本研究旨在探討當前國小學童人際智能、內省智能、創造力與逆境經驗之關係，以問卷調查的方式，針對台灣地區國小學童進行調查研究。正式施測共得642份有效樣本，以北、中、南、東四大行政區域，取樣國小中、高年級學生，研究工具採用人際智能量表、內省智能量表、創造力自我效能量表、創新行為量表及逆境經驗量表。研究運用描述統計分析、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾遜積差相關分析、多元迴歸分析考驗研究假設。主要研究結果如下： 一、現今國小學童之人際、內省智能自我效能感良好，對相關領域上的活動有興趣；認為自己還算具有創新行為及良好創造力自我效能感；面對逆境時普遍會有負面感受，且能以較積極的方式及態度因應逆境，並多能建構正向的逆境意義。 二、較低年級的國小學童，其對人際智能領域之相關活動較感興趣，人際智能也較高，且認為自己較常表現出創新行為，也較有創造力自我效能感，面對逆境時較不會有負面感受、較能正向因應逆境，但對於逆境意義的建構、內省智能發展並不因年級有所差異。 三、國小學童人際智能越高，越能積極因應逆境，也越能建構較良好之逆境意義。 四、國小學童內省智能越高，越能積極因應逆境，也越能建構較良好之逆境意義。 五、國小學童創新行為越多、創造力自我效能越高，越能積極因應逆境，也越能建構較良好之逆境意義。 六、人際智能、內省智能、創新行為及創造力可顯著預測逆境之負面感受、逆境因應方式及逆境意義建構的正向程度。 七、逆境經驗可顯著預測人際智能、內省智能、創新行為及創造力，且其中的逆境意義建構是最主要的預測變項。 最後，根據研究結果對教育與未來研究兩方面提出建議。 關鍵字：人際智能、內省智能、創造力、逆境經驗 / The main purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, creativity and adversity experience of elementary school students. A total of 642 children in the forth to sixth grade of elementary school students (314 male, 324 female) in Taiwan was sampled in this study. This study involved a survey that comprised of four sets of questionnaires: the Inventory of Interpersonal Intelligence, the Inventory of Intrapersonal Intelligence, the Inventory of Creative Behavior, and the Inventory of Creative Self-efficacy. The quantitative of data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, t-test, ANOVA, and regression analysis. The main findings of this study were as follows. (a)Elementary school students are rated above middle on their self-efficacy of interpersonal intelligence and intrapersonal intelligence, and also interested in relevance activities. In face of adversity, they tend to have negative emotions, but at the same time they know how to actively cope, adjust and reframe. They can also construct meaning from the adversity; (b) Elementary school students who has the higher interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, creative self-efficacy, and behaved more creative, would be more active to face adversity, but also can construct more positive life meaning from the adversity; (c) interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, creative self-efficacy and creative behavior significantly predicted negative emotions, coping methods, and meaning construction of adversity, and vice versa. According to the results of the study, some suggestions were made for educators and further studies. Key words: interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, creativity, adversity experience.

摘要 本研究旨在探討幼兒的依附關係、語文智能及人際智能與心智理論能力之關係，以及人口變項(性別、年齡與社經地位)與心智理論能力之關係。研究參與者來自台北縣市公私立幼稚園四至六歲之幼兒，共124位。本研究所採用之研究工具分為三部份，分別為：「幼兒心智理論能力測驗」、「幼兒依附關係量表」、「幼兒多元智能檢核表」－語文智能分量表、人際智能分量表。調查所得資料分別以描述統計、單因子多變量變異數分析、典型相關、區別分析等統計方法進行分析。本研究的主要發現如下： 1.男、女生之間在語文智能、人際智能上有顯著的差異存在，而在依附關係方面則沒有差異;女生在語文智能、人際智能上均優於男生。 2.人口變項方面，不同性別、中高社經地位的幼兒在心智理論能力上沒有差異存在;不同年齡的幼兒在心智理論能力上有顯著的差異存在;以六歲組高於五歲組、四歲組，四歲組為最低。年齡愈高者，其心智理論能力的表現愈好。 3.幼兒的心智理論能力表現不因其所屬依附類型不同而產生差異，且不同程度的安全型依附、矛盾型依附及逃避混亂型依附之幼兒，在心智理論能力上亦沒有差異。 4.不同語文智能的幼兒，其心智理論能力有差異;語文智能愈高，其心智理論能力的表現愈好。 5.不同人際智能的幼兒，其心智理論能力有差異存在。人際智能愈高，其心智理論能力的表現愈好。 6.幼兒的安全依附、語文智能及人際智能與其心智理論能力之各測試作業有正相關，且語文智能與錯誤信念作業的關係最為密切。 7.幼兒的安全依附、語文智能及人際智能有效聯合預測心智理論能力的組別。 最後，本研究依據上述的研究結果進行討論，並提出相關建議，以供親職教育、教育輔導、教學及後續研究之參考。 / Abstract The main purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between preschoolers’ attachment styles, verbal intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, demographic variables, and their theory of mind. The participants included 124 4- to 6-year-old children from kindergartens in Taipei city. The employed instruments in this study were The Tasks of Preschoolers’ Theory of Mind, The Inventory of Preschoolers’ Attachment Styles, and two subscales from The Inventory of Multiple Intelligences--verbal intelligence and interpersonal intelligence. The applied analysis methods included descriptives, one-way MANOVA, canonical correlation, and discriminant analysis. The main findings of this study were as follows: 1. While the girls outperformed the boys in both the verbal and the interpersonal intelligences, no significant gender differences on attachment styles were found. 2. There were no significant gender differences or SES differences on the preschoolers’ theory of mind. However, there were significant age differences on the preschoolers’ theory of mind; more specifically, the 6-year-old children outperformed the 5-year-old and the 4-year-old children on the tasks of theory of mind. 3. The preschoolers’ performances on the tasks of theory of mind did not vary as their attachment styles were different. 4. Verbal intelligence and Interpersonal intelligence had significant effects on the preschoolers’ theory of mind. In other words, the better verbal intelligence and Interpersonal intelligence the children had, the higher level their theory of mind were. 5. The preschoolers’ secure attachment style, verbal intelligence, and interpersonal intelligence were positively related to their theory of mind, and their verbal intelligence had the strongest relation to their theory of mind. 6. The preschoolers’ secure attachment style, verbal intelligence, and interpersonal intelligence could jointly predict their theory of mind. Finally, after discussion, the researcher proposed some suggestions for educational instruction and future studies.