous extension and its consequences on the vegetation cover explored through a diachronic survey and mapping of landscape. Our analytical approach is established on a triptyc vegetation - environment - practices based on three spatial and temporal scales. Results shows that agricultural abandonment symptomatic of mountain area correlated to space closure by woody strata do not characterize the observed trajectories of vegetation dynamics. Thus, many disturbances affecting the system (crises, practises) questions the linearity of successions observed in the literature, and affect the vegetation progression velocity and its species characteristics. It appears that the concept of landscape mosaic controlled by dynamically interacting ecological and anthropogenic drvers, is more suited to the field relaity and to intensity of the space use. The mosaic components and their evolutions follow even stochastic or chaotic trajectories which first characterization goes to a healthlang disappearance in favor oh herbaceous stratum and not in a generalized landscape closure.

Um dos primeiros requisitos para utilização de lasers de diodo em espectroscopia é sua estabilização térmica. Neste trabalho desenvolvemos um sistema de controle de temperatura para laser de diodo que permite estabilização melhor que 0.01&#176C. O controle é feito através de um sistema sensor e um elemento Peltier como atuador. Lasers somente estabilizados em temperatura (estabilização primária) foram utilizados para realização de espectroscopia de vapores atômicos de Rb e Cs. / One of the first requisites for utilization of diode lasers in spectroscopy is its thermal stabilization. In this work, we develop a diode laser temperature controlling system, which yields stabilization better than 0.01&#176C. The controlling is obtained by means of a sensor system and a Peltier element as actuator. Lasers stabilized in temperature only (primary stabilizations) were utilized in the spectroscopy of atomic vapors of Rb and Cs.