L'aquaculture de bivalves peut influencer les écosystèmes marins côtiers en augmentant le dépôt de matériel organique, qui, alternativement, peut avoir des effets directs et indirects multiples sur la communauté benthique environnante. Cette recherche évalue l'influence de l'aquaculture de moules sur la macrofaune épibenthique à l'île du Prince-Edouard, Canada. L'abondance des macroinvertébrés et des poissons benthiques (> 2 centimètres) a été évalué par des comptes visuels à l'aide du scaphandre autonome à 4 fermes d'aquaculture de moules ainsi qu'à des sites témoins à différentes distances des fermes (50, 100, 500 et 2000 m) au cours des mois de juin, août et novembre 2005. Les assemblages benthiques ont été dominés par des étoiles de mer (Asterias sp. ; 79%), suivis de crabes {Cancer irroratus ; 8% et Neopanope sayi ; 6%), de lunacies (Lunatia héros ; 2%), de plies rouges (Pleuronectes americanus ; 2%), de homards (Homarus americanus ; 1%) et de bernard-l'hermite (Pagarus ;1%). Le nombre d'espèces et l'indice d'équitabilité ont différé selon les fermes et les distances témoins mais aucune tendance ne pouvait suggérer une influence négative résultant de l'aquaculture de moules. Bien qu'il y ait eu de grandes variabilités parmi les emplacements et les dates d'échantillonnage, l'aquaculture de moules a eu un effet positif significatif sur l'abondance totale d'organismes. En effet, l'abondance était généralement plus grande dans les fermes comparativement aux distances témoins. Ces accroissements de l'abondance ont été principalement associés au plus grand nombre d'étoiles de mer et de crabes de roche (C. irroratus). Les augmentations de macrofaune épibenthique ont semblé être en grande partie limitées à la proximité immédiate de la ferme de moules, c'est à dire moins de 50m. Cette tendance reflète probablement la plus grande abondance de ressources alimentaires ainsi que la création d'habitats plus hétérogènes favorables à une plus grande biomasse d'invertébrés et de poissons. Ces constatations indiquent une influence positive de l'aquaculture de moules et les méthodes d'échantillonnage devraient être employées lors d'une évaluation plus complète de l'influence des sites d'aquaculture.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Estudios Latinoamericanos

Entre 1905 et 1954, Édouard Herriot incarne l’une des tendances principales du radicalisme français. De la mairie de Lyon à la présidence du Conseil, Édouard Herriot rassemble autour de ses idées une nouvelle génération d’élus pour lesquels la République constitue le régime définitif de la France. En rupture avec la doctrine radicale de la fin du XIXe siècle qui faisait de la révision constitutionnelle un des points de son programme, le radicalisme d’Édouard Herriot accepte définitivement les lois de 1875. Dès lors, malgré la crise des institutions qui caractérise le début du XXe siècle, Herriot tente de préserver le modèle républicain formé à la fin XIXe siècle. Selon lui, les institutions politiques et administratives républicaines doivent être modernisées pour correspondre aux promesses du régime républicain en faveur de la démocratie et de l’application de la science à la politique. Jusqu’en 1926, la tendance radicale menée par Herriot se caractérise par une volonté de refaire la République. Après 1926, contre les différents réformismes qui abordent le problème de la crise institutionnelle, Édouard Herriot et ses partisans résisteront favorisant ainsi la paralysie du régime. Enfin face à la Seconde guerre mondiale et au début de la Quatrième République, ils tenteront, avec moins de succès cette fois, de rétablir ce qu’ils considèrent être la tradition républicaine. Cet itinéraire politique d’un homme et d’un groupe de partisans participant aux principales fonctions de l’État pendant près de cinquante ans permet de comprendre la permanence et les ressorts de la crise institutionnelle française au XXe siècle / Between 1905 and 1954, Edouard Herriot embodies one of the most important tendencies of French radicalism. From Lyon city hall to the council presidency, Edouard Herriot gathers around his ideas a new generation of elected officals. According to them, the republic is the French definitive regime. Breaking with the radical doctrine of the end of the 19th century, which made consitutional revision one of the points of its program, Edouard Herriot radicalism definitely accepts the laws of 1875. From this point and despite the institutional crisis that characterizes the beginning of the 20th century, Herriot tries to preserve the republican model construted at the end of the 19th century. According to Herriot, the republican political and administrative institutions should be modernized to match with the promises of the republican model for democracy and the application of science to politics. Until 1926, the radical tendency led by Herriot is characterized by a desire to rebuild the republic. After 1926, Herriot and his supporters resist against the many reforms concerning the institutional crisis problem. This way, they will favorise the regime paralysis. Finally, when confronted to world war II and the beginning of the 4th republic they will try unsuccessfully to restore what they consider to be the republican tradition. This political career of a man and his supporters occupying the main political state functions during almost fifty years helps to understand the permanence and the mechanisms of the French institutional crisis during the 20th century

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:05:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ec_dr_mar.pdf: 11709442 bytes, checksum: 0cf492673747727268a47652c88095a1 (MD5) / A presente tese de doutorado objetiva analisar as apropriações e representações do médico e psicólogo suíço Édouard Claparède no Brasil a partir dos seus livros publicados entre os anos de 1928 a 1973. Como objetivos específicos, buscamos compreender a circulação de suas obras promovidas por diferentes grupos editoriais e analisar as inclusões - principalmente as modificações editoriais - feitas por brasileiros. Pra alcançar tais objetivos analisamos as obras do autor suíço - entremeadas por cartas, textos e documentos - com fins ao entendimento dos modos como Claparède foi, nos termos de Certeau, apropriado pelos editores brasileiros, analisando assim, a maneira como ele foi absorvido e como seus textos foram colocados no mercado. Partindo da pespectiva da circulação de saberes no campo da educação, tomamos, inicialmente, Claparède a partir da ideia de estrangeiro indígena e das ritualizações editoriais para a tradução e publicação de seus textos. Seus tradutores realizaram um processo de naturalização do autor estrangeiro. Assim defendemos a ideia de que a constituição da imagem de Claparède foi mediada por diferentes amalgamações de rituais feitos por Lourenço Filho, Damasco Penna e Helena Antipoff / The present doctoral thesis intends to analyze the appropriations and representations of Swiss psychologist and medical Édouard Claparede in Brazil from their books published between the years 1928-1973 . As specific objectives , we seek to understand the circulation of their works promoted by different publishers their states and analyze the inclusions - mainly editorial changes - made ​​by Brazilians . To achieve these objectives we analyze the works of Swiss author in order to understand the ways that Claparede was appropriated by Brazilian editors, analyzing the way he was absorbed and how his writings were placed on the market. From the pespective of the circulation of knowledge in the field of education , we understand Claparede from the idea of ​​indigenous foreigner and the idea of the rituals editorials for the translation and publication of his texts.Their translators performed a process of naturalization of foreign author. So we defend the idea that the formation of the image of Claparede was mediated by different amalgamations of rituals performed by Lourenço Filho, Damasco Penna and Helena Antipoff

Este estudo procura discutir a presença e as implicações da questão identitária antilhana na obra Le Discours antillais (1981), de Édouard Glissant. Levando em conta o contexto histórico de formação da sociedade antilhana, sua especificidade cultural e o peso da pesquisa de identidade na região, serão avaliados o modo de apresentação dessa problemática no texto glissantiano, suas articulações internas, as possibilidades de diálogo com outras fontes, sua associação ao projeto literário do autor e o papel que desempenha na configuração de sua poética. Escritor de muitas facetas, Glissant é tanto reconhecido por sua ação política frente à assimilação cultural e à departamentalização de sua ilha natal, a Martinica, pela França, quanto pela vasta produção que desenvolveu, a qual reúne gêneros e matérias diversas. O fio condutor de seu trabalho, porém, é inegavelmente a questão identitária antilhana, responsável por seu empenho em afirmar-se como autor independente e em afirmar um campo literário antilhano autônomo, a partir do que contribuiu de maneira significativa para a reflexão acerca dos quadros pós-coloniais, das relações interculturais na contemporaneidade e da formação de novas identidades. Em Glissant, as Antilhas são o paradigma de um movimento que hoje abrange todo o mundo, a crioulização, que consiste na hibridização e nas trocas de elementos culturais, étnicos e linguísticos entre as coletividades, com resultados imponderáveis e surpreendentes. No exame da questão identitária antilhana, o autor desconstrói categorias fixas do pensamento ocidental, propondo novos conceitos, mais flexíveis e dinâmicos como a Relação e o Diverso, que definem a possibilidade de a noção de identidade ser pensada para além de uma origem única, projetando formas originais de identificação. Assim concebida, a análise ora apresentada mostrará a maneira particular segundo a qual o escritor interpreta a busca de identidade nas Antilhas e o lugar central ocupado por Le Discours antillais na organização desse tema, além do alcance das considerações do autor para o entendimento das complexas tramas culturais que irrompem na atualidade. Espera-se, enfim, por meio desta leitura, concorrer em qualquer sorte para o enriquecimento da fortuna crítica sobre tão importante pensador contemporâneo. / This study aims to discuss the presence and the implications of the Antillean identity matter on the work Le Discours antillais (1981), by Édouard Glissant. Considering the historical context in which the Antillean society was built, its cultural specificities and the importance of identity research in this region, we will evaluate the way this issue is presented on Glissants text, its internal articulations, the possibilities of interactions with other sources, its association with the authors literary project and the role it plays in the setting of his poetics. A writer of many facets, Glissant is recognized both for his political action against the cultural assimilation and the departmentalization of his home island, Martinique, by France, and for his vast production, which includes various genres and subject matters. Although, the common thread of his work is undeniably the Antillean identity issue, that is responsible for his efforts to assert himself as an independent author and to reinforce the existence of an autonomous Antillean literary field, from what he significantly contributed to the reflections about postcolonial frameworks, intercultural relations in the contemporary world and the development of new identities. For Glissant, the Antilles are the paradigm of a movement that nowadays embraces the whole world, the creolization, which consists in hybridity and in the exchanges of cultural, ethnic and linguistic elements between the communities, leading to imponderable and surprising results. When examining the Antillean identity matter, the author deconstructs fixed categories of the western thought, proposing new, more flexible and dynamic concepts, such as Relation and Diversity, which define the possibility of an identity notion that goes beyond a unique origin, projecting original forms of identification. Being conceived in this way, this analysis will show the particular manner in which the writer interprets the search for identity in the Antilles and the central role Le Discours antillais plays on the organization of this matter, as well as the outreach of the authors considerations for the understanding of the complex cultural plots that erupt in the present days. Finally, it is hoped that this research will possibly contribute to enriching the critical fortune of such a relevant contemporary thinker.

Este estudo procura discutir a presença e as implicações da questão identitária antilhana na obra Le Discours antillais (1981), de Édouard Glissant. Levando em conta o contexto histórico de formação da sociedade antilhana, sua especificidade cultural e o peso da pesquisa de identidade na região, serão avaliados o modo de apresentação dessa problemática no texto glissantiano, suas articulações internas, as possibilidades de diálogo com outras fontes, sua associação ao projeto literário do autor e o papel que desempenha na configuração de sua poética. Escritor de muitas facetas, Glissant é tanto reconhecido por sua ação política frente à assimilação cultural e à departamentalização de sua ilha natal, a Martinica, pela França, quanto pela vasta produção que desenvolveu, a qual reúne gêneros e matérias diversas. O fio condutor de seu trabalho, porém, é inegavelmente a questão identitária antilhana, responsável por seu empenho em afirmar-se como autor independente e em afirmar um campo literário antilhano autônomo, a partir do que contribuiu de maneira significativa para a reflexão acerca dos quadros pós-coloniais, das relações interculturais na contemporaneidade e da formação de novas identidades. Em Glissant, as Antilhas são o paradigma de um movimento que hoje abrange todo o mundo, a crioulização, que consiste na hibridização e nas trocas de elementos culturais, étnicos e linguísticos entre as coletividades, com resultados imponderáveis e surpreendentes. No exame da questão identitária antilhana, o autor desconstrói categorias fixas do pensamento ocidental, propondo novos conceitos, mais flexíveis e dinâmicos como a Relação e o Diverso, que definem a possibilidade de a noção de identidade ser pensada para além de uma origem única, projetando formas originais de identificação. Assim concebida, a análise ora apresentada mostrará a maneira particular segundo a qual o escritor interpreta a busca de identidade nas Antilhas e o lugar central ocupado por Le Discours antillais na organização desse tema, além do alcance das considerações do autor para o entendimento das complexas tramas culturais que irrompem na atualidade. Espera-se, enfim, por meio desta leitura, concorrer em qualquer sorte para o enriquecimento da fortuna crítica sobre tão importante pensador contemporâneo. / This study aims to discuss the presence and the implications of the Antillean identity matter on the work Le Discours antillais (1981), by Édouard Glissant. Considering the historical context in which the Antillean society was built, its cultural specificities and the importance of identity research in this region, we will evaluate the way this issue is presented on Glissants text, its internal articulations, the possibilities of interactions with other sources, its association with the authors literary project and the role it plays in the setting of his poetics. A writer of many facets, Glissant is recognized both for his political action against the cultural assimilation and the departmentalization of his home island, Martinique, by France, and for his vast production, which includes various genres and subject matters. Although, the common thread of his work is undeniably the Antillean identity issue, that is responsible for his efforts to assert himself as an independent author and to reinforce the existence of an autonomous Antillean literary field, from what he significantly contributed to the reflections about postcolonial frameworks, intercultural relations in the contemporary world and the development of new identities. For Glissant, the Antilles are the paradigm of a movement that nowadays embraces the whole world, the creolization, which consists in hybridity and in the exchanges of cultural, ethnic and linguistic elements between the communities, leading to imponderable and surprising results. When examining the Antillean identity matter, the author deconstructs fixed categories of the western thought, proposing new, more flexible and dynamic concepts, such as Relation and Diversity, which define the possibility of an identity notion that goes beyond a unique origin, projecting original forms of identification. Being conceived in this way, this analysis will show the particular manner in which the writer interprets the search for identity in the Antilles and the central role Le Discours antillais plays on the organization of this matter, as well as the outreach of the authors considerations for the understanding of the complex cultural plots that erupt in the present days. Finally, it is hoped that this research will possibly contribute to enriching the critical fortune of such a relevant contemporary thinker.

L’œuvre romanesque d’Édouard Glissant propose une exploration, ample et rigoureuse, de quelques problèmes majeurs affectant ce qu’il appelle « les humanités ». Dès ce pluriel (qui préfère à « l’humanité » – sans doute trop singulière – le pluriel que commande la diversité des expériences, des lieux et des cultures) Glissant affirme la place centrale qui revient à la Relation dans son œuvre et sa pensée. Envisagée sous l’angle des mouvements et errements des peuples du monde, cette Relation est décrite à travers des phénomènes divers tels que l’histoire raturée des esclaves dans les Amériques ; l’émergence des sociétés créolisées, portant le témoignage d’une vérité anthropologique qui les dépasse ; ou encore les rapports de ces réalités nouvelles avec les formes de récits qui les accompagnent. Or, l’une des forces du roman glissantien est d’ancrer l’exploration de ces problèmes dans une écriture qui s’interroge sans cesse sur ses propres moyens et modes d’énonciation. La place réservée au problème de l’oubli comme rature de l’histoire ainsi qu’aux phénomènes de répétition, de la forme fragmentaire et de l’énonciation-relais révèle une œuvre qui inscrit dans sa forme énonciative la clé des enjeux qu’elle se propose d’élucider. C’est cette hypothèse que le présent travail vérifie. Ce faisant, il s’agit de contribuer aussi bien aux recherches menées en sémiotique énonciative qu’en littérature française contemporaine. / Édouard Glissant’s novel is an ample and compelling exploration of some major issues regarding what he terms “humanities”. Already the plural form (which replaces “humanity”, with its undertones of oneness) conveys a sense of diversity of experiences, of places and cultures. Thus Glissant stresses the central role assigned to the concept of Relation in his work and thought. Considered under the perspective of the movements and ills of the world’s peoples, Relation is described through such phenomena as the crossed-out history of slaves in the Americas, the emergence of creolized societies (which bear an anthropological truth valid for all), or the relationship between these new realities and the forms of narrative that account for them. Interestingly, one strength of Glissant’s novel is that it explores these issues through a narrative which constantly examines its own means and ways of enunciation. This can be seen through the role devolved to forgetfulness resulting from the crossing out of history, as well as through phenomena such as repetitions, the novel’s fragmentary form or relayed-enunciations. With these phenomena, Glissant’s work engraves in its enunciation system a key to understanding the issues it explores. That is the hypothesis verified in the present work. The latter aspires to be a contribution to research in semiotics of enunciation as well as in contemporary French literature.

Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2012

La mondialisation des activités humaines a grandement contribué à la dissémination et l’introduction anthropique d’espèces non indigènes (ENI) dans le monde. Le potentiel de dommages est tel qu’il y a une grande pression sur les gestionnaires environnementaux pour détecter et contrôler les ENI problématiques (espèces envahissantes) avant que des impacts apparaissent. En étudiant les ENI, les écologistes peuvent examiner certains aspects de la survie des espèces, la dispersion et l’établissement, qui, en plus de répondre à des questions fondamentales en écologie, fournissent des informations essentielles pour optimiser les efforts de gestion. Cependant, les difficultés associées à l’étude et la détection des populations naissantes ont réduit les études quantitatives sur les processus qui précèdent les envahissements, laissant les gestionnaires de l’environnement avec peu de directives pour détecter les ENI. Pour soulager ces défauts, cette étude apporte une évaluation quantitative des éléments déterminants du recrutement et de la dispersion du tunicier envahissant notoirement problématique, Ciona intestinalis, à l’île du Prince-Édouard (IPE), Canada, pendant les phases précoces de l’envahissement. Les données de recrutement d’une population de Ciona ont été collectées sur une période de 2 ans (2008 & 2009), ce qui a permis de modéliser la dissémination (étendue et mode) et d’examiner les schémas de recrutement pendant l’établissement. Ces données soulignent l’importance d’incorporer la dispersion, aussi bien que la variabilité environnementale, dans les stratégies de monitorage de détection précoce et démontrent comment les facteurs déterminants du recrutement changent quand une population envahissante devient grande et plus répandue. De plus, une série d’expériences de terrain à petites échelles ont été réalisées pour évaluer les schémas de recrutement pendant la fixation. Les rôles respectifs de la lumière et de la gravité sur le comportement des larves de Ciona ont été identifiés et leur incorporation dans le design du matériel de monitorage a été discutée pour augmenter les taux de fixation et, ainsi, la probabilité de détection. Finalement, la résistance biotique envers les ENI a été examinée en recherchant les interactions les larves de Ciona et deux espèces d’amphipodes Caprellidae, Caprella linearis (indigène) et C. mutica (non-indigène) que l’on retrouve à l’IPE. Cette étude montre comment la présence de caprelles diminue le recrutement larvaire de Ciona et illustre les potentielles interactions négatives entre deux ENI (C. mutica et Ciona), un phénomène rarement documenté. Dans une perspective de gestion, ces interactions négatives peuvent fournir de précieuses connaissances sur de possibles agents de contrôle biologique. De plus, cette étude présente un compte détaillé des mécanismes sous-jacents qui influencent les patrons de recrutement d’un envahisseur problématique et discute de l’utilité de ces découvertes pour le monitorage et la gestion future des espèces envahissantes. / The globalisation of human activity has contributed greatly to the artificial dispersal and introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) around the world. The potential for damage is such that there is great pressure on environmental managers to detect and control problematic NIS (i.e., invasive species) before any impacts occur. By studying NIS, ecologists can examine aspects of species survival, dispersal, and establishment, which, in addition to addressing fundamental questions of ecology, provide vital information for optimizing management effort. However, the difficulties associated with studying and detecting nascent populations has restricted quantitative studies on the processes that precede invasion, leaving environmental mangers with little guidance for detecting NIS. To alleviate this shortcoming, this study provides a quantitative assessment of the determinants of recruitment and dispersal of the notoriously problematic invasive tunicate, Ciona intestinalis (henceforth Ciona), in Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada, during the early stages of invasion. Recruitment data from a nascent population of Ciona was collected over a two-year period (2008 & 2009), which allowed for dispersal to be modelled (range and peak) and for patterns of recruitment during establishment to be examined. These data highlight the importance of incorporating dispersal, as well as environmental variability, into early-detection monitoring strategies and demonstrate how drivers of recruitment change as the invading population becomes larger and more widespread. Additionally, a series of small-scale manipulative field studies were performed to assess patterns of recruitment during settlement. The respective roles of light and gravity on Ciona larval behaviour were identified and their incorporation into the design of monitoring equipment (to increase settlement rates and, thus, probability of detection) are discussed. Finally, biotic resistance towards NIS was examined by investigating the interactions between Ciona larvae and two species of caprellid amphipod, Caprella linearis (native) and C. mutica (invasive) found in PEI. This study shows how the presence of caprellids reduces Ciona recruitment and illustrates the potential for negative interactions between two NIS (C. mutica and Ciona), a phenomenon rarely documented. From a managerial perspective, these negative interactions can provide valuable insights to potential biocontrol agents. Moreover, this study presents a detailed account of the underlying mechanisms that influence patterns of recruitment of a problematic invader and discusses the utility of these findings for future monitoring and management of invasive species.