This thesis explores negotiations of belonging among unaccompanied young refugees in Sweden. The thesis further aims to shed light on methodological aspects of bringing out their voices. The analysis draws on postcolonial and poststructuralist approaches to belonging and relates belonging to the concepts of home, place, racialization and notions of “Swedishness”. The thesis analyses qualitative interviews with 17 young people, who arrived in Sweden as unaccompanied asylum-seeking minors and have been granted permanent residency. The interviews are complemented with walk-alongs and photography-based interviews. Paper 1 gives an overview and discussion of research on unaccompanied asylum-seeking minors. I argue that there is a lack of their voices in the research, and that their own agency and perspectives are not addressed due to a focus on vulnerability and emotional health (or lack thereof). Paper II, which is delimited to participants in a rural village, shows that they negotiate belonging and a sense of home related to places but that othering is constraining. In paper II and III I suggest that the participants’ belongings and position in Sweden can be understood as conditional due to othering and racialization. In paper III, I argue that expressing gratitude can be understood as a form of impression management and, thus be a strategy to negotiate their position in the interview setting as in the host country. I finally argue that in order to understand the participants’ negotiations of belonging attention has to be paid to their agency as well as the conditioning of belonging in discourses and in interactions on the local level.

Many of the failures and deficiencies of software projects can be attributed to the lack of effort exerted in addressing requirements in the early planning stages of software development. In multiple stakeholder development environments, requirements will inevitably come into conflict, therefore, it is important to address these conflicts early in software development. The research presented in this thesis surveyed several existing models that resolve requirements conflicts. The goal of the research was to investigate the suitability of these models in identifying, visualizing and solving requirements conflicts. To achieve this goal it was decided to apply these models in a context different than they were originally applied. The context of this research was a process where two stakeholder groups negotiated the requirements of the particular software system. The application of the models was done as a case study. Three models were studied, namely the Utility Curves Model, the Win-Win Model and the \textit{\textbf{i*}} Framework. It was found that each model contributes uniquely to conflict resolution. We have documented strength and limitations for each model and have concluded that these three models should be used together in tandem. A hybrid model was constructed that was composed of the three models. The hybrid model leverages the strengths and addresses the limitations of the three individual models.

This research examines the capacity, opportunity and volition of participants of a landowner- oil and gas industry conflict in Alberta and the effect of the Alberta Energy Resource Conservation Board (ERCB) Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) program. It explores whether the model used by the ERCB ADR program exists in a setting where Tidwell’s (1998) elements for conflict resolution are present. Using Tidwell’s (1998) theory and case study methodology (Yin, 1994) the participants discuss their experiences of the conflict and the program. The findings illustrate participants did not each possess the capacity, opportunity and volition to resolve. Despite legal confines, the program aided in improving the capacity, opportunity and volition of participants, built relationships and created resolution. The study resulted in recommendations to improve the program and suggestions for industry to minimize conflict with landowners. These findings may be applied to other industries where parties have limited rights.

During the past decade service-orientation has become a popular design paradigm, offering an approach in which services are the functional building blocks. Services are self-contained units of composition, built to be invoked, composed, and destroyed on (user) demand. Service-oriented systems (SOS) are a collection of services that are developed based on several design principles such as: (i) loose coupling between services (e.g., inter-service communication can involve either simple data passing or two or more connected services coordinating some activity) that allows services to be independent, yet highly interoperable when required; (ii) service abstraction, which emphasizes the need to hide as many implementation details as possible, yet still exposing functional and extra-functional capabilities that can be offered to service users; (iii) service reusability provided by the existing services in a rapid and flexible development process; (iv) service composability as one of the main assets of SOS that provide a design platform for services to be composed and decomposed, etc. One of the main concerns in such systems is ensuring service quality per se, but also guaranteeing the quality of newly composed services. To accomplish the above, we consider two system perspectives: the developer's and the user's view, respectively. In the former, one can be assumed to have access to the internal service representation: functionality, enabled actions, resource usage, and interactions with other services. In the second, one has information primarily on the service interface and exposed capabilities (attributes/features). Means of checking that services and service compositions meet the expected requirements, the so-called correctness issue, can enable optimization and possibility to guarantee a satisfactory level of a service composition quality. In order to accomplish exhaustive correctness checks of design-time SOS, we employ model-checking as the main formal verification technique, which eventually provides necessary information about quality-of-service (QoS), already at early stages of system development. ~As opposed to the traditional approach of software system construction, in SOS the same service may be offered at various prices, QoS, and other conditions, depending on the user needs. In such a setting, the interaction between involved parties requires the negotiation of what is possible at request time, aiming at meeting needs on demand. The service negotiation process often proceeds with timing, price, and resource constraints, under which users and providers exchange information on their respective goals, until reaching a consensus. Hence, a mathematically driven technique to analyze a priori various ways to achieve such goals is beneficial for understanding what and how can particular goals be achieved. This thesis presents the research that we have been carrying out over the past few years, which resulted in developing methods and tools for the specification, modeling, and formal analysis of services and service compositions in SOS. The contributions of the thesis consist of: (i)constructs for the formal description of services and service compositions using the resource-aware timed behavioral language called REMES; (ii) deductive and algorithmic approaches for checking correctness of services and service compositions;(iii) a model of service negotiation that includes different negotiation strategies, formally analyzed against timing and resource constraints; (iv) a tool-chain (REMES SOS IDE) that provides an editor and verification support (by integration with the UPPAAL model-checker) to REMES-based service-oriented designs;(v) a relevant case-study by which we exercise the applicability of our framework.The presented work has also been applied on other smaller examples presented in the published papers. / Under det senaste årtiondet har ett tjänstorienterat paradigm blivit allt-mer populärt i utvecklingen av datorsystem. I detta paradigm utgör så kallade tjänster den minsta funktionella systemenheten. Dessa tjänster är konstruerade så att de kan skapas, användas, sammansättas och avslutas separat. De ska vara oberoende av varandra samtidigt som de ska kunna fungera effektivt tillsammans och i samarbete med andra system när så behövs. Vidare ska tjänsterna dölja sina interna implementa-tionsdetaljer i så stor grad som möjligt, samtidigt som deras fulla funktionalitet ska exponeras för systemdesignern. Tjänsterna ska också på ett enkelt sätt kunna återanvändas och sammansättas i en snabb och flexibel utvecklingsprocess.En av de viktigaste aspekterna i tjänsteorienterade datorsystem är att kunna säkerställa systemens kvalitet. För att åstadkomma detta ärdet viktigt att få en djupare insikt om tjänstens interna funktionalitet, i termer av möjliga operationer, resursinformation, samt tänkbar inter-aktion med andra tjänster. Detta är speciellt viktigt när utvecklaren har möjlighet att välja mellan två funktionellt likvärda tjänster somär olika med avseende på andra egenskaper, såsom responstid eller andra resurskrav. I detta sammanhang kan en matematisk beskrivning av en tjänsts beteende ge ökad förståelse av tjänstemodellen, samt hjälpa användaren att koppla ihop tjänster på ett korrekt sätt. En matematisk beskrivning öppnar också upp för ett sätt att matematiskt resonera kring tjänster. Metoder för att kontrollera att komponerade tjänstermöter ställda resurskrav möjliggör också resursoptimering av tjänster samt verifiering av ställda kvalitetskrav.I denna avhandling presenteras forskning som har bedrivits under de senaste åren. Forskningen har resulterat i metoder och verktyg föratt specificera, modellera och formellt analysera tjänster och sammansättning av tjänster. Arbetet i avhandlingen består av (i) en formell definition av tjänster och sammansättning av tjänster med hjälp avett resursmedvetet formellt specifikationsspråk kallat Remes; (ii) två metoder för att analysera tjänster och kontrollera korrektheten i sammansättning av tjänster, både deduktivt och algoritmiskt; (iii) en modell av förhandlingsprocessen vid sammansättning av tjänster som inkluderar olika förhandlingsstrategier; (iv) ett antal verktyg som stödjer dessa metoder. Metoderna har använts i ett antal fallstudier som är presenterade i de publicerade artiklarna. / Contesse

The aim of this study is to re-contextualize prior negotiation theory emanating from the field of communications in a unique contemporary setting. The research focuses on the Canadian residential telecommunications sector, where the dominant business model involves the use of a rather peculiar variable pricing strategy, which has compelled a proportion of consumers to adopt competitive negotiation strategies. Through a series of three focus groups, the project gleans insight into the participants’ experiences and perceptions of the telecommunications procurement process. Based on prior theoretical assumptions and on this original research, the study tests the appropriateness of descriptive phase models of negotiation in the Canadian telecommunications industry, providing a new dimension to the nascent body of academic research in this area.

在目前的國際局勢中，中共不可能在台灣未強行宣佈獨立下，甘冒國際譴責而以武力侵犯台灣。對中共而言，開始進行對台的全方位接觸與務實交流，才能對台灣產生具體的影響與牽制。而以目前的兩岸關係而言，兩岸的談判佔有十分重要的地位，是現階段推進兩岸關係向前發展的關鍵所在。 整體言之，中共的談判觀依時代背景、掌握力量大小等的不同而有不一樣的說法，過去其常將談判視為統戰或宣傳的一種手段和方式。不過隨著大陸改革開放、引進西方談判資料後，大陸對談判的看法也更為多元。 在本文中，首先探討中共的談判特質，並以中英、中葡、中美等政治性談判個案作為分析依據，以藉此歸納出一較為系統化的中共談判架構。最後再藉由該架構的建立，為台灣將來必須面對的兩岸政治性談判提出一些淺見。

While there are many studies of NS-NNS negotiation, there are few studies that have examined and compared negotiation and communication strategy use that occurs in unelicited interactions in the study abroad classroom and host family environment Through analysis of NS-NNS negotiations from video and audio-taped interactions, this study of five learners of Japanese studying abroad answers the following research questions: 1) How does negotiation and communication strategy use differ in the study abroad classroom and host family setting? 2) What are the implications of these differences for second language acquisition in terms of comprehensible input, modified output, and focus on form? Thus, the present study contributes to the already existing literature on study abroad, negotiation, and communication strategies. Moreover, it shows how NNS participation in the process of negotiation including exposure to and possible uptake of information about the target language is conveyed through negotiation and how this process differs between the classroom and host family setting. *N5-NNS (native speaker- non-native speaker) / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 526-540). / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / x, 540 leaves, bound 29 cm

This research examines guanxi's influence on attitudes of the Chinese negotiators during international joint venture negotiations by applying the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM). / Before establishing international joint ventures, foreign and Chinese investors go through series of negotiations to settle or resolve any disagreements. However, the unique Chinese culture and the business environment in the transitional China often impose problems on these cross-cultural negotiations. To cope with these difficulties, foreign investors often use “guanxi” as a negotiation strategy to influence the attitude of the Chinese negotiators. / Guanxi is a cultural element inherent in the Confucian ideology. Being a collectivistic, high-contextual and hierarchical society, China places strong emphasis on guanxi between individuals which does not only represent the identification of individuals but is often used as a means to accomplish tasks. This makes guanxi a powerful tool to overcome many cultural and environmental problems. / By applying the influence of guanxi on the attitude of Chinese negotiators to the Elaboration Likelihood Model in this research, it is proposed that guanxi can motivate Chinese negotiators to think and influence the attitude of the Chinese negotiators under high and low elaboration. Under high elaboration, the attitude change is more predictive, stable, enduring and permanent while attitude change under low elaboration is less predictive, vulnerable, susceptible to counter-persuasion and temporary. / The research adopted the quantitative paradigm using hypothesis testing. A survey was carried out with one hundred and fifty-two questionnaires distributed by the snowball sampling technique. Eighty-three completed questionnaires were returned, accounting for 54.6% response rate. Frequency tables were used to analyse the distribution of the results. Chi-square tests were employed to test the representativeness of the samples to the population and the association between variables. / The results indicate that foreign investors' guanxi with the Chinese investors (GFC), the government (GFG) and other businesses (GFO) can motivate the Chinese negotiators to think (MOT) and influence the attitude of the Chinese negotiators to think (MOT) and influence the attitude of the Chinese negotiators under high (VAL) and low elaboration (ATT). GFC can influence VAL because the investors are bound by insider relationships and reciprocal obligations and influence ATT because it implies renqing between the investors. GFG can influence VAL because the government can update the investors with political changes and influence ATT because Chinese show high respect for the government. GFO can influence VAL because the Chinese investors value highly the relationship with the suppliers to secure necessary inputs for production and allow flexible credit payment. GFO can also influence ATT because it implies social validation of trustworthiness of the foreign investors. / This research has significant contributions to the area of study of the Elaboration Likelihood Model, the influences of guanxi on attitude of negotiators and practical suggestions to the Chinese and foreign negotiators who intend to form international joint ventures in China. / Thesis (PhDBusinessandManagement)--University of South Australia, 2006.

This thesis is concerned with explicating the role of language in mobilising action through management emails. Situated within the context of organisational change in a globalised manufacturing business, the project is framed by behavioural observations from management scholars Palmer and Hardy (2000) of mobilisation strategies that utilise linguistic resources since they: (a) involve a sense of obligation or inclination in directives; (b) show how co-operation will produce mutual benefits; (c) construct desired actions as legitimate, beneficial or inevitable; and (d) use past or anticipated meanings, for or against certain actions. Systemic Functional Linguistics is the underlying framework employed to provide a theoretically principled account of the intuitively derived observations from Palmer and Hardy (2000) which are applied to a sample of twenty-seven email texts, through corpus- and text-based analysis. A major finding is that the representation of action is enacted interpersonally through the verbal group. This view complements experientially dominated accounts of the verbal group which focus on the tense system. Further, action is found to be motivated through the negotiation of evaluative stance. By relating the grammar of the verbal group as well as other resources to the discourse semantics of Appraisal, modulation (of obligation or inclination) is found to be enabled by both negative as well as positive judgements of capacity. Specifically, judgements of capacity are re-interpreted as invocations of high obligation as managers seek to mobilise (further) positive performance. The analysis demonstrates that elements in the verbal group (complex) and Appraisal co-opt action through enabling positioning of the writer, in terms of assessing and grading categorical meanings, manipulating interpersonal time, or foregrounding solidarity. A significant contribution to the thesis is an extension of the system of GRADUATION: FOCUS (Hood, 2004a) through the demonstration of how resources of the verbal group negotiate expectations of appearances and achievements. This study has also extended the resources of GRADUATION: FORCE by applying it to the management context. The practical contribution of the study is that these insights may more explicitly inform management training and enable managers to participate more effectively within their community of practice.

This thesis explores the role of comfort in adventure leisure and in recreational SCUBA diving in particular. In this chapter the study’s central elements of comfort, constraints and negotiation will be introduced. Human engagement with marine locations provides background to the evolution of SCUBA diving as a leisure activity. The concept of comfort is then introduced, with attention given to what comfort means from a range of disciplines. Following this, the use of the term comfort in adventure, leisure and tourism research is reviewed. Divers’ constraints to comfort are also briefly examined here in this introduction, to build understanding of how comfort can be experienced during adventure, and SCUBA diving. Leisure constraints-negotiation research is discussed briefly and linked to SCUBA diving experiences. The objectives of this study are then presented prior to introducing the qualitative research paradigm that guides the research, and the thesis outline.