對家庭婚姻而言，外遇既不是夫妻雙方所能預期，更難以預防，事件發生了，除讓彼此有機會去檢視婚姻中發生的問題！任何一方外遇，對另一半的配偶總會造成傷害。而我國傳統社會文化對妻子的期待，偏重於「家庭」的成就，或稱有責任感，因為社會對妻子的肯定，是來自於其家庭的幸福、丈夫的成就，而較少妻子自我的表現，一旦又有了子女，更會因母職而常受制於家庭、婚姻，所以當丈夫外遇時，顯然妻子會遭遇許多心理、社會衝突與困境。因此，妻子面對丈夫外遇之心路歷程及生活調適所面臨的婚姻品質與家庭壓力情形，為值得探究的課題。 本研究採用質性研究法中的深入訪談法，選取的對象為30到50歲的已婚女性，並盡量尋求彼此差異質性較大之受訪者，共邀請12位丈夫外遇之已婚女性參與訪談，著重蒐集資訊的豐富內涵與深度，以探討妻子面對丈夫外遇時婚姻關係、困境與衝突，以期深入了解妻子所面臨的問題，並探究其心理調適、走出悲傷及面對人生的歷程。訪談資料經歸類、分析，所得研究結果如下： 一、為保婚姻，妻子處境艱辛：因為妻子比較重視婚姻關係，且在父權婚姻處於相對的弱勢，所以才會在丈夫外遇後產生許多困境。 二、單方付出，丈夫依然故我：妻子甘之如飴在婚姻中不斷地為丈夫付出，為家庭犧牲，而卻没有關照自己。 三、付出較多，妻子婚姻弱勢：儘管妻子擁有工作、經濟獨立，但她們在心理上、情緒上都比較依賴丈夫，所以就容易使自己在婚姻關係中，屈從丈夫、處於次等地位。 四、價值內化，妻子以夫為貴：原生家庭父母親的教養，讓妻子甘心當個以夫為貴、為家庭犧牲奉獻的小女人。 五、妻子自責，承擔一切後果：妻子為了維繫關係、挽回丈夫，除了自責之外，也不敢找人傾訴，深怕事情公開，與丈夫關係無法回復，只能自己默默承受一切。 六、浴火重生，重整生活方式：當妻子發現已經無法挽回丈夫時，為了早日解脫，重整生活，讓自己有個新的未來，就是此時期妻子浴火重生的關鍵。 七、心灰意冷，轉而愛護自己：當妻子對丈夫心灰意冷、對夫妻關係澈底絶望時，她才會開始闗照自己的需要。 八、尋求幫助，提供情緒支持：妻子的社會支持主要來自朋友、家人與團體，也因為獲得這些社會支持，才有辦法度過危機，朝向更積極的人生邁進。 另根據本研究發現做以下建議： 一、人生苦短，妻宜慎思。 二、原諒丈夫，放過自己。 三、正面思考，快樂生活。 四、延續性愛，維持親密。 五、放眼未來，謊言勿聽。 六、善用資源，勇於求助。 七、健全家庭，培育孩子。 八、丈夫收心，體恤妻子。 / The growing trend of extramarital affair is becoming a world-wide phenomenon. When an extramarital affair occurs, the impact can be felt not just by the spouses, but also their children, workplace as well as their social circles. The tradition that women should play their role in the family still exists in current society, thus it is often viewed as a natural duty of women to bear children and take full responsibilities to raise the family. This trend would give the wife a sense of security; however, it strengthens women's dependence on men and weakens their sense of self-determination. In a case where the husband is having an extramarital affair, the wife often encounters a great deal of emotional and financial dilemmas in deciding what is in her best interests to do, especially if there are children involved. This study adopts in-depth interview on 12 married women between 30~50 years old whose husbands have been indulged in extramarital affairs. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the marital relationships, the dilemmas, and the emotional conflicts these women experienced in responding to extramarital affairs. The results of this study are summarized as follows: I. In traditional Chinese families where family structure is hierarchical, the husband generally has more authorities over the wife, which creates a variety of issues for the wife when the husband is having an extramarital affair. II. Many wives would sacrifice themselves by giving up their pursuit of careers for the good of their families. These women may find themselves later faced with the difficult task of trying to begin or revive their lives III. Although many wives have full time jobs and are financially independent, they are still emotionally dependent on their husbands. VI. Influenced by traditional views, many wives would simply concentrate on taking care of their husbands and children and placing their hope fully on their husbands. V. In a case where the husband has an extramarital affair, the wife would question her own competence as a wife and force herself to keep the matter undisclosed to save her husband’s reputation and for the fear that her intolerance would threaten their marriage. VI. When the wife feels deeply disappointed about her marriage, she would start to realize her true values and fulfill her needs. VII. When the wife discovers that her marriage can not be saved, she would replace herself in the priority. VIII. Wives who suffered from extramarital affairs should seek help from other people. Proper psychological consultancy can serve as an effective way towards good mental health. Suggestions: I. It is important for the wife to understand that she is not alone and she is still a valuable person even though this has happened to her. II. The wife should learn through time to forgive the husband and do what is best for the family. III. The wife should learn how to deal with the resentments caused by extramarital affair and replace the negative thinking with positive affirmations IV. Intimacy is one of the most essential forces that binds the spouses together. Both spouses should understand that making love is as important as love itself. V. Both spouses should understand that divorce is not the only solution for extramarital affairs. The wife should take into consideration to rework on the marriage and save it for a better tomorrow. VI. The wife should seek a counselor for psychological and emotional assistance. Once the trouble spots in the relationship are found, both can begin to take actions and try to resolve the issues. VII. Both spouses need to understand that their children need both parents to develop at various stages of their lives. VIII. The husband should stop seeing the lover and understand that affection and companionship may be some of the most important emotional supports the wife needs to recover from his affair.

一般社會大眾的刻板印象為：女性事業成就高，一定還沒結婚，或家庭不幸福；本研究即據此導出研究問題：「有婚姻家庭與無婚姻家庭之高成就女性主管，其事業發展與家庭生活的種種面向為何，其自我評價是否會因為婚姻家庭的有無而有所不同？」研究者採用質性研究方法，藉由訪問四位四十歲以上的高階女性經理人(已婚者與單身者各半)，來了解女性經理人面對家庭與事業的心理調適歷程與自我評價狀況。 研究結果如下： 1. 已婚受訪者積極主動、勇於面對和解決問題的人格特質，對於其工作與家庭生活的適應具有決定性的影響，且處於不同的家庭發展階段，其適應的狀況也不同，無法單純以「資源有限假說」或「資源擴張假說」來解釋。 2. 已婚女性受訪者的家庭與工作生活是處於同一個系統當中，彼此會相互影響、扶持。 3. 無論結婚與否，受訪者都或多或少能從家庭中獲得社會支持，如單身者因為與父母同住，所以能得到原生家庭的支持。 4. 單身受訪者因為沒有婚姻的負擔，所以初期對工作的承諾感和企圖心很高，往往因過度投入工作而忽略了其他生活面向的平衡發展。 5. 對於本研究的受訪者而言，結婚與否對其目前的自我評價並無影響。 最後，研究者根據研究過程與結果提出建議。 第一章 研究動機 ……………………………….1 第二章 文獻探討…………………………………5 第一節 工作生活的適應 ……………………7 一、 學習男性典範……………………7 二、 高階女性主管的適應……………9 第二節 家庭生活的適應 ………………12 一、已婚者 …………………………12 1. 資源有限假說 ……………13 2. 資源擴張假說 ……………17 二、單身者 ………………………19 第三節 女性主管的生涯曲線 …………22 第三章 研究問題 ……………………………27 第四章 研究方法 ………………………………28 第五章 結果與討論 …………………………36 第一節 女性經理人的工作歷程 ……36 第二節 已婚女性經理人的家庭生活歷程 51 第三節 單身女性經理人的生活 ……66 第四節 女性經理人的生涯特徵 ………74 第六章 結論 …………………………………81 第七章 研究限制與建議 …………………85 參考文獻 ……………………………………87 附錄一：研究參與同意書 附錄二：訪談大綱 / Managers are often stereotyped as a man’s job in the public eye. Thus, female managers usually have to conceal their feminine characteristics and imitate their male colleagues’ behaviors in order to fit in the existing managerial culture. This may cause high pressure for them and make them lose their flexibility and energy. At the same time, married female managers are expected to be good wives and mothers. As for single females, although they can devote all their efforts to their work, the social support they have is less than married female managers. Many negative impressions are put upon them, such as people regarding them as too ambitious to be good women. To sum up, female managers are faced with many difficulties both in their work and family lives. This study would focus on how they deal with their demanding lives and how they evaluate themselves under traditional value system of our society. Four female executives- two of them are married, and the others are single- were interviewed in depth. Due to high pressures in the working environment, all four interviewees reported they tried to act like men in the beginning of being managers. Two of them (one is married, and the other is single) had a very difficult period in their careers. They felt extremely tired and anxious all the time. They were irritated because they were so worried about their performance that they became burnt out. Fortunately, they both left their work temporary and found ways of releasing the pressures so that they could get rid of the ‘ burn out’ syndromes and promote their quality of lives. The married interviewees’ life qualities depended on which family stages they were in. When the interviewees’ children were very young, they needed to spend lots of time and energy on being mothers. They reported that they were exhausted then, and could not handle so many requirements of different roles at the same time. But as their children grew up, the load of being mothers decreased. Meanwhile, as a manager for several years, they learned many problem-solving skills in their jobs, so they could take active strategies to solve the problems in their families. They felt they could manage these roles well now. It was also reported that the married interviewees’ family and work lives interacted with each other. Their work experiences could diffuse into their family lives. What they learned from the families could also help them deal with business. Different from the married interviewees, the single female managers mainly concentrated on their works. They still lived with their original family so they could get support from their parents and siblings. But they indeed got involved in their work too much that they started to ignore other aspects of their lives. One interviewee discovered that she was completely sensible and could not feel the emotions in her mind. She lost her feelings due to putting on professional mask for a long time. The other felt really unhappy in her thirties because of exhaustion. Now they both try to enrich their lives with things other than work. The four interviewees were not satisfied with themselves before. However, after reflecting the meanings of their lives in the middle age, they gained new insights about themselves. They all said they were satisfied with themselves now, despite being married or single, and all believed they would be better in the future.

本研究描繪目前台灣電視新聞界一個普遍存在、但不能說的秘密，即業配新聞的存在和產製、相關活動。研究者新聞本科出身，跨入業配新聞製作的專題組，面對置入性行銷對新聞採編的衝擊，也曾經內心衝突與質疑，「業配新聞」算新聞嗎？「業配新聞」是假新聞嗎？ 「業配新聞」報導的對象，多因為沒新聞點、名氣小、特色不足或是沒有報導價值，因此無法被納入一般新聞採編程序，卻非憑空捏造或虛構不實的報導。「業配新聞」經過包裝，仍要編製成突顯商品特性與優點所產製的新聞內容，所以受訪業配記者多認為，業配新聞雖然具有商業目的，但不是無中生有、以虛報實的假新聞。而電視新聞以簡明方式播報新聞的特性，加上視覺的優勢，適合作為業配訊息的傳達。另外業配記者也認為業配新聞充斥，主要是組織和主管的要求，業配新聞基於真實，對社會無害，也包含重要訊息，仍然能為觀眾服務。 本研究認為在當下結構的困境中，個人的主體性雖然蘊含重大的突破能量，也有施展空間。就受訪者經驗來看，個人以專業及善盡查證職責，據理力爭新聞的正確性，仍有機會為自己開拓一些迴旋空間。而媒體組織在廣告主的強勢要求下，也並非只能一味讓步，讓對方予取予求，主事者若能在新聞的專業基礎上轉換思維，也可能化被動為主動展現相對積極的作為。 研究發現，廣告主和記者都清楚業配新聞不但影響編輯台的新聞自主，影響新聞公信力，也影響工作者自我的專業認同，雖然廣告主認為業配新聞和他們是共生共存，這類新聞確實有宣傳效果，有廣告主也認為他們對新聞可信度確實受到影響，「因為新聞經過包裝了」。然而，公眾一旦察覺某些新聞背後有「金錢利益」操控，不但媒體將失去公信力，媒體工作者也失去自我專業尊嚴，其結果更是短多長空。 / Product placement in TV programs has become increasingly common in the two decades in Taiwan. Although it arouses huge controversies over media credibility and marketing values, up to date, there have been very limited empirical studies focusing on how journalists handling product placement messages, particularly in television news programs in which product placements were usually forbidden in use. Instead of using content that directly promotes the brand, product or service through traditional marketing tactics, product placement journalism focuses on building stories and other informational content that highlights value from a different point of view. The current study examined a unique program genre in Taiwan’s TV news programs, in which product placements are still in use. Based on in-depth interviewing, this study canl shed some light on how we define the boundaries of news and marketing information. Product placements are proven to be quite effective in television news programs. However, the effectiveness is built right on the cost of news credibility and integrity, which is ironically distinguishing product placement and advertising and is believed to be the magic power of product placement in news. Although companies that build trust with the content they produce can maintain their presence as reliable media sources for their audiences. The origins of the ethical problems and their implication for product placement research are explored.