電子零組件廠商面對產品生命週期快速的世代交替與全球化的競爭威脅，除持續進行製程改造降低成本之外，對內進行企業資源整合，對外則與供應商或協力廠商形成策略聯盟，透過關鍵企業流程之管理與改造，以提高營運效能、降低產品與服務成本，並創造企業的優勢競爭能力，以因應客戶全球運籌供貨的要求。 本研究透過企業流程資訊有機體(PWIO)分析模式，針對某電子零組件製造商，以個案研究方式分析個案公司之關鍵流程作業。就PWIO分析結果，本研究除針對各項作業提出具體的流程改進建議與呆滯存貨的分析，並建立各該流程的目標，提出具體衡量各作業流程的績效衡量指標。此外，依據目標與績效衡量指標的因果關係進一步探討個案公司的平衡計分卡與策略地圖，以作為個案公司未來的績效管理架構基礎。 此外，本研究將PWIO模式的作業分析與作業基礎成本制度的作業概念相結合，辨識個案公司的作業中心與作業動因，並以作業對資源的耗用形式為基礎，重新分析產品別與客戶別之成本與利潤。研究結果可以提供個案公司決策者強化成本規劃與控制，以及作為改善產品利潤分析與定價作業的參考。 / Confronting an environment characterized with brisk alternations of product generation and dynamic global competition, continuous improvement in their business processes which leads to lower costs of operation and better alignment of utilization of assets and partnerships is critical for the electronic component manufacturers to survive and grow. With highly effective and efficient business processes, customer satisfaction, core competence and competitive advantages can be built on. By an application of the PWIO approach and targeted at an electronic component manufacturer, this research analyzes three business processes crucial to the subject company. Based on results derived from the PWIO analysis, this research provides suggestions for improvements in both business processes and inventory obsolescence. A new set of process objectives are also developed to be concretely aligned with the related performance measures. In addition, a management framework built on the concepts of Balanced Scorecard and strategy map are offered to the subject company for future application. Furthermore, via linking the practices specified in the PWIO analysis with concepts underlying the activity-based costing, this research identifies the cost drivers facilitating a further understanding on how company’s resources are consumed by individual costumer, product or process. The research findings can assist management of the subject company to have better cost planning and control, more accurate profit analysis and pricing decisions.

隨著資訊科技與生產技術的大幅進步，企業經營環境產生巨大的變動。現代企業經營與過往相比較，除了必須面對全球市場競爭者外，顧客要求也日益提高，企業管理階層面對瞬息萬變的市場，如何利用企業內既有的資訊，迅速回應客戶、決定營運方向及作出對公司有利的管理決策，為管理階層須面對的管理課題。 個案公司為專業五金製造加工廠商，其產品具有產業環境快速變化、市場競爭、產品生命週期短、產品組合少量多樣等特性。公司管理階層面對此種產品特性，對於產品報價及產品成本分析資料有即時之需求，以快速回應客戶。個案公司由於資訊化程度不足，諸多管理資訊並未適當收集，因此無法有效提升管理決策之品質。 為解決個案公司所面臨之問題，需先針對其主要營運流程加以瞭解及分析，故本研究首先透過PWIO流程分析模式，辨認及描述個案公司之企業流程，且透過對作業流程的瞭解及實作分析，以其分析結果作為後續流程改善建議的基礎。由於個案公司並未完整建立產品成本及利潤資訊之蒐集制度，本研究以流程分析結果為基礎，透過對個案公司之資源耗用及成本發生情形進行分析，以瞭解個案公司資源耗用習性，並據以提出成本控制之建議。最後，本研究透過結合ABC制度的觀念，針對個案公司產品別成本資訊之收集與安排進行細部規劃，以供管理階層未來進行產品報價規劃及產品利潤分析之管理基礎，提升企業競爭力。 / The business environment has a great change with developing in information and production technology. Modern enterprises have to compete with global competitors. The request for product and service quality is increased more and more. In this dynamic environment, how management people using the existing information to respond to customers, make the beneficial decisions and decide the future development, is a very important managerial issue. The Company specialized in providing manufacturing service of sheet metal. The product natures of the Company are dynamic alternation of the industry environment, fierce competition, short product life cycle, diversity of products and numerous purchases with low quantities. In facing these circumstances, management have to get the information about price and cost of the products immediately, and respond to customers’ needs as fast as possible. However, the management information of the Company is not properly collected, so it is hard to improve the quality of management decisions. In order to resolve the problems, this research attempts to describe and analyze the activities of critical business processes by adopting the PWIO approach. As a result of PWIO analysis, this research concludes basic information for recommendations of business process and an analysis of obsolescence. In addition, the system for collecting product cost and profit information of the Company is not well established. Based on the result of process analysis, this research try to analyze how the resources are used in past and then provide some suggestions to enhance the cost control of the Company. Finally, this research would provide a detailed planning for management to collect cost information by ABC concept. It would provide profit analysis and be helpful for management to enhance the pricing decision for the Company. Eventually, it will improve business competition ability.

諸多業界與管會研究者深深感覺因為經營及製造環境產生重大丕變，使得傳統成本管理系統已無法滿足企業經理人為提昇企業本身競爭力所需的資訊。因此，學者針對資訊的產生要素（原始資料及制度方法）加以探討及研究，結果發現以作業為基礎所建立的成本管理系統能明確指出企業資源耗用情況，此即近年來廣受重視的作業基礎成本及管理制度（Activity-Based Costing and Activity-Based Management，簡稱ABC及ABM）。 　　ABC及ABM已廣為討論及運用，惟大多以國外企業為主，我國企業正面臨轉型期，也逐漸重視此等成本管理新技術，但運用此等技術者多為外商企業，本土產業仍停留在觀念導入及模擬階段，故基於他山之石，可以攻錯之理念，本論文以個案研究的方式探討ABC及ABM於國內本土產業規劃、設計及實施之情況，俾供未來國內之學術及實務界人士推動ABC及ABM之參考。 　　本論文以五個構面為探討主題： 　　構面一、作業基礎成本及管理制度之發展（此屬理論部份）； 　　構面二、如何規劃及設計作業基礎成本及管理制度，並與實務相互比較； 　　構面三、實務上實施作業基礎成本及管理制度之步驟及程序； 　　構面四、組織文化、組織變革、及實施作業基礎成本及管理制度之相互關係； 　　構面五、活用作業基礎成本資訊。 　　經由實地個案研究所獲得之結論為： 　　一、實務上基於行業特性及企業本身需求之緣故，於規劃、設計、及實施作業基礎成本及管理制度時宜作適度的修正。 　　二、因目前個案公司之實際需求，故以作業時間為代理動因，俾計算作業或產品之真實成本。 　　三、作業基礎成本資訊與傳統制度成本資訊比較的結果顯示，相對而言，產品成本的高低估範圍從高估64%到低估616%，其中以低估的程度較大，然而，促使產品成本高低估的影響因素眾多，如印刷紙質、紙張磅數、印量、著墨量、印刷開式、印刷色數等，且各因素間亦相互影響，導致目前不易解釋根本原因。 　　四、運用資訊系統將作業基礎成本資訊加以整合並依所需表格化，可明確提供有關產品成本、作業成本、附加價值活動與無附加價值活動、及生產績效等有用之資訊，協助個案公司不同層級之主管了解公司資源使用的情況，俾於進行作業管理、企業策咯等活動時作為參考之依據。 　　五、由於個案公司的組織文化較能接受新觀念及管理技術，使得在沒有外部支援的情況下，由公司自行規劃、設計、及實施作業基礎成本及管理制度，筆者於研究末期親訪相關人員後，發現個案公司的企業文化稍有改變（如生產現場人員逐漸認為填寫工作報表為本身責任），而高階主管也愈趨重視攸關的管理技術之重要性，引發個案公司從事改善企業的活動等。

隨著資訊科技與生產技術大幅進步，以及全球化及自由化下瞬息多變的競爭環境，經營者除了關注企業內部的議題外，亦需了解全球經濟發展趨勢與產業脈動，在競爭者與客戶回應之前，提出有效對策因應，如此才能在激烈的競爭中存續與發展，維持競爭力及提升經營績效。因此，現今企業勝出的核心關鍵不再單純依賴規模與效率，而是如何發揮創意，找出新的競爭定位，並藉助資訊快速運算及不斷增強的商業智慧功能來改善企業本身的經營條件，甚或尋求新的商業模式。 個案公司是一家電子零組件製造與銷售公司，主要產銷連接器、軟性排線及線材組件。和大多數公司一樣，個案公司目前正面臨全球化競爭帶來的挑戰。處於原物料及人力成本持續上漲的壓力，以及面對客戶少量多樣客製化的產品需求與愈趨繁複的出貨要求下，個案公司之產品毛利愈來愈低。為解決這些經營上的問題，個案公司期待運用ERP資訊系統客製「商品計價作業」來反映成本上漲對產品報價的變動，並藉此快速且適度反應到對客戶的報價上，以期提升經營彈性，因應市場變化。 本研究從個案公司為了因應市場變化而建置資訊系統，以期快速且正確的反映產品報價的需求出發，首先針對個案公司，應用企業流程資訊有機體(Process-Wide Information Organism, PWIO)分析模式，重現及檢視個案公司銷售流程，並結合時間導向的作業基礎成本制求算出客戶最終毛利，據此重分類客戶屬性，並提出對應之銷售策略及對資訊系統需求之反思與建議。 關鍵字：企業流程資訊分析模式、顧客利潤分析、時間導向作業基礎成本制度 / Information technology and manufacturing techniques are greatly improved by days. The globalization and liberalization make industrial competition fierce and ever-changing. Under such circumstances, the company managements can not only focus on internal topics but should observe the global economic development trend and also the commercial and industrial variety. They should put forward solution strategies to deal with the responses of competitors and requests of customers. Only then can they keep competition power and enhance the operation profit to continue sustainable operation and development in the sharp competition. Therefore the key success factor today is not to depend on operation scale and efficiency only but to bring creativeness into full play to find the competition advantage of the company. In addition, they should improve management conditions by means of rapid information operation and ever-growing business intelligent features or to create new business model. A case company is a component manufacturing and sales company. Its main products are connectors, flexible flat cable and wire harness. Facing the severe global competition as the others, the company is challenged by margin issue due to increasing cost of raw material and labor, customized products requests with high-mix/ low-volume. To conquer this business issue, the case company plans to utilize ERP to build up the “Product Pricing Program” to re engineer the pricing methodology by reflecting the increased cost in the quotations to customers. The pricing process can enhance the operation efficiency to respond to the variety market changes. To deal with the market changes, the case study is aimed to establish effective information system for the purpose of responding rapidly and precisely to pricing decision. The research reviews and inspects the sales flow of the case company by Process-Wide Information Organism (PWIO). It also combines the time-oriented activity base costing (ABC) to forecast the final gross profit of customers. Based on this, the case company could re-categorize the customer segmentation and put forward related sales strategy and enhancement on the demand of information system. Key words: Process-Wide Information Organism (PWIO); Customer profitability analysis; Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing

企業的競爭，不再完全取決於企業規模，而是取決於如何對市場、客戶與競爭對手作出最佳及最快速的回應。迅速精準的決策以及執行力，是企業致勝的關鍵。因此，企業如何利用現有的資源，達成最有效率且具高價值之決策應用，以更進一步深化企業競爭優勢，符合企業e化追求的終極目標，為現代企業經營管理的重要課題之ㄧ。 個案公司之業務性質具有客戶集中、產品多元化、產品週期短、部分客戶採日式及時（Just in Time）存貨系統、訂單張數多但數量少（因為多數量產訂單均須經過少量的試產作業）等特性。在受限於客戶有較高議價能力的情況下，作業流程的效能與效率決定個案公司生存、成長與優勢競爭能力。個案公司在迅速回應及服務客戶之需求下，深度仰賴資訊系統處理相關業務的進行，e化程度並不低。但個案公司之員工已疲於應付日常的工作，而管理績效仍不彰。還有，高階主管認為內部提供之財務資訊無法作為報價參考及進行經營管理決策之基礎。 個案公司所面對的管理議題與作業流程有密切的關係，故本論文運用PWIO模式，從重現及診斷個案公司的作業流程為起點，於分析流程之實作後，一方面提出作業流程改善之建議，另一方面同時納入流程目標及衡量各項目標之績效評估指標，連結目標與指標間之因果關係至個案公司之平衡計分卡及策略地圖，以作為未來建立績效管理架構之參考。 此外，本論文嘗試將PWIO模式之分析結果與作業基礎成本制度之概念作結合，透過實作表之作業分析，辨識作業中心及成本動因，再於資訊系統裡擷取相關資源及成本動因資訊後，試算並比較傳統與作業基礎成本制度下之客戶別損益報告，提供高階管理人員對作業如何耗用資源有進一步的瞭解。本論文期望透過瞭解成本發生的真正原因以及對無效作業的辨識，協助個案公司強化成本的規劃與控制，進而改善企業運作之績效，增強企業的競爭能力。 / Nowadays, the completion between enterprises is not subject to the size of company but the way and lead time of response to the markets, customers as well as your competitors. The key successful factors are actually how prompt and accurate on decision making and execution. Therefore, one of the most important strategies is how to maximize the existing resources to build up the competition and reach the end goal of e-business. The business natures of the Company are specific customers, diversity of products, short product life cycle, Just in Time customer ordering process and numerous purchases with low quantities (prior to mass production requires test run with low quantity). Under the circumstances of buyer market and high negotiation power, the development and competition of the Company relies on the return of production as well as efficiency on process control. In order to response and serve customer needs, the Company has relied on the IT to handling business in depth. As such, the Company is highly e-businessness. However, the employees are exhausted on dealing with daily work as to poor efficiency. Further to that, high management believes that the financial information provided internally can‘t be neither the quotation base nor operating decisions. The management challenges of the Company are close relationship to the process control, therefore, in this article; I started my researches from review and analysis existing process via the Process-Wide Information Organism, PWIO model, to provide the suggestions to the process flow at the same time put in place the targets and evaluation indicators. Mapping the targets with said indicators to conclude the Balanced Score Card as well as the Strategy Map for the references to the Company on structure the efficient management in the future.

平衡計分卡（Balanced Scorecard,BSC）被認為是可以解決企業策略執行力不足的最佳良方，藉由與公司策略連結的策略性衡量指標，驅動企業策略之執行。而作業價值管理（Activity Value Management,AVM）為吳安妮教授經過長年對作業基礎成本制度（Activity-Based Costing,ABC）的持續研究及實務運用，進而提出的系統制度，隨著企業營運即時輸出各種回饋資訊及管理報表，確實輔助各管理階層做出營運上的各種決策。平衡計分卡與作業基礎成本制度之結合與應用，在國內外皆有相關研究，而作業價值管理此一嶄新的系統制度尚未有研究探討其與平衡計分卡之結合內容。 本研究係針對國內中小企業中一食品機械製造公司進行個案研究，伴隨個案公司的步伐導入平衡計分卡及作業價值管理，並進一步探討兩者結合後所擬定的策略性衡量指標，如何使得績效管理更有助於個案公司策略之執行，並期盼研究結果可以作為未來中小企業結合兩制度之參考。 / Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is considered the best solution to solve the lack of operating capability within enterprises. By connecting corporate strategy with strategic KPIs, BSC stimulates the operation of strategies. After years of study and practice of Activity-Based Costing (ABC), Prof. Anne Wu has developed the system of Activity Value Management (AVM). With the prompt feedback and management reports generated from corporate operation, AVM assists all kinds of decision making by lower through upper management echelons. Despite that there are domestic and international studies of combination and application of BSC and ABC, there are yet studies combine BSC with the advanced AVM system. This research is based on a case study of a medium-sized domestic food machinery manufacturing enterprise, through tracking the process of which importing both AVM and BSC; meanwhile studying the development of strategic KPIs, and how it benefits performance management which supports the operation of enterprise strategy; longing for that henceforth, the result of this study to be used as reference for small and medium-sized enterprises which combine the two systems.

「成熟市場的決勝戰場在通路」，通路商是介於上游製造商及下游經銷商間的橋樑，是一個充份運用資訊科技與高度發揮知識運用之產業，但隨著網際網路、低價個人電腦之普及，資訊網路相關產品眾多，市場規模快速成長的同時，同質性、不同規模的資訊通路商紛紛進入市場。近二年來，資訊通路產業邁入高度成熟期，進入了「微利」時代，新產品推陳出新，資訊產品生命週期短暫，毛利率更是逐年下滑，同業競爭激烈，有效的成本管理便成為通路商獲利的不二法則。因此，專業資訊流通業者如何在這丕變、惡性競爭的險峻環境中，找到一套執行策略來有效的管理其客戶利潤及價值，協助其成本管理、找到利基市場與顧客，並將有限的資源投注於目標顧客之上，除可提昇企業的獲利外，亦是各專業資訊通路業者未來賴以存續及致勝的關鍵。 本研究擬以個案公司之實際營運資料，透過實地的觀察、親身的經驗及實地訪談相關經辦人員與部門主管，依作業基礎成本制度的作業流程，正確界定內部的作業、找出作業動因及成本動因，精確估算顧客利潤，並由顧客屬性構面試圖找出影響顧客利潤之因子及個案公司利潤顧客的屬性，同時將其研究之結果，運用策略性作業基礎管理制度來協助個案公司的管理者作為管理目標顧客、建立市場區隔、擬訂策略目標時之參考；此外，再針對顧客的不同屬性與實際需求，提供各種不同的產品及組合，發展以顧客為導向的行銷策略，提供有市場差異化的價格及服務予客戶，提高客戶的貢獻度。