• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 5
  • 5
  • Tagged with
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 4
  • 4
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

歐洲人權建制東擴之研究

李秀窈 Unknown Date (has links)
No description available.
2

中東歐民主化外部因素之研究—以捷克為例 / The external factors in democratization in central and Eastern Europe: the case of the Czech Republic

梁曉文, Liang, Hsiao Wen Unknown Date (has links)
1989年中東歐政局發生重大變化,波蘭、匈牙利與捷克斯洛伐克共黨在社會團體與民運人士大規模抗議下交出政權,結束此區域長久以來的共黨統治。1991年斯洛維尼亞正式脫離南斯拉夫,波海三國亦獲獨立,中東歐新興國家開始民主轉型。本文首先探討促成1989年中東歐民主革命的外部因素,如較和緩的國際情勢、蘇共自由化政策、美國及國際組織援助等,接著以捷克為個案,分析外部因素對絲絨革命及民主化之作用。 赫爾辛基最後議定書等關於民主與人權的文件,鼓舞了七七憲章之草擬;波蘭與匈牙利的政局變化,對捷克斯洛伐克產生示範作用,異議人士、環保團體或宗教力量跨國串連,輔以西方媒體作用,是絲絨革命動員的契機。與1968年受華約軍隊鎮壓的布拉格之春相比,絲絨革命得以成功,蘇共總書記Mikhail Gorbachev (Михаил Горбачёв)放棄干涉中東歐國家內政是重要關鍵,強硬的捷共政府因而失去壓制國內民主訴求的正當性。 此後捷克「回歸歐洲」外交走向,使歐安組織、歐洲理事會與美國運用民主、人權規範及各項援助,深化其轉型程度。北約和歐盟以會籍作為條件設定,直接或間接散播民主規範,並透過捷克當地政治菁英及政黨,歐盟外部治理成功使人民對歐洲化及歐盟產生認同。2003年入盟公投通過後,歐盟外部治理有了民意基礎,影響力更為強化,主導捷克民主發展。 / In 1989 the unexpected enormous democratic revolutions in Central and Eastern European countries led to the crash of the communist governments in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Two years later, officially departing from Yugoslavia, Slovenia started its own democratic transition, and the Baltic states also attained independence from the Soviet Union. First of all, we would like to discuss the external factors triggering the democratic revolutions in this area in 1989, such as the less tense international circumstances, the liberal reforms of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and the assistance from the US and the relative international organizations. Then the discussion goes further to the case of the Czech Republic to make it clear how external factors affected the Velvet Revolution and how democratic values were promoted in the Czech Republic. The Helsinki Final Act, announced for democracy and the human rights in 1975, inspired the publication of Charter 77. The political change in Poland and Hungary turned into demonstration effect on Czech politics. Besides, the transnational connection of dissidents or the religion groups, and the western media both facilitated the mobilization for a democratic regime. Compared to the Prague Spring of 1968, crushed by the invading Soviet troops, the success of the Velvet Revolution was largely contributed by Mikhail Gorbachev’s decision not to interfere in the internal affairs in this area. Thus, the Czech communist government lost its legitimacy to suppress democratic campaigns. With the slogan “Return to Europe,” Czech Republic had made it possible for international activists including OSCE, COE and the US to impose their influences on Czech’s transition to democracy. In the accession process to the EU/ NATO, western activists spread democracy norms into the Czech Republic directly or indirectly by conditionality. Through local political elites and political parties, the EU successfully built Czech people’s identity toward EU by its external governance. Meanwhile, the positive result of Czech’s EU entry referendum in 2003 even strengthened EU’s influence as a leading external role in Czech’s democratization after the Velvet Revolution.
3

中、東歐國家加入歐盟之研究

梁震宇 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文旨在探討2004年5月1日加入歐盟10個國家中的波蘭、捷克、匈牙利、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亞、愛沙尼亞、拉脫維亞、立陶宛等8個中、東歐國家。自1989年東歐劇變,中、東歐國家就提出了回歸歐洲的口號,具體而言就是申請加入歐洲聯盟與北大西洋公約組織,並依1993年6月歐盟訂下的「哥本哈根標準」,實施政治經濟改革,從此中、東歐國家就開始踏上了漫長的入盟之旅。 歐洲的整合有其歷史的淵源,除了在政治、經濟及地理上的考量,最重要的還是基於安全上的因素。希望藉由整合謀求歐洲的永久和平,所以進行制度上、理念上的改革與嘗試,從經濟的合作到有關共同外交與安全政策、內政與司法的合作,使歐洲的關係愈來愈緊密的結合,藉由整合理論分析歐盟深化與廣化的進程中,所採取不同的整合概念與內部機制運作的變化;並以歐盟四次擴大經驗的成就與影響,作為研究第五次擴大脈絡之依據。 中、東歐前社會主義國家最廣受世人矚目者,莫過於極權統治的共黨政權,竟然出現和平演變,轉型成為新興民主國家。經過了十五年的改革,各國政局和社會相對穩定,多黨議會體制已基本成型,黨派間的鬥爭雖仍相當激烈,但基本上能按憲政架構所建立的議會民主制度執行,成為共同合法化的政治規則。經濟發展已漸趨好轉,少數國家甚至已超過或接近劇變前的水準。目前,中、東歐各國現在仍處於過渡時期,要完全成為西方所要求的「民主體制」式的國家和市場經濟社會,對大多數國家來說,仍要走相當一段路程。 歐盟抓住冷戰結束後的天賜良機,向中、東歐國家擴張,實現了大歐洲夢想的第一步。就歐盟方面而言,所有成員國都認為整個歐洲的穩定、安全和繁榮是符合自己的利益的,東擴乃是地緣政治和經濟利益雙重選擇的結果。東擴對歐盟而言,既是機遇,也是挑戰;同時,東擴是歐盟穩定周邊局勢的最佳選擇。此次擴大所接納的新成員國與歐盟原成員國間存在著巨大的經濟發展差距,歐盟新、舊成員國間將有面臨一個艱難的磨合時期。同時藉擴大的契機,能找出一個能平衡各方利益的解決方案;而在調整權力結構和提昇機構運行效率方面,如何使機制運作與政策之執行能順遂,都是歐盟當前最重要的課題。另歐盟最後的邊界在何處?可接納成員國的能量範圍?歐洲防務的自主與整合?都是後續值得關注的議題。
4

後社會主義國家金融自由化之政治經濟分析,以波蘭、愛沙尼亞及烏克蘭為例

李明修 Unknown Date (has links)
本文採用制度途徑為分析工具,比較歐洲地區的後社會主義國家在金融自由化的過程中,國內外不同的政治力量如何運作。從政治背景和金融發展兩個層面來看,後社會主義國家可以區分為三類:中東歐、波羅的海及獨立國協,因為資料和能力所及的緣故,本文選擇了波蘭、愛沙尼亞與烏克蘭作為比較的個案。 任何形式的改革皆會有阻力與助力,而在金融自由化之前需先做到經濟穩定化和國營部門私有化,這就要國內的既得利益階級犧牲部分利益,才能讓改革繼續下去,既得利益階級不甘利益受損,於是團結起來抵制改革,或對國會遊說、施壓,或藉由選舉進入國會、掌握國家機器,保持舊制度;此時,西方國際組織(歐盟、國際貨幣基金、世界銀行、歐洲復興與開發銀行等)扮演著改革助力角色,利用貸款、加入國際組織條件從外部制度協助後社會主義國家維繫改革動能和抗拒既得利益階級。 本文研究發現,朝野主要政黨能夠遵照新制度而行的國家,往往是經濟改革和金融自由化較為優異的國家,這些國家的既得利益階級和國內對立情況相當較弱者,又有加入歐盟的改革誘因,才能順利推動改革,如波蘭及愛沙尼亞;烏克蘭陷於東西對立,既得利益階級強盛,國會屢屢修改制度,造成金融自由化落後。結論是制度和行為者都很重要,行為者制訂制度,制度提供行為者遊戲規則,行為者要遵守制度而行。
5

捷克轉型正義與淨化法之研究 / A study of transitional justice and lustration law in the Czech Republic

盧丞莘, Lu, Chen Shin Unknown Date (has links)
本論文重要的目的,瞭解捷克轉型正義的特色與淨化法的施行。捷克轉型正義,發生在蘇聯解體、中東歐國家政治、經濟轉型的脈絡下。去共化和處理過去共遺緒問題,是中東歐國家轉型正義的重要任務,淨化法在如此政治環境下產生。捷克的淨化政策,由於國內政治非制度淨化,加上民主選舉過程,導致黑函滿天飛,所造成嚴重的政治問題,因而訂定的立法規範。這樣的背景下,淨化政策是一種特殊、臨時的政策工具。反映出當時轉型政治所面臨的困難,以及共黨政治轉型到民主政治之間,體系轉換的矛盾。此外,淨化政策也代表,當時捷克政治環境危機的解決方式。回到歷史的脈絡下來看,淨化政策是一種人事改革的手段,也是推動整體改革的基礎。解構舊有的權力結構,讓新民主有機會發展。 淨化政策在施行上,仍有許多爭議,包括可能侵害個人政治權力,以及被認為是一種對於共黨的報復手段,但淨化政策最重要的目標,是為建立特殊時期的改革基礎,也沒有具體的資料顯示,淨化政策會造成政治民主發展的傷害,相反的,淨化政策的施行得當,對於新民主的發展是有助益。 / The most important purpose of this thesis is to understand the characteristics of the Czech transitional justice and Lustration Law. The Czech, as a Central and Eastern European countries, transitional justice occurred in the Post-Soviet with the political, economic restructuring context. Both "de-communism" and "the dealing with the past" is important task of the Transitional Justice in Central and Eastern European countries, and the Lustration Law implement in this background. Czech Lustration Law is result from wild lustration, because of democratic electoral system, leading to blackmail over the place, caused a serious political problem. Therefore, the legislators decided to make the law. Based on the above, the Lustration Law is a special, temporary policy tool. The situation reflects the challenges of political transition, and the communist political transition to a democratic system, is facing tremendous contradiction. In addition, the Lustration policy also represents a solution choice of the Czech political environment crisis. Lustration policy is a kind of a personnel reform policy, and promotes the overall reform. Destroy the former power structure, so that the new democracy has a chance to develop. Examining the Lustration policy, there is a lot of controversy. Including it may infringe the personal political right, and it’s considered as retaliation to the former political elite. However, the Lustration policies the most important goal is to establish the basis of a special period of reform. There is no specific evidence to show that Lustration Law will result in damage to the development of political democracy. On the other hand, lustration policy is implemented appropriately; it would be beneficial for the development of new democracy.

Page generated in 0.0254 seconds