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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

信用連結債券評價—Factor Copula模型應用 / Application of Factor Copula Model on the Valuation of Credit-Linked Notes

朱婉寧 Unknown Date (has links)
信用連結債券的價值主要取決於所連結資產池內的資產違約情況,因此過去有許多文獻在評價時會利用Copula模擬各資產的違約時點,或是用Factor Copula估算他們在各時點下的違約機率。而本研究以Gaussian Factor Copula模型為主軸,對資產池違約機率做估計,以得到連結該資產池的信用連結債券價值。但過去文獻較常以給定參數的方式進行評價,本研究進一步利用市場實際資料估出模型參數並加入產業因子,以期達到符合市場的效果。 本研究利用已知的違約資訊對照模型結果,發現在給定原油價格成長率、產業GDP成長率及CAPM殘差之後,使用Factor Copula模型在資產池小且違約比例過高時容易低估損失,主要原因在於各資產的違約機率並非逼近1。且模型算出的預期損失會隨著距今時間變長而增加,但若資產池實際上沒有更多違約公司,模型的結果就可能會高估損失。而所有的變數又以參考價差對該商品價值的影響最大,因參考價差的數值取決於該公司的信用評等,因此可知信用連結債券價值主要還是與各公司信評有最大相關。 / The value of credit linked notes depends on whether the reference entities in the linked asset pool default or not, so some previous studies used Copula model to simulate the times to default or Factor Copula model to get the default probability. In this paper, with the Gaussian Factor Copula model adopted and industry factors taken into account, the default probability is estimated in order to obtain the value of the credit linked notes. Then, unlike other previous studies using the given parameters, this paper evaluated the parameters by using the model as well as market data, hoping to achieve the goal that results can reflect the real market situation. With real default information compared with the modeling results, three findings can be drawn given the growth rate of oil price, the growth rate of industrial GDP and the residuals of CAPM. First, the loss will be underestimated if the asset pool is small and the default proportion is too high mainly because not all the default probability approximates one. Second, expected default probability will be directly proportional to the time period between the present and the expected moment. So if there are not so many defaulting companies, then the loss might be overestimated. Last, the reference spread has the most impact on the product value among all the variables, and as we know, the reference spread of a company depends on its credit rating. Therefore, compared with other factors, credit rating remains the most essential to credit linked notes.
2

在Variance Gamma分配下信用連結債券評價模型 / Valuation of a Credit Linked Note on the Implementation of the Variance Gamma Distribution

宋彥傑, Song, Yen Jieh Unknown Date (has links)
本論文在Li(2000)的Gaussian Copula的背景之下,將資產價值服從常態分配的假設改為服從Variance Gamma分配,利用Copula模型模擬債權群組內各個標的資產的違約時點,並利用蒙地卡羅抽取亂數的方法,取平均之後求得信用連結債券所連結的資產債權組合價值。除此之外,本論文比較假設資產價值服從常態分配、Student t分配和Variance Gamma分配下,計算求得的資產池價值。實證結果顯示,假設服從Variance Gamma分配最接近市場的真實違約資料。這是由於Variance Gamma分配具備Student t分配的厚尾性質,能有效捕捉常態分配缺少的尾端損失機率,並可調整偏態係數和峰態係數,可以求出更接近市場價值的評價結果。最後,在敏感度分析方面,改變影響資產池價值的兩大因子:平均違約回收率和資產間相關係數。結果顯示,當平均違約回收率高於0.7時,相關係數越高的債權群組,其資產池價值亦越高。若平均違約回收率越低且資產間相關係數越高的話,越容易出現一起違約的現象,因此資產池價值會下降。因此投資人在挑選信用連結債券時,應注意所連結的標的資產群組內資產報酬的相關性,最好避免相關性高的資產群組,以免金融海嘯來臨的時候,多個資產同時違約的情形發生。
3

Copula模型在信用連結債券的評價與實證分析 / Valuation and Empirical Analysis of Credit Linked Notes Using Copula Models

林彥儒, Lin, Yen Ju Unknown Date (has links)
信用連結債券的價值主要取決於所連結資產池內的資產違約狀況,使得原始信用風險債券在到期時的本金償付受到其他債券的信用風險影響,因此如何準確且客觀的估計資產池內違約機率便一個很重要的課題,而過去文獻常以給定參數的方式,並且假設資產間的違約狀況彼此獨立下進行評價,對於聯合違約機率的捕捉並不明顯,因此本文延伸Factor Copula模型,建立信用連結債券之評價模型,該模型考慮了資產間的違約相關程度,以期達到符合市場的效果,同時配合統計之因素分析法,試圖找出影響商品價格背後的市場因子。 本研究利用延伸的評價模型以及Copula法,對實際商品做一訂價探討,結果發現,不管是使用樣本內或樣本外的資料去評價時,本研究的評價模型表現都優於Copula法,表示說評價時額外加入市場因子的考慮,對於評價是有正向的幫助;而在因子選取方面,我們選取18項因子後,經由因素分析共可萃取出三大類因素,藉由觀察期望價格與市場報價的均方根誤差,發現國家因素以及產業因素均對於商品價格有所影響,而全球因素對於商品不但沒有顯著影響,同時加入後還會使得計算出的商品期望價格更偏離市場報價,代表說並不是盲目的加入許多因子就能使得模型計算出的價格貼近市場報價,則是要視加入的因子對於資產的影響程度而定。 對於後續研究的建議:由於本研究的實證中存在一些假設,使得評價過程中並不完全符合現實市場現況,若能得到市場上的真實數據,或是改以隨機的方式來計算,相信結果會更貼近市場報價;同時,藉由選取不同的因子來評價,希望能找出國家因素、產業因素以外的其他影響因子,可助於我們更了解此項商品背後的影響因素,使得投資人能藉由觀察市場因子數據來判斷商品未來價格走勢。 / Value of the credit-linked notes depend on the pool of assets whether default or not, so the promised payoff of credit-linked notes is affected by other risky underlying assets. Therefore, how to estimate the probability of default asset pool accurately and objectively will be a very important issue. In the past literature, researchers usually use given parameters, and assume assets probability of default are independent from each other under valuation. Furthermore, it is not obvious to capture the joint probability of default. Thus, this article extends the Factor Copula Model to provide a new methodology of pricing credit-linked notes, which consider the default correlation between the extent of assets in order to achieve result in line with market and with Factor Analysis method added, trying to figure out the impact of commodity price factor behind the market. In the empirical analysis, pricing the actual commodity issued by LB Baden-Wuerttemberg using extend model and Copula model, we found that no matter choose in-the-sample or out-the-sample data to valuation, the models in this article are superior to Copula model by compare the root-mean-square deviation(RMSE). It means add the market factors into our valuation is beneficial. In terms of selection factors, we select eighteen factors prepared by Morgan Stanley Capital International, and three categories of factors may be extracted from Factor Analysis method. By observing RMSE, both national factors and industry factors will influence on the commodity, but world factors not only did not significantly impact on the commodity, but also add it to calculate the expected price further from the market price. Representative said not blind join the many factors can make the model to calculate the price close to the market price, it is a factor depending on the degree of influence of the added asset. For the suggestion of future research. The fact that the presence of empirical assumptions in this study, result in the evaluation process is not entirely realistic to market situation. We suggest to get the real data on the market or use random way to calculate, we believe that the outcome will be closer to the market price. Meanwhile, by selecting different factors to evaluate, trying to discover further factors which significantly impact on the commodity; it will help us better to understand the factors behind the commodity, so investors can predict commodity future prices by observing the market data.
4

連動式債券之評價與分析─信用連結債券及CMS連結債券

陳宗佑 Unknown Date (has links)
由於近幾年來連動式債券的盛行,要如何在眾多的標的中選取符合自己需求的對投資人來說越來越重要,本論文特別選了目前市場上當紅的兩種連動債來作評價與分析,一是信用連結債券,另一是CMS連結債券。 評價信用連動債券所使用的利率模型為Hull-White利率三元樹模型,而在考量信用風險時則是運用Li(1998)的方法,以市場上公司債的信用價差建構出信用曲線,再由信用曲線轉換成信用折現因子。最後便可依照債券的付息型態,使用利率三元樹與信用折現因子求得信用連動債券的價格。再針對各個參數進行敏感度分析,最後發現殖利率曲線的變動對債券價格影響最大,尤其是對逆浮動連結利率的債券而言。其次是利率波動度對債券價格的影響。 評價CMS連結債券所使用的方法是LIBOR市場模型,在設定好遠期利率的動態過程後,經由蒙地卡羅法模擬出各個時點的遠期利率,再利用交換利率(Swap Rate)與遠期利率間的轉換公式求得各個時點的指標利率,用以計算各付息日的配息率,再將各個時點的配息與本金以模擬出來的利率折現後,便可得到期初的債券價格。模擬了一萬次後,再將結果平均即是該CMS連動債券的理論價格。再針對各個因素進行敏感度分析後可發現,期初時的殖利率曲線的變動對債券價格影響最大,因為其一方面會影響折現率,另一方面還會影響配息的比率。 值得注意的是,所評價的兩種債券皆附有贖回條款,而就CMS連結債券而言,此條款的設定異常重要,若沒有此條款,發行商將因配息率設定的過高而受到鉅額的損失,而在設定了贖回條款後,投資人就會因債券可被贖回而喪失高報酬的機會,並且造成持有期間的縮短。
5

連動式債券設計個案研究-固定期限交換利率利差連動與信用連結債券

莊筑豐 Unknown Date (has links)
連動式債券已成為目前市場上最熱門的投資工具,標榜著高受益的條款下,常隱含著投資人所不瞭解的風險,利用理論的模型套用在實務商品上,可以令人更清楚認識複雜化的金融衍生性商品。本文在Libor市場模型與Hull-White利率模型的架構下,利用數值方法評價分析最常見的兩種連動式債券-固定期限利率交換利差連動債券與信用連結債券。 Libor市場模型直接拿取市場上可觀察到的遠期Libor利率做為模型的標的,有良好配適目前利率期間結構的優點。利用此模型為出發,校準出波動度期間結構,以蒙地卡羅模擬法來評價固定期限利率交換利差連動債券。由評價結果可量化分析出連動式債券內含的選擇權與零息債券價值為何,探討發行商的發行策略與投資人的風險來源。 繼股權、利率連動式商品之後,未來金融商品的連動標的將進入信用風險的階段。以公司債的市場資料建立出一條信用風險曲線(Credit Curve),最能夠反映出當時市場上大多數人對於未來發生違約事件的預期。在假設利率市場風險和標的公司信用風險是獨立的前提下,將這條曲線和以Hull-White利率模型為基礎建立的利率三元樹與路徑函數結合,便可以適當地評價信用連結債券的價值。最後,求算債券內含的信用違約交換價值,對發行機構的策略與投資人的風險作分析。

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