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No / This paper introduces a comparative multi-group study carried out to investigate the use of multimodal interaction metaphors (visual, oral, and aural) for improving learnability (or usability from first time use) of interface-design environments. An initial survey was used for taking views about the effectiveness and satisfaction of employing speech and speech-recognition for solving some of the common usability problems. Then, the investigation was done empirically by testing the usability parameters: efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction of three design-toolkits (TVOID, OFVOID, and MMID) built especially for the study. TVOID and OFVOID interacted with the user visually only using typical and time-saving interaction metaphors. The third environment MMID added another modality through vocal and aural interaction. The results showed that the use of vocal commands and the mouse concurrently for completing tasks from first time use was more efficient and more effective than the use of visual-only interaction metaphors.

Plusieurs monographies récentes se sont intéressées à la traduction des littératures africaines europhones (Gyasi 2006, Bandia 2008, Batchelor 2009), faisant valoir le concept d’autotraduction (au sens métaphorique) et insistant sur le fait que ces écritures sont porteuses d’une oralité ou de marques linguistiques issues des langues parlées par les écrivains. Toutefois, la question de l’hybridité comme point de jonction entre littératures orales et écrites a encore rarement été examinée sous un angle poétique et c’est précisément dans cet esprit que cette recherche a été entreprise. Dans un premier temps, à partir des ouvrages originaux de six auteurs, trois d’expression littéraire anglaise (Farah, Hove et Armah) et trois d’expression littéraire française (Waberi, Adiaffi et Djebar), je montre en quoi ces écritures méritent d’être qualifiées de poétiques avant de mettre cette esthétique en relation avec le patrimoine littéraire de chacun des auteurs du corpus; ponctuellement, d’autres affiliations littéraires sont mises en évidence. Cette poétique est examinée dans sa dimension mélopoéique (Pound 1954), c’est-à-dire sous l’angle des structures audibles, appelées aussi figures de style jouant sur la forme phonétique des mots (Klein-Lataud 2001). Dans un second temps, j’examine comment cette poétique sonore a été recréée, tant de manière qualitative que quantitative, dans les traductions de Bardolph, de Richard et de J. et R. Mane (pour les auteurs d’expression anglaise) et de Garane, de Katiyo et de Blair (pour les auteurs d’expression française). Les enjeux associés à la réactivation des structures poétiques sonores sont mis en évidence dans le dernier chapitre qui propose un tour d’horizon des modalités de « consommation » de l’objet littéraire et qui s’achève sur les questions soulevées par la progression du livre audio. La méthodologie élaborée dans ce cadre s’inspire essentiellement de Berman (1995) et de Henry (2003). La conceptualisation de la poétique sonore, telle que mise en œuvre dans le contexte particulier de ces littératures, fait appel aux paradigmes de valence traductive (Folkart 2007) et de traduction métonymique (Tymoczko 1999). Par ailleurs, cette recherche s’appuie sur la récente thèse de doctorat de Fraser (2007) consacrée à la théorisation du sonore en traduction. / Recent publications explore Europhone African literatures as translation and in translation (Gyasi 2006, Bandia 2008, Batchelor 2009) insisting that these texts are better understood as a form of self-translation through oral subtexts, showing evidence of linguistic interplay by drawing on the writers’ native language(s). Yet hybridity as an encounter between oral and written literatures has seldom been explored in its poetic dimension. This lack of attention shapes the blueprint of this dissertation. Drawing on six original texts from African writers publishing in English (Farah, Hove and Armah) or in French (Waberi, Adiaffi and Djebar), I show in which extent these writings deserve to be labelled as poetic and how they are informed by the authors’ native literary background; occasionally I discuss other literary affiliations. In this specific context, I explore poetry in its melopoeic actualization (Pound 1954) as it relates to aural poetic devices (i.e. relying on their audible features). I then analyze, qualitatively and quantitatively, how this audible poetry has been reactivated by the translators: Bardolph, Richard, J. and R. Mane (translating Farah, Hove and Armah, respectively); Garane, Katiyo, Blair (translating Waberi, Adiaffi and Djebar, respectively). The last chapter suggests how reactivating sonorous poetic devices in translation relates to different literary modalities, especially audiobooks, as they represent a rapidly growing trend. The methodology draws on Antoine Berman’s translation project (1995) and Jacqueline Henry’s Traduire les jeux de mots (2003). Approaching the translation of aural/audible poetry in the specific context of these texts was facilitated by calling upon paradigms such as translational valency (Folkart 2007) and metonymy (Tymoczko 1999). Last but not least, this dissertation benefited from Fraser’s recent doctoral thesis (2007) dedicated to theorizing sound translation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:12:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aline Neves Pessoa.pdf: 4984178 bytes, checksum: d99c1ef907dc4b911ae372a955638bc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Introduction: Very few studies discuss speech development in hearing impaired children in the first years of life due to methodological difficulties and the number of variables involved. Acoustic inspection of articulatory adjustments and attempts to imitate a model made by the infant in different contexts can be a method to comprehend the manner in which first oral motor skills occur. The understanding of this process can provide strategies concerning intervention programs for infants in stages when motor gestures of speech are being acquired. The objective of this longitudinal study was to describe samples of speech production from a hearing impaired child, extracted from interactive situations in auditory rehabilitation, seeking to discuss phonetic development in different therapeutic contexts. The study also sets out to characterize and reflect upon the effects of therapist mediation in situations of longitudinal and transversal samples, particularly situations of spontaneous production and in immediate repetition facilitated by auditory feedback. Method: A case study design was used. The subject was 2y 11mo in the beginning of the study, and 3y 6mo at the last recording. I is a girl, with severe progressive bilateral sensory neural hearing loss with descending audiometric configuration. She had been using hearing aids since six months of age, and FM system since 3y 1mo of age. The effect of the use of FM system was also analyzed. Audio recordings of the child s therapy session were obtained and samples were selected based on auditory perception. These fragments were analyzed using a qualitative acoustic inspection. The PRAAT 4.0 software used for speech synthesis and analysis was utilized for acoustic inspection. Results and discussion: The data allows for discussion of the child s possibilities regarding adjustments of vocal source and filters in relation to her auditory feed back possibilities. Segmental and supra-segmental aspects were studied, as was modulation, tonal spectrum, fundamental frequency, and formants. The processes of substitution, omission, distortion, and odd solutions for articulatory adjustments, such as sudden vocal attack and nasalization, or systematic substitution of fricative for plosive phonemes were evident, especially spontaneous speech. Therapeutic strategies aimed at the multiplication of the possibilities of auditory feedback moments in which the child had greater possibility for adjustment in the form of its vocabulary we noticed that the articulators and source began to adjust in the direction of the target, and the articulatory gesture became more consistent. Also, after using the FM system in addition to hearing aids for five months, fricative phonemes, flaps, and other consonants that were previously less audible in the child s daily life became more frequent since she was able to perceive the form and meaning of speech in a more stable and accessible manner. Conclusions: Clinical strategies based on the need to more audibility aiming at speech development occur in the context of dialogues with the therapist. Multiple opportunities for auditory feedback are directed towards oral motor abilities in the acquisition of different phonemes. Therefore, acoustic inspection allowed for the establishment of relationship with auditory perception, enhancing the understanding of phonetic and phonological features, as well as symbolic and discursive aspects of oral language. Implications of the findings for clinical management are discussed. Acoustic inspection and its relation to auditory feed back seems to be a powerful method for understanding on the phonetic development in young children contributing to the development of therapeutic strategies / Introdução: Poucos estudos discutem a fase inicial do desenvolvimento de fala em sujeitos deficientes auditivos devido às dificuldades metodológicas e ao número de variáveis envolvidas. A inspeção acústica diante dos ajustes realizados na produção de fala em diferentes contextos propiciados pelo enquadre terapêutico pode ser uma possibilidade para compreendermos as primeiras hipóteses acerca das habilidades motoras de fala, a partir das condições sensoriais auditivas. A compreensão deste processo traz conhecimento acerca do desenvolvimento de linguagem de deficientes auditivos, repercutindo nas formulações de estratégias de intervenção/tratamento nessas crianças. Objetivo: Descrever amostras de produção de fala em uma criança com deficiência auditiva; caracterizar e refletir sobre a produção de fala em situações do enquadre terapêutico visando discutir os ajustes fonoarticulatórios na produção de fala dos sons do português brasileiro (PB), através da interpretação dos dados acústicos em relação à audição residual. Material e método: Trata-se de um estudo de caso, sendo o sujeito do sexo feminino, no início da pesquisa com 2a11m, e no término, com 3a6m de idade, portador de deficiência auditiva neurossensorial progressiva de grau profundo bilateral. A criança usava aparelhos de amplificação sonora individual (AASIs) desde 6 meses de idade e Sistema de Freqüência Modulada (Sistema FM) desde 3a1m de idade. Gravações de áudio da produção de fala em sessão terapêutica de abordagem verbaloral e os recortes transversais e longitudinais de sons de fala em diferentes contextos permitiram a inspeção acústica (através do software Praat v 4.0). Resultados e Discussão: Os dados trouxeram discussões acerca das hipóteses e dos ajustes de fonte e filtro realizados pela criança a partir da sua condição de utilização da audição residual. Aspectos segmentais, supra-segmentais e de qualidade vocal puderam ser estudados, tais como modulação, gama tonal, freqüência fundamental e formantes. Processos de ajustes, caracterizados também por substituições, omissões e distorções, e recursos, como o de golpe de glote e nasalização, dentre mudanças sistemáticas no modo de produção de consoantes (plosão no lugar de fricção) caracterizaram algumas das produções de fala da criança nos primeiros momentos da análise; as instabilidades e imprecisões articulatórias foram mais acentuadas nos momentos de emissão espontânea do que nos momentos por repetição imediata. A partir das estratégias terapêuticas, compostas por multiplicação de possibilidades de feedback auditivo, notou-se que os articuladores e fonte começaram a se ajustar mais precisamente em direção ao alvo, e assim, o gesto articulatório se mostrava menos frágil. O Sistema FM acoplado aos AASIs também ofereceu melhores condições de multiplicação de evidências sensoriais para a percepção auditiva; no decorrer dos meses, percebemos que as hipóteses e ajustes para formar engramas dos fones fricativos, laterais flapes, dentre outros começaram a se constituir no repertório lingüístico, definindo uma nova condição de a criança perceber a forma e o significado da língua de maneira lúdica, estável e acessível. Considerações Finais: O manejo clínico do fonoaudiólogo traz especificidades nas estratégias terapêuticas e oferece maiores e melhores oportunidades de a criança com deficiência auditiva construir suas hipóteses acerca da construção na/da linguagem no processo de aquisição dos sons do PB. Isso se dá, principalmente, a partir de múltiplas oportunidades de feedback auditivo e, portanto, acesso e oportunidades de experiências para a formação de engramas motores de fala. Por isso, consideramos que lançarmos mão da inspeção acústica, relacionando esses dados com a percepção auditiva, nos dá subsídio para um possível entendimento das características fonéticas/fonológicas (além das discursivas e simbólicas) da fala de um sujeito e das possibilidades de percepção e produção de fala, sendo que esses processos implicam em manejos no enquadre terapêutico