傳統社會中，大都存在著「男大當婚，女大當嫁」的基本價值規範，然而隨著近年來婚姻型態展現出多元複雜的風貌，有些人不再期待婚姻、不再依賴家庭，而選擇過單身生活或是延遲進入婚姻，由此造成單身人口增多的晚婚現象，此現象對於整體社會將造成何種衝擊，自是值得我們關心的課題，因此該議題值得探究。 因此，本研究旨在探討男女的單身成因、單身生活狀態、理想伴侶的條件和對於婚姻的看法。在方法上，採深入訪談法，以台北縣市軍公教之5位男性、7位女性為訪談對象。研究發現：形成單身的原因很少是單一的因素所造成，而係非常多個因素所聚合而成的結果。本研究綜合歸納這些原因為內在、外在二大因素：內在因素方面主要以「結婚對象難尋」為單身男女維持單身的主要成因；外在因素方面為「力不足以成家」，其中又以考量「經濟因素」為單身的主要成因。在12位受訪的單身男女當中，他們生活狀態，則以有交往對象或是性伴侶者的伴侶型態居多，而自願長期單身的「獨身主義者」則佔少數。 在擇偶條件方面，男性偏好「顧家」和「身體健康」的女性；女性則偏好「感覺」和「工作能力強」的男性。 在婚姻觀方面，單身男女整體的婚姻態度以抱持負面看法者居多，他們認為人生其實「不一定要結婚」，也「不會期待婚姻」、「不嚮往婚姻」。進一步分開性別來看，男性認為相處到老不容易，女性則是認為自己最為可靠；不過對於婚姻的評價，則男女均持較為正面的態度，認為「有婚姻總是好的」。 最後，依據本研究發現提出幾項建議，包括：（一）確立人生目標；（二）建立正確的兩性相處價值觀；（三）肯定自己存在的價值；（四）學習人際溝通與情感的表達；（五）尊重多元的婚姻觀念；（六）積極拓展人際關係網絡；（七）培養健全的性觀念；（八）充實精神生活的內涵。 / In traditional society, there exists more about the fundamental value norm "When the married men and women, when the marriage." But in recent years, marriage patterns show a complex multi-style, some people no longer look forward to marriage and depend on the family instead of choosing a single life or delaying their marriage. This result makes the single population increasing of later marriage. This phenomenon making what impact for the whole community is worth our caring about the subject. This subject is worthy of inquiry. Therefore, this study was about investigating the causes of single men and women, single life, ideal partner’condition and the views of marriage. In the method, I adopt in-depth interviews to the Taipei city and county of the five men and seven women who’s job are teachers, soldiers or government workers as the interview object. Study found that: a single reason is rarely caused by a single factor instead of many factors polymerization from the results. The study comprehensive summed up these reasons for the internal and external two major factors: internal factors are mainly to " hard to find a marry person " for single man and woman remain single. And major cause of external factors is "can not keep the families", which consider "economic factors" as the main causes of single.In 12 single men and women respondents, there are contacts or sexual partners who form the majority partner, and voluntary long-term "singles”accounted for a minority in their living conditions. Spouse Choosing in terms of male preference is about "housekeeping" and "health" of women; women prefer "feeling" and "strong capacity" of men. In thinking about marriage, there are more of single men and women who hold negative views to the marriage. They think that life actually "do not necessarily have to marry" and "not looking forward to marriage," and "not long for marriage." Further separation of gender, men think that live to old age is not easy. For women, they think that they are the most reliable to themselves, but for the evaluation of the marriage, both men and women have a more positive attitude, saying that "marriage is always good." Finally, based on this study, I made several recommendations which include: (a) establish life goals, (2) to establish the correct values of gender relations, (3) affirmed the value of their existence; (d) learn interpersonal communication and emotional expression; (5) respect for the diverse concepts of marriage, (6) Actively expand interpersonal networks; (7) develop a correct sex concept (8) enrich the connotation of spiritual life.

根據內政部的數據顯示少子化、單人家戶已成為現代社會中的趨勢，而在這樣的社會趨勢底下，人們的價值觀和消費型態也逐漸發生改變。 台灣自1960年代實施的家庭計畫使得生育率開始下降，直到2010年甚至跌到只剩0.895（內政部2010），成為全球生育率最低的國家；不僅是少子化衝擊台灣的社會，單人家戶不斷攀高也是其中一項，從2001年其佔總戶數比例為24%，到2010年上升至28.7%，這再再顯示出台灣的現在和未來，將會有一群龐大的單身族群，這群人可能沒有兄弟姊妹，或是婚姻關係，這變化不單影響著個人的生命歷程，其消費模式都將產生劇烈轉變。 本研究針對此現象，以新竹地區三家星巴克的單身消費的顧客，以及內部員工為對象，探討關於一個人的消費型態。其研究發現長期一個人進入星巴克消費者的動機，不僅消費咖啡、環境，更是消費與夥伴之間的互動關係，而這種消費型態本文稱之為「寂寞消費」，此消費動機有別於過往購買物質性商品的模式，即商品的品質和價錢，其寂寞消費者的動機，更在乎場域之間彼此的「關係」，這群消費者多半來自於單身、親密關係較為缺乏的生活環境，以及喜愛與他人互動的性格，從這些現象可以得出，當未來人們趨於單身時，如何可以消費中同時獲得社會性滿足將會是新的商機。 / According to the statistics provided by the Interior ministry, the low-birth rate and single-family household rate have been a trend nowadays. Under such a circumstance, people’s values and consuming types are gradually changing. Since 1960, the birth rate has started to decrease resulting from the implement of Family Project(家庭計畫) in Taiwan. Till 2010, the birth rate had fallen to 0.895 (Interior ministry 2010), which is the lowest birth rate in the world. It is noted that not only the trend of fewer children(少子化) but the increasing of single-family household (單人家戶) strike Taiwan society. Specifically, the rate of single-family household in Taiwan keeps increasing from 24% to 28.7% in 2001 and 2010, respectively. This phenomenon implies that there has been and will be a large group of people having no brothers, sisters or marriage relation in Taiwan. Such changes in social structure will affect the life experience for each single person and significantly change people’s consuming types. In this thesis, in order to investigate the above-mentioned phenomenon, we took single consumers and staff of three STARBUCKS shops in Hsinchu as samples to explore the consuming type of a single person. It is found that a long-term consumer who is single consumes not merely coffee and environment but the interaction with staff in STARBUCKS. Such consuming type is called loneliness consuming in this study. Looking into the causes of loneliness consuming, the motivation behind such consuming is to establish relationship with people through places. It is observed that the lonely consumers in general like to interact with people but are single or from the environment with less close relationship. Accordingly, in the trend of more people being single, how to simultaneously satisfy the sociality in the behavior of consuming for consumers may yield new business opportunities.

本研究目的在瞭解現今台灣社會所呈現的晚婚現象，並希望瞭解形成兩性晚婚的可能因素為何。另外，晚婚者在面對單身生活時個人所表現出來的態度、感受、對單身生活的認同感、生活壓力等因素類目，亦是希望能進一步認識與瞭解的部分。 本研究的調查方式，是利用研究者自編的『單身者婚姻態度調查問卷』，首先篩選男女填答者的年齡，需符合晚婚條件者，方可作答。其次，再透過滾雪球的抽樣方式，以人工和電腦兩種方式的發放問卷，蒐集相關資料，共計回收385份樣本，男性110份，佔28.6％；女性275份，佔71.4％。經統計分析後，所得發現如下： 一、性別：在我國傳統價值觀念的束縛下，女性仍較男性容易感受到婚姻的壓力。在現今社會，雖然兩性皆能在工作職場中發揮，有所成就，可是女性仍可以感受到單身所帶給自己的壓力，男性在這方面的壓力則較輕。 二、年齡：隨著年歲的增長，會影響個人如何看待「單身」與「結婚」兩者之，。在不同的年齡層之間，亦會產生差異。多半在適婚年齡之際的晚婚者，可能會因父母親友的殷殷關注，而感受到婚姻的壓力，而一旦年齡較長、知道自己的需求後，則能以正向坦然的方式來看待自己的單身生活。 三、教育程度：接受較高教育程度的晚婚者，對於單身的生活適應狀況較好，並且能在其中得到相當的樂趣。 四、職業：在就業類別項目上，由於公、教人員工作固定，收入穩定的情況下，對生活不至於感到匱乏，而較能享受單身的樂趣。 五、經濟收入：金錢持有的多寡，影響著單身的個人其生活消費的能力。經濟收入高的晚婚者，在金錢豐厚的條件下，可供自己花用與支出的比例提高，間接對單身生活的認同度亦較經濟收入低的晚婚者來得高。 六、居住方式：獨居的晚婚者，由於擁有自己私人的空間，可以善加地規劃個人的生活，避免他人的干擾，達到學習成長的目的，因此，對單身生活的認同度亦較高。反之，與他人共同居住的晚婚者，可能除了個人之外，尚須面對他人的關心與干涉，自處空間狹小，會感受到較大的壓力。 七、家中排行：家中排行對於晚婚的影響已較過去沒落許多。傳統香火傳承的觀念雖然仍舊存在，可是已不完全為長子/女的責任，個人對婚姻都有其自我的主張，已經很少為了該理由而進入婚姻之中的。 而根據上述結論，對研究建議如下： 一、給晚婚者的建議：充實自我、開拓視野。除了可以豐富自己的人脈關係之外，也可以避免陷入自怨自艾的孤單情緒當中，單身可以是一個階段、一種狀況，以樂觀開朗的態度面對自己的單身生涯，會使自己能在生活中有更多的收穫。 二、給父母的建議：避免過渡關心引發的親子衝突，接納與瞭解子女的想法是最好的良方。站在父母的立場，要他們放手不管，實屬困難。但過渡的嘮叨會使子女感受到壓力，形成困擾。因此，適時的溝通，瞭解雙方的想法，才有助於進一步的接納。 三、給學校的建議：健全教育體制的發展，培養正確的性教育知識與態度。讓兩性在求學時期就能夠互相瞭解如何與對方相處、溝通，建設雙方交流的空間與管道，而避免一味的管制與反彈。 四、給工作單位的建議：適時舉辦兩性交流的活動，除了有助於男女雙方的互動外，亦可促成工作上的和諧與互助。 而根據本研究結果，給未來的研究者建議如下： 一、 擴大研究取樣的範圍。擴充地域、教育程度、職業、收入等樣本蒐集上的豐富性，避免侷限於某一族群當中，可以對晚婚者有更加完全而充分的認識。 二、 增加研究資料內容的深度。除了利用問卷調查，可以廣博地瞭解晚婚者的想法，但若佐以質性的深度訪談，則可以增加深度上的認識，透過開放性的問題，才能更瞭解晚婚者的內心世界與真實想法。 三、 兩性樣本的均衡。過去，單身的研究多集中於女性，本研究雖加入男性的調查，然因年齡上的設限，樣本資料仍較女性少，因此，未來若有機會，可將樣本集中於男性，瞭解現今男性對婚姻所抱持的看法為何。

本論文的研究目的是探討單身老年女性在其喪偶或離婚之後發展的親密關係，希望藉由單身老年女性的自身經驗，來理解她們對親密關係的詮釋，以及她們在親密關係中的感受，從「本質」、「發展」及「影響因素」來了解單身老年女性親密關係的生命經驗。 本研究使用質性取向的研究方法，以半結構式的深度訪談進行資料蒐集，計8名有效樣本，年齡介於62到87歲之間，5名居住在台北市，3名分別居住在桃園縣、台中市及苗栗縣，主要研究結果如下： 一、從受訪者對親密關係的成分、表達形式、以及感受等三部分可知單身老年女性親密關係的本質：（1）「關懷」、「共同性」及「欣賞」為單身老年女性親密關係的主要成分。（2）「一個人孤單」及「兩個人有伴」是單身老年女性重新作伴的原因；親密關係的表達形式可分為日常生活的內容及具愛情或性意涵的言語及行為。（3）「談戀愛的浪漫」、「過日子的平凡實在」及「交朋友的恩深義重」則是單身老年女性在親密關係中三種主要感受。 二、從受訪者與男友交往過程中親密關係的緣起（從獨立到結合）、發展脈絡（從結合中求獨立）、延續（從獨立中找到契合）來探討單身老年女性親密關係的發展可知：（1）「旁人促成」及「機緣巧合」是單身老年女性親密關係緣起之因。（2）「自主」及「自由」是單身老年女性親密關係發展脈絡的依循路線，可藉由設立界線以調和親密及獨立的兩難困境。（3）「對方值得」及「自己想開」是單身老年女性親密關係延續的基礎，前者即是親密關係成分中持續付出關懷的動力；後者即是老年時期中懂得活在當下的智慧。 三、從受訪者對自身親密關係的詮釋可知單身老年女性親密關係發展的影響因素有5：（1）「雙方的條件」透過共同性及自主性對單身老年女性的親密關係發展造成影響。（2）「前段婚姻的陰影」對親密關係的影響不一定導致她們不願再次擁有親密關係，而是讓她們認知到自己要如何為這樣的產物做好準備，找出新的親密關係定位。（3）「子女的態度」會影響關係如何而非影響關係有無，最終決定權還是在單身老年女性的手上。（4）「信仰的力量」是在親密關係不順遂時可影響她們的認知，使其能夠轉換念頭，改變看待關係的心態，故讓親密關係得以延續。（5）「社會的觀感」對單身老年女性的親密關係有既定框架，她們認知到框架，並且有勇氣及韌性獲得自身詮釋權以安然於親密關係中。 / The purpose of this study is to investigate the development of single elderly women’s intimate relationships after they became widows or got divorced. By exploring their self-experience, we can understand the way they interpret their intimate relationships and their feelings within these relationships. In this study, we view things from three dimensions —“the nature, the development, and the factor”—to inspect their life experience in these intimate relationships. The methodology applied in this study was based on quantitative method, and data were collected by semi-structured in-depth interviews. Total 8 valid samples aged between 62 to 87 years old were gathered, among which there are 5 living in Taipei as well as 3 in Taoyuan, Taichung, and Miaoli separately. Research results show as below: 1.Interviewers’ points of view on element, expression, and perception of their intimate relationship showed the nature of single elderly women’s intimate relationship: (1) “Careness, commonality, and appreciation” are the major elements that compose single elderly women’s intimate relationship. (2) “Being alone and lonely” as well as “being coupled and accompanied” are two reasons that why single elderly women would like to have a company again. Moreover, the ways to express their intimate relationships can be divided into actions of daily life and speech or behavior that imply love and sex. (3) “The romance of falling in love” and “the reality of getting on a life” as well as “the gratitude and loyalty of being friends” consist of the main sensation in single elderly women’s intimate relationship. 2.The process of interviewers’ relationships with their boyfriends, such as how it started, in what context it developed, and why to continue, showed that: (1) “Being motivated by others” and “the right opportunity” are the reasons to start the relationships. (2) “Autonomy” and “liberty” are the paths these relationships follow, according to which the boundaries can be placed so that the dilemma of being intimate or being independent can be coordinated. (3) “They worth it” and “looking on the bright side” are the basis to keep the relationship going; the former is the motivation to care and the latter is the wisdom to live in the present in their late in life. 3.Interviewers’ interpretations of self-experience in these relationships revealed that there are 5 factors that affect the development of those relationships: (1) “Conditions of both sides” affect these relationships through commonality and autonomy. (2) “Bad memory from previous marriage” does not necessarily make them not willing to have a relationship again, rather it causes them realize what preparation should they make for it and find out new definition of intimate relationship. (3) “The attitude of children” may affect how the relationship will be but can not decide whether the relationship will continue; the final call is held in the elderly women’s hands. (4) “The power of belief” can influence their recognition during their hard times and make them change their point of views on these relationships so as to keep these relationships on. (5) “The standpoint of the public” set single elderly women in certain conventional frames. Although these women recognize these frames, they have courage and toughness to gain self-interpretation to feel free from worry in these relationships.

現今的台灣單身女性主體正面臨一場震盪轉變，將她們問題化與歧視化的論述依然存在，不過隨著她們在人數和消費上展現的驚人實力，另一股為她們平反的嶄新論述儼然已經發酵。《慾望城市》在此時登台顯得格外特別，因為它彰顯的正是某種平反之聲，在台灣女性觀眾群中引發極大迴響。事實上，近來許多電視劇或電影都在呈現類似主題，大眾媒體不斷聲稱再現與代理這群女性的主體和感覺，卻看不到本地女性如何在自我經驗上發出聲音。本研究希望藉由她們對《慾望城市》以及對自我詮釋的相互對應下，描繪出這群獨特女性閱聽人的主體輪廓。 / Nowadays the subjectivity of Taiwanese single woman is in the change. Although the discrimination discourse that constrains woman still exists, a new discourse is developing due to the increasing number of single women and their astonishing consumption ability. The coincidence of Sex and the City being on TV in Taiwan at this time is quite extraordinary because the drama itself reveals the new discourse popular among Taiwanese woman audience. In fact, recently many TV dramas or movies around the world all focus on this subject. Mass media constantly claims that it shows and represents the subjectivity and feeling of this group of women, but the point is what Taiwanese women think based on their own experiences is unknown. Thus, this thesis tries to portray these women’s subjectivity by examining how their interpretation of Sex and the City correlates with the way they view themselves.

一般社會大眾的刻板印象為：女性事業成就高，一定還沒結婚，或家庭不幸福；本研究即據此導出研究問題：「有婚姻家庭與無婚姻家庭之高成就女性主管，其事業發展與家庭生活的種種面向為何，其自我評價是否會因為婚姻家庭的有無而有所不同？」研究者採用質性研究方法，藉由訪問四位四十歲以上的高階女性經理人(已婚者與單身者各半)，來了解女性經理人面對家庭與事業的心理調適歷程與自我評價狀況。 研究結果如下： 1. 已婚受訪者積極主動、勇於面對和解決問題的人格特質，對於其工作與家庭生活的適應具有決定性的影響，且處於不同的家庭發展階段，其適應的狀況也不同，無法單純以「資源有限假說」或「資源擴張假說」來解釋。 2. 已婚女性受訪者的家庭與工作生活是處於同一個系統當中，彼此會相互影響、扶持。 3. 無論結婚與否，受訪者都或多或少能從家庭中獲得社會支持，如單身者因為與父母同住，所以能得到原生家庭的支持。 4. 單身受訪者因為沒有婚姻的負擔，所以初期對工作的承諾感和企圖心很高，往往因過度投入工作而忽略了其他生活面向的平衡發展。 5. 對於本研究的受訪者而言，結婚與否對其目前的自我評價並無影響。 最後，研究者根據研究過程與結果提出建議。 第一章 研究動機 ……………………………….1 第二章 文獻探討…………………………………5 第一節 工作生活的適應 ……………………7 一、 學習男性典範……………………7 二、 高階女性主管的適應……………9 第二節 家庭生活的適應 ………………12 一、已婚者 …………………………12 1. 資源有限假說 ……………13 2. 資源擴張假說 ……………17 二、單身者 ………………………19 第三節 女性主管的生涯曲線 …………22 第三章 研究問題 ……………………………27 第四章 研究方法 ………………………………28 第五章 結果與討論 …………………………36 第一節 女性經理人的工作歷程 ……36 第二節 已婚女性經理人的家庭生活歷程 51 第三節 單身女性經理人的生活 ……66 第四節 女性經理人的生涯特徵 ………74 第六章 結論 …………………………………81 第七章 研究限制與建議 …………………85 參考文獻 ……………………………………87 附錄一：研究參與同意書 附錄二：訪談大綱 / Managers are often stereotyped as a man’s job in the public eye. Thus, female managers usually have to conceal their feminine characteristics and imitate their male colleagues’ behaviors in order to fit in the existing managerial culture. This may cause high pressure for them and make them lose their flexibility and energy. At the same time, married female managers are expected to be good wives and mothers. As for single females, although they can devote all their efforts to their work, the social support they have is less than married female managers. Many negative impressions are put upon them, such as people regarding them as too ambitious to be good women. To sum up, female managers are faced with many difficulties both in their work and family lives. This study would focus on how they deal with their demanding lives and how they evaluate themselves under traditional value system of our society. Four female executives- two of them are married, and the others are single- were interviewed in depth. Due to high pressures in the working environment, all four interviewees reported they tried to act like men in the beginning of being managers. Two of them (one is married, and the other is single) had a very difficult period in their careers. They felt extremely tired and anxious all the time. They were irritated because they were so worried about their performance that they became burnt out. Fortunately, they both left their work temporary and found ways of releasing the pressures so that they could get rid of the ‘ burn out’ syndromes and promote their quality of lives. The married interviewees’ life qualities depended on which family stages they were in. When the interviewees’ children were very young, they needed to spend lots of time and energy on being mothers. They reported that they were exhausted then, and could not handle so many requirements of different roles at the same time. But as their children grew up, the load of being mothers decreased. Meanwhile, as a manager for several years, they learned many problem-solving skills in their jobs, so they could take active strategies to solve the problems in their families. They felt they could manage these roles well now. It was also reported that the married interviewees’ family and work lives interacted with each other. Their work experiences could diffuse into their family lives. What they learned from the families could also help them deal with business. Different from the married interviewees, the single female managers mainly concentrated on their works. They still lived with their original family so they could get support from their parents and siblings. But they indeed got involved in their work too much that they started to ignore other aspects of their lives. One interviewee discovered that she was completely sensible and could not feel the emotions in her mind. She lost her feelings due to putting on professional mask for a long time. The other felt really unhappy in her thirties because of exhaustion. Now they both try to enrich their lives with things other than work. The four interviewees were not satisfied with themselves before. However, after reflecting the meanings of their lives in the middle age, they gained new insights about themselves. They all said they were satisfied with themselves now, despite being married or single, and all believed they would be better in the future.

高齡化及少子化的人口結構改變帶來了龐大的銀髮商機，社會總體消費行為以及價值觀亦隨之轉變。惟銀髮市場並非同質性的，其中又以單身女性銀髮族的利基市場最有前景；然而國內鮮少針對特定銀髮族利基市場進行相關的消費者研究。目前對銀髮市場的開發多鎖定現今的銀髮族；然而未來20年將逐漸進入退休生活之40~60歲的族群，平均教育程度及經濟能力較現今的銀髮族為高，思想比上一代開明，加上近年來智慧科技的突飛猛進，其所想望的退休生活勢必與現今的銀髮族大為不同。 因此本研究鎖定此一族群高學歷、高所得、及高資歷的單身熟齡女性進行先驅調查。其思想開明、經濟獨立、可以自由運用時間及金錢、並且願意投資自己，具有很強的消費能力。企藉由了解目標族群的需求與期望，提前開發對應的潛在商機。 本研究先藉由文獻分析，分析目前的總體社會數據、人口結構改變、相關理論模型及市場現況；再採用個別深度訪談法了解每位受訪者的家庭狀況、生活型態、對於退休的想法等等。研究結果顯示受訪者可區隔成四個集群：主流且內向居家的小確幸、心理年輕最願意嘗新的探險家、關心社會注重品質的女鬥士、及控制慾強愛奢侈品的女領導。而受訪者對未來的想望已超越低階的生理及安全需求，而偏向於較高層次的社交、尊重及自我實現需求。 就實際需求面而言，可分成五大層面：健康美麗的緩老需求、安適終老的居住需求、經濟自主的理財需求、教育休閒的娛樂需求、及自我實現的價值需求。根據這五大需求，分別衍生出22項潛在商機，分屬醫療保健、智慧科技、居住交通、金融服務、生活支援及工作休閒等六大構面。 / The changing population structure caused by population aging and low fertility rate has created numerous opportunities for business targeting the elders, which also changes consumer behavior and values in the society. At the moment, the development of silver market mostly focuses on the elders today. However, the forty-to-sixty-year-olds who are going to be retiring in the next twenty years have higher educational background and economic power; moreover, they are more open-minded and have experienced the boost of modern technologies, which gives them much more different expectation for life in retirement than the elders today. Also, the silver market is not homogeneous, and the niche market for single elder women has the brightest prospect. Nevertheless, there is barely any consumer research for the elder niche markets in Taiwan. Therefore, this pioneer research targets at single mature females with high educational level, high income, and high qualifications. They are open-minded, financially independent, able to use their time freely, willing to invest in themselves; above all, they have strong consuming capacity. Through exploration of the expectation and demand of the target customers, the potential business opportunities can be uncovered. The research starts with literature review, analyzing the current social data, the change of population structure, relevant theoretical models, and the current market conditions. Then it adopts the method of individual in-depth interview to understand the family condition, life style, and ideas about retirement of every interviewee. The result of the research shows that the interviewees could be divided into four clusters: the small happiness holders with introverted housebound disposition, the adventurers who stay mentally young and love to try something new, the fighters who care about the society and life quality, and the leaders who love luxuries and to control everything. The interviewees’ expectations of future have already overpassed the most fundamental levels of needs: physiological and safety needs, and are inclined to higher levels needs: social, self-esteem, and self-actualization needs. There are five aspects regarding the practical demands: the ways to slow aging and keep health and beauty, a nice shelter to enjoy the comfortable retirement life, the finance-management to be financially independent, education and entertainment, and the chances of self-actualization. Twenty-two potential business opportunities can be derived from these demands, which respectively belong to the following six categories: medical and health care, intelligence technology, housing and transportation, financial service, living support, and work and entertainment.

我國兩性工作平等法（以下簡稱兩平法）自民國九十一年三月八日施行，迄今已五年，兩平法之立法不但符合禁止就業上性別歧視之國際潮流，也與我國日益重視女性就業問題之需求息息相關，更為性別平等理念之實現，向前邁進一大步。依據現有就業歧視案例，有百分之九十以上都是屬於性別歧視案件。所謂「性別歧視」係指在工作職場中，求職者或受雇者因其性別，而受到雇主不公平待遇。禁止性別歧視之精神，在於性別乃個人與生俱來，所無法改變的特質。因此，由於本身無法改變的特質，而在工作職場中受到不平等待遇是不合理的。所以不論在工作職種、職位、薪資、升遷、訓練、退休條件等，只要工作相當及能力相等，均不得有性別歧視之情形。 根據行政院勞工委員會之統計資料，累計至95年12月底止，各縣市計受理申訴案件446件，經移送評議件數329件。91至95年底評議件數計329件，其中以性別歧視居首達205件（包括離職或解僱98件，婚育歧視53件），性騷擾119件，因產假之申訴案件計44件。我國職場中較為常見之性別歧視案例類型有：招募歧視、晉升歧視、同工不同酬、婚育歧視（包含婚姻歧視及懷孕歧視）以及性騷擾。 本研究共分六部分，前五部分為緒論、我國促進職場兩性平等理論基礎、相關法制之介紹與事業單位執行情形、國際組織及美國有關促進職場兩性平等措施與規定、我國職場常見性別歧視案例類型暨法院判決案例介紹與分析，以及結論與建議等五章，最後一部分則為參考文獻。茲將各章所探討之內容分述如下： 第一章為緒論，說明本文之研究動機與背景、研究範圍與限制、研究方法與研究架構、文獻分析與名詞釋義。 第二章為我國促進職場兩性平等理論基礎與相關法制之介紹，首將透過憲法中有關兩性工作平等條文規定，以及工作權、平等權內涵之論述，深入瞭解兩性工作平等的理論基礎後，復將我國落實兩性工作平等相關法令與兩性工作平等法之立法淵源與規範內容及我國兩性工作平等法中所規定之公部門與私部門、事業單位內部及外部申訴、救濟制度與其他法律救濟途徑，於本章中說明，末將國內事業單位執行兩平法相關規定之情形加以說明。 第三章為國際組織及美國有關促進職場兩性平等措施與規定，透過對於聯合國及國際勞工組織有關促進職場兩性平等相關公約及美國重要法律與總統行政命令、平等就業機會委員會之簡介，以瞭解國際間有關消除職場性別歧視、促進兩性平等此一議題之進展及其立法趨勢。 第四章為我國職場常見性別歧視案例類型暨法院判決案例介紹與分析，從實務角度觀察在我國職場中常見之性別歧視案例類型，輔以實際案例或法院判決內容介紹方式，探討並瞭解招募歧視、晉升歧視、同工同酬、懷孕歧視、職場性騷擾等問題在我國發生之情形。 第五章為結論與建議，綜合本文各章論述提供建議。 最後則列出參考文獻與附錄供參。

資料分類的應用在時間數列的分析與預測過程相當重要。而模糊資料近年來更受到重視，其應用的範圍包含：財金、社會、生醫、電機等各個領域。本研究欲運用模糊資料分類法，對區間時間數列的轉折偵測與模式建構做一個深入探討。主要應用平均累加模糊熵(average of the sum of fuzzy entropies)， 找出其結構性改變的區間。並針對區間型時間數列進行模式建構診斷與預測。最後我們以單身人口數與失業率為實列做一個詳細的探討。結果顯示，失業率對單身人口數有顯著的影響而孤鸞年的效應並不顯著。 / The application of data classifications in time series analysis and forecasting is rather important. The fuzzy data classification has received much attention recently. It can be applied on various fields such as finance, sociology, biomedicine, electrical engineering and so on. This study is to use the fuzzy data classification to perform an intensive research on the change periods detection and model construction of the interval time series. We use average of the sum of fuzzy entropies to find out interval of the structural changes. Focusing on the time series of intervals, we build a model and make prediction about it. At the end, based on the case study on the population of singles versus, we thoroughly discuss this topic. The result shows that the unemployment rate does significantly correlate with the population of singles, but the "widow's year" does not .